The world of the cell:
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Francisco, Calif.
Benjamin/Cummings
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Benjamin/Cummings series in the life sciences
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 878 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0805344888 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127846419922944 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | THE WORLD
OF THE CELL
Fourth Edition
WAYNE M BECKER
University of Wisconsin, Madison
c
LEWIS J KLEINSMITH
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JEFF HARDIN
University of Wisconsin, Madison
CONTRIBUTOR
John Raasch
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Chapters 12 and 15
The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company
An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman
San Francisco • Reading, Massachusetts • New York • Harlow, England
Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam
BRIEF CONTENTS
About the Authors v
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
Guide to Techniques and Methods xiii
PART ONE
THE WORLD OF THE CELL: AN OVERVIEW
OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1 A Preview of the Cell 2
2 The Chemistry of the Cell 17
3 The Macromolecules of the Cell 43
4 Cells and Organelles 78
5 Bioenergetics: The Flow of Energy
in the Cell 110
6 Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life 134
PART TWO
MEMBRANES AND CELL SIGNALING
7 Membranes: Their Structure, Function,
and Chemistry 164
8 Transport Across Membranes: Overcoming
the Permeability Barrier 201
9 Signal Transduction Mechanisms: I Electrical Signals
in Nerve Cells 232
10 Signal Transduction Mechanisms: II Messengers
and Receptors 266
11 Beyond the Cell: Extracellular Structures, Cell Adhesion,
and Cell Junctions 299
12 Intracellular Compartments: The Endoplasmic
Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Endosomes, Lysosomes,
and Peroxisomes 329
PART THREE
ENERGY FLOW IN CELLS
13 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis
and Fermentation 376
14 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic
C
Respiration 405
15 Phototropic Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis 451
PART FOUR
INFORMATION FLOW IN CELLS
16 The Structural Basis of Cellular Information:
DNA, Chromosomes, and the Nucleus 488
17 The Cell Cycle: DNA Replication, Mitosis,
and Cancer 533
18 Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, and Genetic
Recombination 589
19 Gene Expression: I The Genetic Code
and Transcription 634
20 Gene Expression: II Protein Synthesis and Sorting 670
21 The Regulation of Gene Expression 701
PART FIVE
THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL MOTILITY
22 Cytoskeletal Systems 752
23 Cellular Movement: Motility and Contractility 781
APPENDIX: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
OF MICROSCOPY 817
PHOTO, ILLUSTRATION, AND TEXT CREDITS 847
INDEX 851
xvii
DETAILED CONTENTS
About the Authors v
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
Guide to Techniques and Methods xiii
THE WORLD OF THE CELL:
AN OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION 1
1 A PREVIEW OF THE CELL 2
The Cell Theory: A Brief History 2
The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology 4
The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure 6
The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological
Structure and Function 9
The Genetic Strand Focuses on Information Flow 10
Facts and the Scientific Method 11
Perspective 14
Key Terms for Self-Testing 14
Problem Set 14
Suggested Reading 16
Box 1 A: Units of Measurement in Cell Biology 3
Box IB: Further Insights: Biology, Facts, and the Scientific
Method 12
2 THE CHEMISTRY OF THE CELL 17
The Importance of Carbon 17
Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable 18
Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverse 20
Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form
Stereoisomers 20
The Importance of Water 21
Water Molecules Are Polar 22
Water Molecules Are Cohesive 22
Water Has a High Temperature-Stabilizing Capacity 23
Water Is an Excellent Solvent 23
The Importance of Selectively Permeable Membranes 2
A Membrane Is a Phospholipid Bilayer with Proteins
Embedded in It 24
Membranes Are Selectively Permeable 26 c
The Importance of Synthesis by Polymerization 26
Macromolecules Are Responsible for Most of the Form
and Function in Living Systems 27
Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromolecules
Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise
Polymerization of Monomers 30
The Importance of Self-Assembly 31
Many Proteins Self-Assemble 32
Molecular Chaperones Assist the Assembly of Some
Proteins 32
Noncovalent Interactions Are Important in Protein
Folding 34
Self-Assembly Also Occurs in Other Cellular Structures
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus Is a Case Study in Self-
Assembly 36
Self-Assembly Has Limits 37
Hierarchical Assembly Provides Advantages for the Cell
Perspective 39
Key Terms for Self-Testing 40
Problem Set 40
Suggested Reading 42
Box 2A: Further Insights: Tempus Fugit and the Fine Art
of Watchmaking 38
3 THE MACROMOLECULES OF THE CELL 4
Proteins 43
The Monomers Are Amino Acids 43
The Polymers Are Polypeptides and Proteins 46
Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence
and Interactions 47
xix
Nucleic Acids 55
The Monomers Are Nucleotides 55
The Polymers Are DNA and RNA 57
A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix 59
Polysaccharides 63
The Monomers Are Monosaccharides 63
The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharides 65
Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds
of Glycosidic Bonds Involved 65
Lipids 65
Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes
of Lipids 68
Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipids 70
Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure 71
Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Components 71
Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functions 72
Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene 72
Perspective 73
Key Terms for Self-Testing 73
Problem Set 74
Suggested Reading 76
Box 3A: Historical Perspectives: On the Trail of the Double
Helix 60
4 CELLS AND ORGANELLES 78
Properties and Strategies of Cells 78
All Cells Are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic 78
Cells Come in Many Sizes and Shapes 78
Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize
Cellular Function 80
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other
in Many Ways 80
Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity
of Biology 85 —
The Eukaryotic Cell in Overview: Pictures
at an Exhibition 86
The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries
and Retains Contents 86
The Nucleus Is the Cell s Information Center 88
Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define
Compartments 88
The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contains the Cytosol
and Cytoskeleton 99
The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are the
Outside of the Cell 101
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Agents That Invade Cells 102
A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNA Core Surrounded
by a Protein Coat 102
Viroids Are Small, Circular RNA Molecules 103
Prions Are Proteinaceous Infective Particles 103
Perspective 105
Key Terms for Self-Testing 105
Problem Set 106
Suggested Reading 108
Box 4A: Historical Perspectives: Discovering Organelles:
The Importance of Centrifuges and Chance
Observations 95
5 BIOENERGETICS: THE FLOW OF ENERGY
IN THE CELL 110
The Importance of Energy 110
Cells Need Energy to Cause Six Different Kinds
of Changes 111
Most Organisms Obtain Energy Either from Sunlight
or from Organic Food Molecules 113
Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously 113
The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied
by Flow of Matter 115
Bioenergetics 116
To Understand Energy Flow, We Need to Understand
Systems, Heat, and Work 116
The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is
Conserved 117
The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That
Reactions Have Directionality 119
Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Means of Assessing
Thermodynamic Spontaneity 120
Understanding AG 125
The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure
of Directionality 125
AG Can Be Calculated Readily 125
The Standard Free Energy Change Is AG Measured Under
Standard Conditions 126
Summing Up: The Meaning of AC and AG9 127
Free Energy Change: Sample Calculations 128
Life and the Steady State: Reactions That Move Toward
Equilibrium Without Ever Getting There 129
Perspective 130
Key Terms for Self-Testing 130
Problem Set 130
Suggested Reading 133
Box 5A: Further Insights: Jumping Beans and Free
Energy 121
Box 5B: Historical Perspectives: Energy and Entropy:
The Greek Connection 123
6 ENZYMES: THE CATALYSTS OF LIFE 134
Activation Energy and the Metastable State 134
Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur, the Activation
Energy Barrier Must Be Overcome 134
The Metastable State Is a Result of the Activation
Barrier 135
xx Detailed Contents
Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier 135
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts 136
Most Enzymes Are Proteins 136
Substrate Binding, Activation, and Reaction Occur
at the Active Site 141
Enzyme Kinetics 144
Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 144
What Is the Meaning of and Km? 146
What Is the Importance of Kinetic Parameters to Cell
Biologists? 147
The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of
Linearizing Kinetic Data 148
Determining Km and Vmax: An Example 149
Enzyme Inhibitors Act Irreversibly or Reversibly 150
Enzyme Regulation 151
Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than
Reactants and Products 152
Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions
Between Subunits 153
Enzymes Can Be Regulated by Addition or Removal of
Chemical Groups 154
RNA Molecules as Enzymes: Ribozymes 157
Perspective 159
Key Terms for Self-Testing 159
Problem Set 160
Suggested Reading 163
Box 6A: Further Insights: Monkeys and Peanuts 145
Box 6B: Historical Perspective: ATCase: Experimental
Support for Allosteric Regulation 155
MEMBRANES AND
CELL SIGNALING 163
7 MEMBRANES: THEIR STRUCTURE,
FUNCTION, AND CHEMISTRY 164
The Functions of Membranes 164
Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve
as Permeability Barriers 165
Membranes Are Sites of Specific Functions 165
Membranes Regulate the Transport of Solutes 166
Membranes Detect and Transmit Electrical
and Chemical Signals 166
Membranes Mediate Cell-to-Cell Communication 166
Models of Membrane Structure: An Experimental
Perspective 166
Overton and Langmuir: Lipids Are Important Components
of Membranes 167
Gorter and Grendel: The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a
Lipid Bilayer 167
Davson and Danielli: Membranes Also Contain
Proteins 168
Robertson: All Membranes Share a Common Underlying
Structure 168
Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the
Davson-Danielli Model 169
Singer and Nicolson: A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of
Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer 170
Unwin and Henderson: Some Membrane Proteins Contain
Transmembrane Segments 170
The Fluid Mosaic Model Is Now the Accepted View of
Membrane Structure 171
Membrane Lipids: The Fluid Part of the Model 172
Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipids 172
Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Important Technique
for Lipid Analysis 172
Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure
and Function 175
Membrane Asymmetry: Most Lipids Are Distributed
Unequally Between the Two Monolayers 175
Membrane Fluidity: Most Lipids and Many Proteins Are
Free to Move Laterally 177
Membranes Function Properly Only in the c
Fluid State 177
Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity 179
Membrane Proteins: The Mosaic Part of the Model 181
The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins: Evidence
from Freeze-Fracture Microscopy 181
Membranes Contain Integral, Peripheral, and Lipid-
Anchored Proteins 182
Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis 186
Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our
Understanding of Membrane Proteins 187
Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functions 187
Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically
in the Lipid Bilayer 191
Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated 192
Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility 193
Perspective 196
Key Terms for Self-Testing 196
Problem Set 197
Suggested Reading 200
Box 7 A: Contemporary Techniques: Revolutionizing
the Study of Membrane Proteins: The Impact
of Molecular Biology 188
8 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES:
OVERCOMING THE PERMEABILITY
BARRIER 201
Cells and Transport Processes 201
Detailed Contents xxi
Solutes Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion, Facilitated
Diffusion, and Active Transport 201
The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of
Transport Mechanisms 203
Simple Diffusion: Unassisted Movement Down
the Gradient 203
Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium 203
Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Differentially
Permeable Membrane 205
Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small, Nonpolar
Molecules 205
The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional
to the Concentration Gradient 208
Facilitated Diffusion: Protein-Mediated Movement
Down the Gradient 209
Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facilitate Transport
by Different Mechanisms 209
Carrier Proteins Probably Alternate Between Two
Conformational States 210
Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their
Specificity and Kinetics 210
Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Solutes 210
The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange
Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteins 211
Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming
Hydrophilic Transmembrane Channels 212
Active Transport: Protein-Mediated Movement Up
the Gradient 213
The Coupling of Transport to an Energy Source May be
Direct or Indirect 214
Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of
Transport ATPases 214
Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradients 216
Examples of Active Transport 217
Direct Active Transport: The Na+/K+ Pump Maintains
Electrochemical Ion Gradients 217
Indirect Active Transport: Sodium Symport Drives
the Uptake of Glucose 221
The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to
Transport Protons 222
The Energetics of Transport 222
For Uncharged Solutes, the AG of Transport Depends Only
on the Concentration Gradient 222
For Charged Solutes, the AG of Transport Depends on the
Electrochemical Gradient 225
On to Nerve Cells 226
Perspective 227
Key Terms for Self-Testing 227
Problem Set 228
Suggested Reading 230
Box 8A: Further Insights: Osmosis: The Special Case of
Water Transport 206
Box 8B: Clinical Applications: Membrane Transport, Cystic
Fibrosis, and the Prospects For Gene Therapy 218
9 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS:
I ELECTRICAL SIGNALS IN NERVE
CELLS 232
The Nervous System 232
Neurons Are Specially Adapted for the Transmission
of Electrical Signals 234
Understanding Membrane Potential 234
The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on-Differing
Concentrations of Ions Inside and Outside the Neuron 236
The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between
Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration 237
Ions Trapped Inside the Cell Have Important Effects
on Resting Membrane Potential 237
Steady-State Concentrations of Common Ions Affect
Resting Membrane Potential 238
The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of
Ions on Membrane Potential 238
Electrical Excitability 240
Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of Ions
Through the Membrane 240
Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow
the Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored 240
Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors
and Inactivators 242
The Action Potential 243
Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along
an Axon 244
Action Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane
Potential of the Axon 244
Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement
of Ions Through Axonal Membrane Channels 244 •
Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without
Losing Strength 248
The Rate of Impulse Transmission Depends on Electrical
Properties of the Axon 249
The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator
Surrounding the Axon 250
Synaptic Transmission 251
Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve
Synapses 254
Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion
of Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neurons 254
Secretion of Neurotransmitters Requires the Docking
and Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane 255
Neurotransmitters Are Detected by Specific Receptors
on Postsynaptic Neurons 257
Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their
Release 258
Integration and Processing of Nerve Signals 260
Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through
Both Temporal and Spatial Summation 261
Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory
Signals from Other Neurons 261
xxii Detailed Contents
Perspective 262
Key Terms for Self-Testing 262
Problem Set 263
Suggested Reading 264
Box 9A: Clinical Applications: Poisoned Arrows, Snakebites
and Nerve Gases 259
10 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS:
II MESSENGERS AND RECEPTORS 266
Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptors 266
Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received
by Cells 266
Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between
Ligands and Their Receptors 267
Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal
Transduction Events Within the Cell 268
G Protein-Linked Receptors 269
Seven-Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via
G Proteins 269
Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Used by One Class
of G Proteins 271
Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human
Diseases 274
Many G Proteins Use Inositol Trisphosphate
and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers 274
The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many
Signaling Processes 276
Nitric Oxide Couples G Protein-Linked Receptor
Stimulation in Endothelial Cells to Relaxation
of Smooth Muscle Cells in Blood Vessels 280
Protein Kinase-Associated Receptors 280
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo
Autophosphorylation 281
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction
Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase 282
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other
Signaling Pathways 283
Growth Factors as Messengers 284
Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Through Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases Can Have Dramatic Effects on
Embryonic Development 284
Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals
via Serine/Receptor Threonine Kinase 286
Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common
Themes 286
The Endocrine and Paracrine Hormone Systems 288
Hormonal Signals Can Be Classified by the Distance They
Travel to Their Target Cells 288
Hormones Control Many Physiological Functions 289
Animal Hormones Can Be Classified by Their Chemical
Properties 289
Adrenergic Hormones and Receptors Are a Good Example
of Endocrine Regulation 291
Histamine and Prostaglandins Are Good Examples
of Paracrine Regulation 293
Perspective 294
Key Terms for Self-Testing 296
Problem Set 297
Suggested Reading 298
Box 10A: Further Insights: G Proteins and Vision 270
Box 10B: Further Insights: Cell Signals and Programmed
Cell Death 287
11 BEYOND THE CELL: EXTRACELLULAR
STRUCTURES, CELL ADHESION,
AND CELL JUNCTIONS 299
The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells 299
Collagens Are Responsible for the Strength
of the Extracellular Matrix 299
A Precursor Called Procollagen Forms Many Types
of Tissue-Specific Collagens 300
Elastins Impart Elasticity and Flexibility to the
Extracellular Matrix 301
Collagen and Elastin Fibers Are Embedded in a Matrix
of Proteoglycans 303
Free Hyaluronate Lubricates Joints and Facilitates Cell
Migration 303
Proteoglycans and Adhesive Glycoproteins Anchor Cells to
the Extracellular Matrix 304
Fibronectins Bind Cells to the Matrix and Guide Cellular
Movement 305
Laminins Bind Cells to the Basal Lamina 306
Integrins Are Cell Surface Receptors That Bind ECM
Constituents 308
The Glycocalyx Is a Carbohydrate-Rich Zone
at the Periphery of Animal Cells 309
Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion 309
N-CAMs and Cadherins Mediate Cell-Cell Adhesion 309
Carbohydrate Groups Are Important in Cell-Cell
Recognition and Adhesion 310
The Loss of Sialic Acid Groups May Target Old Erythrocytes
for Destruction 311
Cell Junctions 311
Adhesive Junctions Link Adjoining Cells to Each Other and
to the ECM 311
Tight Junctions Prevent the Movement of Molecules Across
Cell Layers 316
Gap Junctions Allow Direct Electrical and Chemical
Communication Between Cells 317
The Plant Cell Surface 320
Cell Walls Provide a Structural Framework and Serve
as a Permeability Barrier 320
The Plant Cell Wall Is a Network of Cellulose Microfibrils,
Polysaccharides and Glycoproteins 320
Detailed Contents xxiii
Cell Walls Are Synthesized in Several Discrete Stages 322
Plasmodesmata Permit Direct Cell-Cell Communication
Through the Cell Wall 322
Perspective 324
Key Terms for Self-Testing 325
Problem Set 325
Suggested Reading 327
Box 11 A: Clinical Applications: Understanding Blood Type:
A Matter of Molecular Recognition 313
12 INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS:
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
GOLGI COMPLEX, ENDOSOMES,
LYSOSOMES, AND PEROXISOMES 329
The Endoplasmic Reticulum 329
The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in
Structure and Function 330
Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing
of Proteins 331
Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification,
Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Other Cellular
Processes 337
The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis
of Membranes 338
The Golgi Complex 339
The Golgi Complex Consists of a Stack of Membrane-
Bounded Cisternae 339
Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins
Through the Golgi Complex 341
Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein
Glycosylation 342
Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Sorting 344
ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retrieval Tags 344
Golgi Complex Proteins May be Sorted According to the
Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domains 344
Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes
and Lysosomes is a Model for Protein Sorting
in the TGN 345
Secretory Pathways Transport Moiecules to the Exterior of
the Cell 347
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Transporting Material Across
the Plasma Membrane 348
Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules
to the Extracellular Medium 348
Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Molecules by Forming
Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane 349
Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processes 355
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices
Composed of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein 355
The Assembly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation
of Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN 357
COPI- and COPII-Coated Vesicles Connect the ER
and Golgi Complex Cisternae 358
The SNARE Hypothesis Connects Coated Vesicles
and Target Membranes 358
Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion 359
Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest
of the Cell 360
Lysosomes Develop from Late Endosomes 361
Lysosomal Enzymes Are Important for Several Different
Digestive Processes 361
Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized
by the Accumulation of Indigestible Material 362
The Plant Vacuole: A Multifunctional Organelle 363
Peroxisomes 364
The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations
in Equilibrium Density Centrifugation 364
Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen
Peroxide Metabolism 366
Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found
in Animal Cells 367
Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs by Division of Preexisting
Peroxisomes 368
Perspective 369
Key Terms for Self-Testing 370
Problem Set 371
Suggested Reading 373
Box 12A: Contemporary Techniques: Centrifugation:
An Indispensable Technique of Cell Biology 332
Box 12B: Clinical Applications: Cholesterol, the LDL
Receptor, and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 352
ENERGY FLOW
IN CELLS 375
13 CHEMOTROPHIC ENERGY
METABOLISM: GLYCOLYSIS
AND FERMENTATION 376
Metabolic Pathways 376
ATP: The Universal Energy Coupler 377
ATP Contains Two High-Energy Phosphoanhydride
Bonds 377
ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge
Repulsion and Resonance Stabilization 378
ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy
Transactions 379
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism 380
Biological Oxidations Usually Involve the Removal of Both
Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic 381
xxiv Detailed Contents
Coenzymes Such as NAD+ Serve as Electron Acceptors
in Biological Oxidations 382
Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needs
by Oxidizing Organic Food Molecules 382
Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates
in Energy Metabolism 382
The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic 383
Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy
in the Presence of Oxygen than in Its Absence 383
Based on Their Need for Oxygen, Organisms Are Aerobic,
Anaerobic, or Facultative 383
Glycolysis and Fermentation: ATP Generation Without
the Involvement of Oxygen 386
Glycolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose
to Pyruvate 387
The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether or Not Oxygen Is
Available 391
In the Absence of Oxygen, Pyruvate Undergoes
Fermentation to Regenerate NAD+ 391
Fermentation Taps Only a Small Fraction of the Free Energy
of the Substrate but Conserves That Energy Efficiently as
ATP 393
Alternative Substrates for Glycolysis 393
Other Sugars Are Also Catabolized by the Glycolytic
Pathway 393
Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That
Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway 395
Gluconeogenesis 395
The Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 397
Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways
Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation 397
Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate is an Important Regulator
of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 399
Perspective 400
Key Terms for Self-Testing 401
Problem Set 401
Suggested Reading 404
Box 13A: Further Insights: What Happens to the Sugar? 384
14 CHEMOTROPHIC ENERGY METABOLISM:
AEROBIC RESPIRATION 405
Cellular Respiration: Maximizing ATP Yields 405
Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy
than Fermentation 405
Respiration Includes Glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, Electron
Transport, and ATP Synthesis 407
The Mitochondrion: Where the Action Takes Place 407
Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are
Greatest 408
Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather
than Discrete Organelles? 408
The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate
Compartments 409
Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific
Membranes and Compartments 410
In Prokaryotes, Respiratory Functions Are Localized
to the Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm 412
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: Oxidation in the Round 412
Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A
by Oxidative Decarboxylation 413
The TCA Cycle Begins With the Entry of Acetate as
Acetyl CoA 413
NADH Is Formed and C02 Is Released in Two Reactions of
the TCA Cycle 414
Direct Generation of ATP (or GTP) Occurs at One Step in
the TCA Cycle 416
The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cycle Generate
FADH2 and NADH 416
Summing Up: The Products of the TCA Cycle are CO,, ATP,
NADH, and FADH2 417
Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric
Regulation 418
The TCA Cycle Also Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism
of Fats and Proteins 419
The TCA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors for Anabolic
Pathways 422
The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to
Carbohydrates 423
Electron Transport: Electron Flow from Coenzymes
to Oxygen 423
The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons Stepwise
from Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen 423
The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Different
Kinds of Carriers 426
The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined
by Their Reduction Potentials 428
Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large
Respiratory Complexes 431
The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within
the Inner Membrane 432
The Electrochemical Proton Gradient: Key to Energy
Coupling 433
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled
Events 433
The Electron Transport System Has Three
Coupling Sites 434
The Chemiosmotic Model: The Missing Link Is
a Proton Gradient 435
1 Electron Transport Causes Protons to Be Pumped Out of
the Mitochondrial Matrix 435
2 Components of the Electron Transport System Are
Asymmetrically Oriented Within the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane 436
3 Membrane Vesicles Containing Complexes I, III,
or IV Establish Proton Gradients 436
Detailed Contents xxv
4 Oxidative Phosphorylation Requires a Membrane-
Enclosed Compartment 436
5 Uncoupling Agents Abolish Both the Proton Gradient
and ATP Synthesis 436
6 The Proton Gradient Has Enough Energy to Drive ATP
Synthesis 436
7 Artificial Proton Gradients Can Drive ATP Synthesis in
the Absence of Electron Transport 437
ATP Synthesis: Putting It All Together 437
F, Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity 437
The F0F, Complex: Proton Translocation Through F0 Drives
ATP Synthesis by F, 438
ATP Synthesis by F„F, Appears to Involve Physical Rotation
of the Gamma Subunit 439
The Chemiosmotic Model Involves Dynamic
Transmembrane Proton Traffic 440
Aerobic Respiration: Summing It All Up 440
The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 36-38
ATPs per Glucose 441
Aerobic Respiration Is a Highly Efficient Process 444
Perspective 445
Key Terms for Self-Testing 446
Problem Set 447
Suggested Reading 450
Box 14A: Further Insights: The Glyoxylate Cycle,
Glyoxysomes, and Seed Germination 424
15 PROTOTROPHIC ENERGY METABOLISM:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 451
An Overview of Photosynthesis 451
The Chloroplast: A Photosynthetic Organelle 453
Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane
Systems 454 -
Photosynthetic Energy Transduction 455
Chlorophyll Is Life s Primary Link to Sunlight 459
Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to Solar
Energy 460
Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into
Photosystems and Light-Harvesting
Complexes 460
Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystems 461
Photoreduction (NADPH Synthesis) in Oxygenic
Phototrophs 462
Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water
to a Plastoquinone 463
The Cytochrome b6/f Complex Transfers Electrons
from a Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin 464
Photosystem I Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin
to Ferredoxin 465
Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction
of NAD P* 465
Photophosphorylation (ATP Synthesis) in Oxygenic
Phototrophs 465
The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons
Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesis 466
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell
to Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesis to Meet Its Precise
Energy Needs 466
The Complete Energy Transduction System 467
Complexes of the Energy Transduction System Are Localized
in Different Regions of the Thylakoids 467
A Photosynthetic Reaction Center from a Purple
Bacterium 468
Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation: The Calvin Cycle 469
Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of
Ribulose-l,5-Bisphosphate 469
3-Phosphoglycerate Is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-3-
Phosphate 471
Regeneration of Ribulose-l,5-Bisphosphate Allows
Continuous Carbon Assimilation 471
The Complete Calvin Cycle 471 c
The Calvin Cycle Operates Only When Light
Is Available 472
Photosynthetic Energy Transduction and the Calvin
Cycle 473
Carbohydrate Synthesis 473
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone
Phosphate Are Combined to Form Glucose-1-Phosphate
The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol 474
The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma
Other Photosynthetic Assimilation Pathways 475
Rubisco s Oxygenase Activity Decreases Photosynthetic
Efficiency 475
The Glycolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon
from Phosphoglycolate to the Calvin Cycle 476
C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco
to Cells Containing High Concentrations
of C02 477
CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loss by
Opening Their Stomata Only at Night 480
Perspective 481
Key Terms for Self-Testing 481
Problem Set 482
Suggested Reading 484
Box 15 A: Further Insights: The Endosymbiont Theory
and the Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
from Ancient Bacteria 456
xxvi Detailed Contents
I^ Q INFORMATION FLOW
IN CELLS 487
16 THE STRUCTURAL BASIS
OF CELLULAR INFORMATION:
DNA, CHROMOSOMES,
AND THE NUCLEUS 488
The Chemical Nature of the Genetic Material 488
Miescher s Discovery of DNA Led to Conflicting Proposals
Concerning the Chemical Nature of Genes 488
Avery Showed That DNA Is the Genetic Material
of Bacteria 490
Hershey and Chase Showed That DNA Is the Genetic
Material of Viruses 491
Chargaff s Rules Reveal That A=T and G=C 496
DNA Structure 496
Watson and Crick Discovered That DNA Is a Double
Helix 497
DNA Can Be Interconverted Between Relaxed and
Supercoiled Forms 499
The DNA Double Helix Can Be Separated by Denaturation
and Rejoined by Renaturation 500
The Organization of DNA in Genomes 501
Genome Size Generally Increases with an Organism s
Complexity 501
Restriction Enzymes Cleave DNA Molecules at Specific
Sites 502
Rapid Procedures Exist for DNA Base Sequencing 507
DNA Sequencing Is Being Applied to Whole Genomes as
Well as to Genes 509
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Becker, Wayne M. Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Hardin, Jeff 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133123596 (DE-588)1075867304 |
| author_facet | Becker, Wayne M. Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Hardin, Jeff 1959- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Becker, Wayne M. |
| author_variant | w m b wm wmb l j k lj ljk j h jh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013147653 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH581 |
| callnumber-raw | QH581.2 |
| callnumber-search | QH581.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3581.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WE 1000 |
| classification_tum | BIO 200f BIO 220f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)41977286 (DE-599)BVBBV013147653 |
| dewey-full | 571.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.6 |
| dewey-search | 571.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.6 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV013147653 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:39:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0805344888 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008957127 |
| oclc_num | 41977286 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXXII, 878 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Benjamin/Cummings |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Benjamin/Cummings series in the life sciences |
| spelling | Becker, Wayne M. Verfasser (DE-588)133123596 aut The world of the cell Wayne M. Becker ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith ; Jeff Hardin 4. ed. San Francisco, Calif. Benjamin/Cummings 2000 XXXII, 878 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Benjamin/Cummings series in the life sciences Cytology Molecular biology Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s DE-604 Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Verfasser aut Hardin, Jeff 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1075867304 aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008957127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Becker, Wayne M. Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Hardin, Jeff 1959- The world of the cell Cytology Molecular biology Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | The world of the cell |
| title_auth | The world of the cell |
| title_exact_search | The world of the cell |
| title_full | The world of the cell Wayne M. Becker ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith ; Jeff Hardin |
| title_fullStr | The world of the cell Wayne M. Becker ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith ; Jeff Hardin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The world of the cell Wayne M. Becker ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith ; Jeff Hardin |
| title_short | The world of the cell |
| title_sort | the world of the cell |
| topic | Cytology Molecular biology Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cytology Molecular biology Molekularbiologie Cytologie Zelle Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008957127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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