A whole empire walking: refugees in Russia during World War I
"Peter Gatrell offers a fresh perspective on social and political upheaval in revolutionary Russia through a close examination of population displacement during World War I. Involuntary migrations - in part the consequence of defeat on the battlefield, in part the result of deliberate action by...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bloomington [u.a.]
Indiana Univ. Press
1999
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Peter Gatrell offers a fresh perspective on social and political upheaval in revolutionary Russia through a close examination of population displacement during World War I. Involuntary migrations - in part the consequence of defeat on the battlefield, in part the result of deliberate action by tsarist generals - led government officials and educated society to question prevailing modes of thinking about social identity and the nature of social order in an unraveling polity."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 317 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0253336449 |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies | |
| 520 | 1 | |a "Peter Gatrell offers a fresh perspective on social and political upheaval in revolutionary Russia through a close examination of population displacement during World War I. Involuntary migrations - in part the consequence of defeat on the battlefield, in part the result of deliberate action by tsarist generals - led government officials and educated society to question prevailing modes of thinking about social identity and the nature of social order in an unraveling polity."--BOOK JACKET. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction:
Humanity Uprooted
1
1.
War and the Origins of Involuntary Displacement
15
2.
The Politics of Refugeedom
33
3.
Resettlement and Relief of Refugees
49
4.
Consolidating Refugeedom
73
5.
Refugees and Gender
115
6.
Refugees and the Labor Market
128
7.
Refugees and the Construction of National Identity
141
8.
Revolution and Refugeedom
171
Conclusion:
The Meanings of Refugeedom
197
Contents
Appendix 1.
Refugee
Population
Statistics
211
Appendix 2.
Questionnaire Issued by the
Tatiana
Committee, January
1917 216
Abbreviations
219
Notes
221
Bibliography
293
Index
309
Maps follow p.
xv
Illustrations follow p.
98
INDEX
Adzhemov, Moisei,
151
Aghbalian,
Nikol,
168
Agriculture: labor force in,
129, 131-134, 159,
264-265;
livestock,
30, 136, 225, 233;
re¬
construction of,
153, 161, 175, 178.
See
also Land
Akmolinsk,
67
Aleksandra
Fedorovna, Empress,
126
Aleksandropoľ,
52, 53, 74
Alekseev, General
M. Y
(1857-1918), 20, 39,
232
All-Russian Society for the Care of Refugees
(VOPB),
165
All-Russian Union of Refugees
(1917), 187-188
Altai,
187
American Relief Administration,
193, 286
Amur,
24, 55, 56, 138
Andronikov, Prince M.,
164
Antonov, N. L,
35
Arendt,
Hannah,
10
Arkhangelsk,
130
Armenia,
11, 90, 199, 271;
independence of,
185, 205;
patriotic intelligentsia,
19, 151-
152, 184-186
passim; political parties,
153-154, 186, 282
{see also Dashnaktsu-
tiun)
Armenian Benevolent Union,
193
Armenian Committee for the Relief of War Vic¬
tims,
19
Armenian congress
(1916), 153—154
Armenian maidens societies,
124, 151
Armenian National Bureau,
18
Armenian National Congress,
186
Armenian National Council,
168
Armenian National Delegation,
193
Armenian Populist Party,
186
Armenians,
18-19, 77, 123, 150, 271;
dias¬
pora,
150, 154, 169;
genocide of
1915, 26,
119-120, 123, 154, 199, 229, 231;
and Oc¬
tober revolution,
184-186
passim; in the Ot¬
toman empire,
13, 18, 150, 154;
as refu¬
gees,
19, 26, 52-53, 59, 67, 74, 75, 83,
90, 118, 119-120, 123, 124, 129, 135,
142, 144, 150-154
passim,
164, 168-169,
173, 179, 185, 193, 201, 251, 271, 272-
273;
volunteer units,
18—19, 152
Armiane
і
voina,
151, 271
Armianskii vestník,
74, 151
Army, Russian: behavior toward civilians,
16,
20-21, 25, 35-37, 55, 90, 131, 132, 179,
225;
demobilization of,
191;
high command
(Stavka),
20, 33, 35-36, 39, 50, 174, 179,
212;
offensive
(1917), 172, 179, 212;
and
public organizations,
37—40
passim,
71;
retreat
(1915), 17, 19-20, 145, 154-155,
160, 181;
soldiers allowances,
56, 64
Astrakhan ,
151
Astrakhan People s Monarchist Party,
23
Austria-Hungary,
18, 90, 168;
army,
20
Averin, V G.,
280
Azerbaijan,
11, 142, 185
Bachmanis,
K. O.,
158, 280
Bagrikal,
83
Bakhrushkin,
S. V
(1882-1950), 40, 45, 84,
237
Baku,
19, 151, 185
Baltic Germans,
23, 158, 159
Baranovichi,
60
Barnaul,
55
Bauman,
Zygmunt,
224
Bekhterev, V M.,
83
Belgium,
150
Belorussia,
52, 54, 156, 184;
patriotic intelli¬
gentsia,
184, 277;
refugees in,
20, 21
Belorussians, as refugees,
51, 144, 163, 165—
166, 184, 188, 193, 195, 213, 257, 262,
277
Benevolenskaia, A. N.,
124—125
Berdichev,
21
Berger,
John,
128
Bergs,
Α.,
158
Bessarabia,
166, 213
Bettelheim,
Bruno,
206
310
Index
Bezhenets,
77, 96, 251
Bhabha, Homi,
7
Biisk uezd,
55
Binshtok,
V I.,
148
Birzhevye
vedomosti,
77, 78, 80, 129, 159
Biunting,
S. M.,
124
Black Hundreds. See Union of Russian People
Blok, Aleksandr,
121, 211
Bobrinskii, Count G.
Α.,
18, 41, 234
Bobrinskii, V
Α.,
35, 234
Bogorodsk,
56
Bogutskii,
187
Bolshevik Party,
2, 182, 185, 198
Bortnik, Ivan (refugee),
76—77
Brest-Litovsk,
19, 20, 38, 62;
treaty of,
184,
185, 188, 190
Briansk,
63, 145, 188
British Society of Friends of Armenia,
193
Briusov,
Valerii,
150
Brusilov, General
Α. Α.,
23, 174, 277
Brutskus, Boris D.,
146, 270
Buchanan, Sir George,
226
Bukovina,
166, 184
Bulla, Aleksandr,
251
Burgardt,
E. E.,
124
Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sofia,
262
Cadets (Constitutional Democratic party),
34,
37, 151, 153
Cakste,
Janis
(1859-1927), 158, 186, 274
Caucasian Armenian Benevolent Society,
151
Caucasus,
24, 52, 124;
military campaigns in,
18-19, 26, 153;
refugees,
3, 19, 55, 58,
119-120, 133, 145, 151, 153, 179, 185.
See also Armenia
Central Asia,
58
Chambers, Iain,
7
Chelm,
21, 31, 52, 87, 88, 132, 166, 184,
205,213
Chelnokov, M. V,
236, 240, 243
Chernigov province,
21, 51, 132
Chetverikov,
N.
S.,
264
Children, abandoned,
84-85.
See also Refugees:
children
Chkheidze,
N.
S.,
34
Church, Armenian,
53
Church, Roman Catholic,
75, 79, 121, 135,
144, 161, 163, 279
Church, Russian Orthodox,
64, 162, 163, 167,
276
(see also Old Believers); diocesan com¬
mittees,
41, 60-61, 77, 85, 93, 144
Church,
Uniate,
18, 168
Citizens committees,
38, 145, 155-156, 172,
175,275
Connerton, Paul,
206, 290
Cooperatives,
61, 67, 176, 177
Cossacks,
17, 29, 36, 123, 145, 152, 163, 168,
228,261
Council of ministers,
35-36, 69
Cracow,
19
Crime,
84, 89, 144.
See also Hooliganism; Refu¬
gees: crime associated with
Crimea,
151
Dagestan,
244
Danilov, General
lu.
N. (1866-1937), 20, 22,
31, 38
Dashnaktsutiun,
153, 186, 282
Dęblin.
See Ivangorod
Decree on Land,
191, 195
Displacement, population,
2—3, 8—14
passim,
16, 20, 22, 36, 45, 84, 90, 91, 95, 116-
117, 141-143, 165, 196, 199-200, 221,
224.
See also Migration: forced; Refugees
Djulfa,
153
Dmowski, Roman,
155
Dobrokhotnaia kopeika,
124
Don
oblast,
21, 69, 152, 179
Drury, V I.,
237
Dudykevich, V
F., 166, 277
Duma, Fourth
(1912-1917), 34, 43, 44, 46,
147, 152, 153, 163
Dvinsk (Daugavpils),
21, 25, 38, 62
Dymsha, L. K.
(1860-1915), 22, 242
Dzimtene,
143-144
Dzimtenes Atbalss,
181
Echo
Polskie,
156
Ekaterinburg,
59, 61, 64, 124, 164
Ekaterinodar,
19
Ekaterinoslav: province,
21, 54, 60, 61, 67,
122, 131, 179;
town,
3, 58, 62, 63, 124,
161,228
EKOPO. See Jewish Committee for the Relief of
War Victims
Eley, Geoff,
201-202, 204
Elizavetpol ,
53
Enescu, Georges,
290
Engel,
Barbara,
116
Engeľgardt, B.
Α.,
280
Engelstein, Laura, 261, 292
Enisei oblast,
92
Erevan,
19, 26, 53, 151, 153, 173, 185
Ermolov, I.
S.,
122
Index
311
Erzerum, 82, 153
Erzindzan,
123, 153
Etchmidzian,
53, 151, 185
Evlogii,
Archbishop,
41
Far East, Russian,
55, 129
Finland,
16, 24
Fitzpatrick,
Sheila,
265
Foucault,
Michel,
7, 94, 208-210, 292
France,
155
Fraternal Response,
61, 151
Fridman,
M.,
249
Friedlander,
Saul,
290
Frierson, Cathy,
8
Frolov, V I.,
278, 289
Frumkin, S.,
148
Fussell, Paul,
207, 221
Galicia,
20, 155, 168;
refugees from,
13, 24,
29, 35, 131, 135, 138, 139, 166, 183, 262;
Russian occupation of,
16, 18.
See also
Ukraine
Garusevich, Jan,
35, 145
Gazeta
Polska,
156
Gellner, Ernest,
223
Gender. See Refugees: gendered responsibilities
and
Georgia,
19, 142, 185
Georgievskii, P L,
70, 248, 250
Gerd,
VA.,
176
German colonists,
23, 27, 156, 163, 226, 276;
deportation and resettlement of,
16, 18, 23-
25, 92, 135, 207, 229-230;
expropriation
of,
23-24, 30, 163, 257;
provisional govern¬
ment and,
179-180, 281
Germany: army in First World War,
15—16, 50,
51, 120, 132, 189-190;
invasion by,
17,
19, 158, 179, 181, 201-202;
wartime diplo¬
macy of,
160, 182, 184
Gippius, Zinaida,
151
Gleason, William,
46—47
Glezmer,
S. P,
41
Goldmanis,
Janis,
159, 181, 186
Golos,
86, 89
Golos
Rossa,
164
Gomeľ,
51, 62
Goremykina, A. I.,
262
Gorky, Maxim,
150
Gorlice,
19
Graham, Stephen,
85
Gran,
Μ. Μ.,
148, 212
Great Britain to Poland Fund,
155
Greece,
10
Grodno,
31, 66, 89, 189, 213
Gur ev,
1., 74
Gypsies,
23, 80;
refugees likened to,
75, 205,
290
Harmsworth, Cecil,
286
Health. See Refugees: health and physical condi¬
tion of
Hirschon,
Renée,
290
Hooliganism,
8, 79, 86
Hovannisian, Richard,
152
Hrushevsky, M,
18, 183
Hutchinson, John F.
, 82
Iakushkin,
N.
V,
40
Ianushkevich, General
N. N. (1868-1918), 16,
18, 21, 22, 24-25, 27, 33, 36-37, 39, 147,
155, 227, 230, 282
Iaroslavľ:
province,
135, 137;
town,
57, 64, 75-
76, 83,88, 89, 161, 163, 182
Iaroslavľ
Jewish Society,
149
Industry,
130, 134-135;
evacuation of,
25, 28,
230, 263;
labor force in,
134-135
Iran,
19
Irkutsk,
46, 65, 82, 85, 92, 130
Irkutshaia zhizn ,
67
Isaev,
Α. Α.,
176-177
Italy,
155
Iugobezhenets,
43, 136, 174, 279
lugobezhenets,
78, 121, 174, 239, 252
Ivangorod
(Dęblin),
19
Ivanov,
General
N.
I.,
20, 21, 23, 132
Ivanovo-Voznesensk,
130
Januiaitis,
Augustinas, 275
Jewish Colonization Association,
148
Jewish Committee for the Relief of War Victims
(EKOPO),
148, 149, 269
Jews, in Russian empire,
5, 16, 146, 271;
depor¬
tation of,
16, 17-18, 20, 22-23, 31-32, 38,
148-149;
disabilities of,
146, 270
(see also
Pale of Settlement); prejudice toward,
17—
18, 22, 92, 147, 149, 200, 226, 227, 229;
provisional government and,
180—181;
as
refugees,
8, 18, 29, 52, 59, 68, 75, 91,
138, 144, 145-150
passim,
163, 164-165,
193, 200, 201, 213, 226, 249, 267, 269,
270, 288.
See also Peasantry, Russian; Po¬
groms
Joint Distribution Committee,
148
312
Index
Kaluga,
51
Kars, 53, 153
Kaunas (Kovno), 17, 20, 21, 31, 160, 213
KAVO.
See
Caucasian Armenian Benevolent
Society
Kazan ,
55, 62, 93, 130
Kazanskii, RE.,
167
Keep, John,
266, 285
Kerenskii, A. E,
172, 180
Kevork V, Armenian Catholicos,
151, 152
Khar
kov:
province,
30, 55;
city,
45, 61, 63, 64,
71, 81, 92, 136, 144, 159, 182, 184
Khatisov,
Aleksandr
(1876-1945), 151, 152-
153, 186, 227, 282
Khmurchuk, Anna (refugee),
125
Kholm. See Chelm
Khvostov,
Α. Α.,
174, 234
Khvostov, A.
N.. 163, 234
Kiev: province,
18, 23, 24, 50, 52, 55, 67, 131;
city,
20, 21, 55, 62, 77, 81, 82, 123, 130,
166, 179, 183, 184, 213, 227, 246
Kirzhnits,
Α.,
221
Kitchener, Lord,
1
Knox, Major General Alfred,
52
Kobrin,
21, 50
Kolobova,
Ε. Υ,
124
Кош,
A. E,
37, 70, 121, 261
Konopli, Jan (refugee),
125-126
Kornilov, General L. G.,
179
Korolenko,
Y G.,
277
Korsak,
Μ. Ε,
124
Kostroma,
53, 59, 89
Kovno. See Kaunas
Krinitskaia,
Vera
(refugee),
88, 205
Krivoshein, A. V
(1858-1923), 25, 28, 36,
147, 268
Krzhizhanovskaia, Dr. Elena (refugee),
89
Kseshinskaia,
Matiľda,
251
Kuban ,
55, 69, 152
Kukharchuk, Filipp (refugee),
126
Kulikov, Sergei (refugee),
84
Kulischer, Eugene,
3
Kulomzin, A.
N.. 41
Kurds,
123, 142
Kurland. See
Kurzeme
Kurlov,
P G.,
25
Kursk,
54, 61, 65, 179, 188, 213
Kurzeme,
20, 21, 25, 88, 160, 182, 187
Kutuzov, General M.,
162
Labor market,
128—140
passim. See also Work
relief
Lake Van,
26, 53, 153
Land: allotted to refugees,
55, 157;
redistribu¬
tion after
1917, 191, 195;
seized from Ger¬
man colonists,
23—25, 30
Land
Ober Ost. See
Lithuania
Latgale,
158, 182, 281
Latvia,
5, 159, 181-182, 193, 275, 281;
Ger¬
man occupation of,
19-20, 25, 182, 281;
in¬
dependence,
159, 182, 186, 205, 282, 286;
patriotic intelligentsia,
20-21, 46, 142, 157-
160, 181-182;
rifle brigades formed,
160,
182
Latvian Central Welfare Committee,
85, 94,
158,181-182
Latvian Cultural Bureau,
182
Latvian National Committee,
136
Latvian National Democratic Party,
181
Latvian Peasant Union,
275
Latvian Provisional National Council
(1917),
182
Latvians, as refugees,
20, 25, 71, 76, 130, 132-
133
passim,
139, 142, 144, 145, 157-160
passim,
164, 169, 181-182, 193, 201, 213,
241, 254, 260, 274-275;
confused with
Germans,
71, 142, 159, 248, 250, 269
Le Chambón,
288
League of Nations,
194
Lednicki, Aleksandr
(1866-1934), 27, 155,
156, 273
Lemke,
M. Kh.,
234
Letopis voiny,
75
Levine, Isaac Don,
34, 234
Levitskii, P,
93
Lewin, Moshe, 198
Lidak, Jan (refugee),
89
Liepaja (Libau),
17
Lithuania,
5, 54, 161, 182-183, 189, 283;
Ger¬
man occupation of (Land
Ober Ost), 160,
183, 275;
independence,
183, 186, 205;
pa¬
triotic intelligentsia,
160-162
Lithuanian National Committee,
70
Lithuanian Welfare Committee (LWC),
160-
161, 183
Lithuanians, as refugees,
25, 144, 145, 160-
162, 169, 193, 213, 275
Liublin,
24, 31, 154, 166
Livland. See Vidzeme
Lodz,
17
Loizos, Peter,
263
London,
194
Lubomirski, Prince,
155
Ludendorff, General Erich,
160
Index
313
Lvov,
18, 20
Lvov, Prmce
G. E.
(1861-1925), 42, 44-45,
177, 239, 278
Lykoshkin, A. I.,
265
Mackensen, General August von,
19
Maksimshchikov brothers (refugees),
189
Malkki, Liisa,
6, 200, 223
Mamikonian, S. G.,
154
Mariupoľ,
264
Markov, N. E.,
164, 277
Marrus,
Michael, 1
1
Meierovics, Zigfrids,
275
Meyer, Alfred,
262-263
Migration: before
1914, 5, 116, 199, 201, 222;
forced (vyselenie),
17—18, 21—26
passim,
31—
32, 35, 43, 91-92, 154, 180, 212, 233-
234,257
Miliukov, Paul
(1859-1943), 25, 150, 234, 278
Ministry of Finances,
71
Ministry of the Interior,
34, 35, 40, 41, 60, 69-
70, 88, 144, 149, 174, 176, 179
Ministry of Trade and Industry,
138
Minsk: province,
21, 22, 31, 47, 50, 54, 55,
134, 136;
town,
21, 62, 63, 89, 123, 130,
166, 184, 187
Mitau,
38
Mogilev: province,
21, 29, 38, 47, 50, 134,
188;
town,
51
Mongols,
199
Moore, R. I.,
126
Moscow: province,
45, 119, 179, 187;
city,
11,
19, 45, 56, 61, 62, 65, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84,
86, 93, 122, 144, 145, 148, 156, 158, 180,
184, 191, 213
Muizheľ, V,
120, 172
Muratov,
N.
P,
41
Nabokov, A. V,
25
Nakhichevan,
272
Nansen, Fridtjof (1861-1930), 194
Narkomnats,
190, 284
Narkompros,
190
Narkomzdrav,
190, 212
Naryshkina,
Ε. Α.,
41
National committees,
41, 71, 81, 94-95, 131,
143-145, 155-156, 162, 163, 173, 175,
177, 190, 195, 201, 204, 269
National identity,
5-6, 45, 142-143, 156-
157, 159, 161, 162-163, 167, 169-170,
184, 185, 201, 203-204
Nationalist Party,
34
Near East Relief,
193
Neidgardt,
А. В.,
27, 41, 69-70, 175, 176,
228, 237, 258
Neuberger, Joan,
8, 79
Neustadt,
E. D.,
149
Nicholas, Grand Duke
(1850-1929), 16, 37,
152, 154, 282
Nicholas I, Tsar,
16
Nicholas II, Tsar
(1868-1918), 38-39, 46, 152,
236
Nikitin,
Y V,
237
Nikolaev,
61
Nikoľskii, E.
Α.,
232, 239, 250, 256, 279
Nizhnii Novgorod: province,
134, 188, 249;
town,
3, 62, 68, 84, 93
Nizhnii Tagil,
130, 244
Novgorod,
41, 124, 144
Novocherkassk,
57, 136
Novogradvolynia,
24
Obolenskii, V
Α.,
280
Octobrists,
34
Odessa,
19, 20, 21, 28, 129, 167, 180, 213
Okninskii,
Α.,
191
Olavs,
Pastor Vilis,
158
Old Believers,
89, 164, 276
Oľdenburg,
Prince
Aleksandr,
44
Oprysk,
O. G.
(refugee),
139
Ordzhonikidze,
Sergo,
291
Orel,
61, 179
Orenburg,
63, 81, 92, 180
ORPME. See Society for the Propagation of En¬
lightenment among Russian Jews
Orsha,
188, 190
ORT.
See Society for Handicrafts
Orthodox Church. See Church, Russian Ortho¬
dox
Ottoman empire,
10, 18, 26, 154
Ozakom. See Special Transcaucasian Committee
Pale of Settlement,
5, 138, 145-146, 148, 200,
270
Paléologue,
Maurice,
28, 36
Papadzhanov, M. I.,
44, 151
Pares, Sir Bernard,
34
Paris,
154
Paustovsky,
Konstantin,
52, 58, 144, 243, 252,
290
Peasant Union, All-Russian,
177
Peasantry, Russian,
25, 30, 130, 132-133, 288;
attitudes toward Jews,
68, 138, 249;
rela¬
tions with refugees,
65-68, 179, 187-188,
314
Index
Peasantry, Russian
—
(.continued)
192-193, 202;
and village community,
66,
68, 80, 191, 202, 288
Penza,
23, 81, 131, 136, 145
Pereslavl -Zalesskii,
122
Perm ,
41, 56, 59, 130
Petliura, Semen,
183
Petrograd, 16, 19, 20, 61, 64, 65, 81, 83, 119,
121, 123, 130, 137, 148, 159, 160, 185,
187, 201;
refugees in,
30, 31, 49, 54, 56,
57, 60, 62, 69-70, 77, 86, 88, 135, 136,
138, 145, 191, 270;
school for mothers,
120
Petrograd
Soviet,
176, 177, 181
Photographs,
74-75, 207
Pilsudski, Josef
(1867-1935), 155
Pinsk,
51, 54, 83
Pirogov Society,
45, 124, 253
Platonov,
Sergei
(1860-1933), 258
Plehve,
N.
V,
237, 240
Plotsk
(Plock),
18
Podoľia,
18, 23, 24, 50, 55
Pogroms,
68, 147, 180-181
Poland,
16, 17, 27, 52, 150, 157, 186, 255;
1863
rebellion,
154, 155;
formation of Pol¬
ish legions,
155;
German diplomacy toward,
154, 160;
independence,
193, 286
Poles, as refugees,
15, 25, 34, 51, 52, 57, 79,
88, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 139, 142,
154-157
passim,
164, 186, 188, 193, 201,
213, 274;
international assistance toward,
155, 169;
after October revolution,
186,
286;
relief and resettlement of,
155-156;
welfare organizations,
125, 144, 155—157
Polish National Committee,
155
Polish National Democratic Party,
155
Polish Society for the Aid of War Victims,
139,
155-156
Polner,
Tikhon,
63, 135
Polotsk,
188
Poltava: province,
21, 132;
town,
58
Priazovskii krai,
168
Pripet marshes,
51
Prisoners of war,
3, 19, 80, 188, 191, 193
Progressist party,
34, 84, 158
Progressive Bloc,
34, 43, 46
Prokopovich,
S. N.,
226
Promyshlennosť í torgovlia,
131
Prostitution,
120-124
passim,
203, 260, 261
Protopopov, A. D.
(1866-1918), 146, 240
Provisional government,
95, 176, 185, 278;
and
refugees,
176-179
passim,
187
Przemyśl,
20
Pskov: province,
21, 22, 188;
town,
3, 62, 63, 93
Psychiatric intervention,
82-83.
See also Refu¬
gees: mental health of
Public organizations,
34, 37-40, 91, 129, 136-
137, 143, 152-153, 172, 175, 177, 179,
203, 208, 241;
rivalry with
Tatiana
Commit¬
tee,
173, 175, 239;
and third element,
41-
42, 46-47.
See also Union of Towns; Union
of Zemstvos; War industry committees
Puławy
(Novo-Aleksandrovsk),
17
Purishkevich, V M,
34, 229
Radek,
Karl,
283
Radom,
19, 31, 81
Railways,
28-29, 51, 54, 121, 130
Rapoport, Solomon,
258
Raznochintsy,
286
Red Army,
190, 196
Red Cross, American,
161
Red Cross, Russian,
37, 44, 55, 174, 235, 245,
283
Refugees: accommodation provided for,
56, 57—
58, 60-61, 64, 67-68, 88, 89, 119, 120-
122
passim,
163, 192, 245-246;
attitudes
toward,
8, 22, 27-28, 31, 50, 52, 59-68
passim,
74, 76, 77-83
passim,
86-87, 89,
96, 118, 120, 132, 135-138
passim,
140,
142, 147, 157, 164, 167-168, 172, 179,
255, 256, 267;
children,
46, 60, 75, 76,
82, 83-85
passim,
118-126
passim,
133,
151, 154, 158, 176-177, 208, 255, 269,
291;
compensation to,
43, 91, 175-176;
cost to Treasury of maintaining,
70—71,
250, 281;
crime associated with,
29, 64,
79, 80, 144, 287;
death and burial of,
51,
52, 53, 62, 75, 80, 118, 120, 243, 253,
290;
education provided for,
85, 143-144,
154, 156, 161, 165, 168, 269;
emigration
of,
193, 284;
employment of,
25, 85-86,
119, 121, 128-140
passim,
191, 192, 263,
265, 267, 285
(see
abo
Work relief); family
breakdown and
reconstitution,
51, 54, 76-
77, 82, 83-85, 125-126, 130, 137, 251,
285;
February revolution and,
171, 176-
179
passim; and food availability,
50, 56-
57, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67-68, 89, 180, 192,
245;
in former Soviet Union,
11, 289;
gen¬
dered responsibilities and,
115—127
passim;
Greek, from Asia Minor,
213, 265;
health
and physical condition of,
27, 46, 51, 53,
54, 58, 80-83, 89, 135, 151, 190-191,
Index
315
244, 246, 253;
heroization
of,
87, 120;
Hutu, in Tanzania,
6, 200, 223, 265;
and
international relief efforts,
148, 155, 161,
193, 194, 255, 271;
journeys made by,
21,
28-29, 50-52, 55-56;
land assigned to,
55,
157;
legal status of,
9, 12-13, 43-44, 54,
90-92, 178, 190, 194, 240, 284;
mental
health of,
57, 82-83, 117, 119-120, 123,
135, 208, 267;
metaphors used to charac¬
terize,
27-28, 36, 78, 200, 235, 287-288;
national identity and,
141-170
passim;
numbers of,
3, 25, 26, 31, 52, 53, 54-56,
62-63,69, 187, 188, 189, 193-194, 292,
Appendix
1;
national mobilization of,
142,
151, 156, 158-159, 161, 169-170, 181-
187
passim; October revolution and,
171,
182, 187—190
passim; overcrowding Rus¬
sian interior,
21, 62, 69-70, 92-93, 146,
199;
photographic portrayal of,
74—75;
prop¬
erty of,
30-31, 188, 198, 284;
and prostitu¬
tion,
120-122;
registration of,
71, 143,
177, 207-208, 291;
relations with settled
population,
4-5, 6, 50, 59-60, 63-65, 79-
80, 86, 132-133, 140, 142-143, 148, 173,
179, 191-193, 202, 246;
relief payments
to,
56, 70-71, 92, 133-134, 136-138
pas¬
sim,
145, 164, 173, 177-178, 180, 187,
248;
resettlement of,
38, 40, 43, 45, 50-70
passim,
90, 130, 131, 252, 256;
return and
repatriation of,
136, 139, 143, 145, 149,
161, 172, 174-175, 182, 183, 187, 188-
190, 281;
Rumanian,
213;
self-perception,
4, 88-89, 139-140, 194, 205, 206-207,
256;
Serbian,
213;
sexual assault upon,
119-120, 123, 261;
and social mobility,
17,
27, 85-86, 138-139, 198, 287;
social
status of,
8, 85-94
passim,
197-199, 214,
250;
and Soviet government,
137, 187-190
(see also Tsentroplenbezh); spiritual needs
of,
60-61, 79, 167-168;
testimony of,
16,
20, 51, 76-77, 84, 94-95, 189, 191, 258;
United Nations convention on,
9;
as vic¬
tims,
11, 64, 78, 87-88, 95-96, 177.
See
also Armenians; Belorussians; Church, Rus¬
sian Orthodox; Jews; Latvians; Lithuanians;
Migration: forced; Peasantry, Russian; Poles;
Russians; Special Council for Refugees;
Tatiana
Committee; Ukrainians; Women
Riazan ,
23, 132, 144, 186, 189, 192
Rieber,
A. J.,
222
Riga,
19, 23, 25, 38, 46, 64, 89, 130, 145,
159, 230;
German occupation of,
181
Riley,
Denise,
6
Rimsku-
Korsakov,
Α. Α.,
165
Rodina,
74
Rogger,
Hans,
180
Roman Catholic Society of Russia,
121
Romanovsk,
136
Roper, Lyndal,
288
Rose, Nikolas,
267, 291
Rosenberg, Martin (refugee),
88
Roslavľ,
21, 57, 62, 256
Rostov,
57, 80, 93, 136, 166, 168
Rostovtseff, M. I.,
241
Rovno,
28
Rukhlov,
S. V
(1853-1918), 147
Russian People s Council of Carpathian
Rus ,
166, 257
Russian Society for the Protection of Women,
121, 123
Russians: national sentiment among,
162—163,
168;
proposed settlement in Armenia,
152;
as refugees,
25, 76, 162—165
passim,
213,
276
Ruthenians,
13, 224.
See also Ukrainians
Ruzskii, General
N.
V,
18, 225
Rybinsk,
62
St. Petersburg. See
Petrograd
Sakhalin,
55, 244
Saksen-Altenburgskaia, Princess Elena,
41
Samara: province,
54—55, 61, 180;
town,
3, 56,
63, 77, 81
Samara Fuse Factory,
135
Samarkand,
88
Sanders,
1.
O.,
37
Saratov: province,
54-55, 78, 167, 190, 191;
town,
58, 81, 90, 135, 180
Saroian, Martiros,
53
Schive,
Ludwig, 291
Scott, Joan,
4
Sebezh,
188, 190
Semenov Tian-Shanskii, V P,
254
Serafim,
Bishop,
31
Serbia,
150
Serge, Victor,
198
Severnyt bezhenets,
77, 251—252
Severopomoshch ,
43, 56-57, 172, 173-174,
239, 279
Shchepkin, M. M.,
40, 42, 47, 153, 237, 264,
268
Shchepkin,
N.
N.,
199, 237
Shcherbatov, Prince
N.
В.,
22, 35, 36, 42-43,
83, 147, 154-155, 163, 239, 240
316
Index
Sheremetsinskii,
Ia.
Α.,
166—167
Shingarev, A. I.,
4
Showalter,
Elaine,
259
Shteinberg,
lakov,
251
Shveder, Evgenii,
117-118, 205
Siberia,
35, 54, 55, 69, 157;
pre-1914 migra¬
tion to,
3, 78, 158, 222, 287;
refugees in,
46, 65, 67, 69, 92, 130, 135, 142, 146,
158, 179, 193, 287
Sibirskaia zhizn ,
157
Simbirsk,
55, 58, 59, 93, 132, 135, 244
Simferopol ,
151
Skirmunt, A. S.,
184, 249
Skultans, Vieda,
186
Sliozberg, G.
В.,
37, 177, 261, 270
Slutsk,
21
Smetona, Antanas
(1874-1944), 160, 183
Smirnova,
N.
V,
124
Smith, S.
Α.,
13
Smolensk: province,
21, 38, 50, 187, 188;
town,
64, 130
Sobezh (joint section of Union of Towns and
Zemstvos for refugee welfare),
40, 46, 122,
130, 131, 237, 239, 241, 280
Social Democrats,
153
Social identity,
5, 7, 79, 96-97, 194, 198-199,
202-203, 289.
See also Refugees
Social stratification,
3-4, 8, 46-47, 67, 85-86,
148, 170, 198-199, 222, 286.
See also Refu¬
gees: and social mobility
Socialist Revolutionaries,
153—154
Society for the Assistance of the Population of
South Russia,
166
Society for Handicrafts
(ORT), 148
Society for the Health of Jews,
148
Society for the Propagation of Enlightenment
among Russian Jews (ORPME),
148
Sologub,
Fedor,
151
South Russian Dnepr Company,
124
Sovnarkom,
188
Special commissioner for refugees,
44, 88, 176
Special Council for Refugees,
22, 42, 43-45,
64, 69-71
passim,
83, 84, 92, 121, 131,
133, 137, 138-139, 155, 157, 173, 175,
176, 177, 180, 265, 280
Special Council for State Defense,
43, 129, 155
Special Transcaucasian Committee,
185, 282
Sprude,
Α.,
87
Sputnik bezhentsa,
78, 164, 165, 166, 252
Starobeľsk uezd,
30
Stavropol ,
66, 88
Stengel,
Olga
(refugee),
76
Stoler, Ann, 289
Stremoukhov,
P P,
240
Strikis,
M.,
136
Students, Russian,
65, 93, 257
Stürmer,
Boris,
70, 149, 234, 279
Suny,
Ronald G.,
185
Suvorov, Marshal
Α.,
162
Suwałki,
31, 160
Swencicki, Henryk,
27, 36, 156
Switzerland,
155
Syria,
19, 26
Sysin, A. N.,
40, 82, 237, 264
Taganrog,
59, 144
Tamamshev,
General
V M.,
239
Tambov: province,
23, 54-55, 134, 145, 149,
191;
town,
81, 161
Tarasevich, L.
Α.,
82
Tarnopoľ,
120
Tashkent,
56, 81, 92-93
Tatarinov,
F. Y,
40
Tatiana,
Grand Duchess,
40, 125-126, 251, 262
Tatiana
Committee,
58, 60, 74, 75, 77, 83, 84,
91, 118-119, 126, 130, 158, 176-177,
200, 207, 208, 211, 237, 238, 254, 269;
exhibition of refugee life proposed by,
94—
95, 258, 278;
formation of,
40-42;
fundrais-
ing activities of,
67, 77, 176, 251;
local
committees,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 71, 81, 84,
92, 118-119, 124, 131, 176;
personnel,
93, 176, 177, 253;
questionnaire issued by,
95, 127, 206,
Appendix
2;
rivalry with pub¬
lic organizations,
41-42, 172, 173, 176, 239
Tbilisi,
19, 53, 119, 142, 151, 152, 182, 185,
186, 227,268
Thompson, Dorothy,
194
Thurstan,
Violetta,
81-82, 83, 87, 93, 118,
121, 136, 147, 207, 254
Tigranov,
G. E,
154
Tkach, V (refugee),
87, 205
Toboľsk,
92
Tolstoi, Count I.
1. (1858-1916), 61, 139, 268
Tomsk,
55, 57, 60, 62, 76, 86, 92, 130, 182
Transcaspian
oblast,
131
Trebizond,
153
Trudovaia pomoshch . See Work relief
Tsaritsyn ,
192
Tsentroplenbezh,
188-190, 191, 192, 194,
195, 213, 283
Tula: province,
24, 60, 90, 134, 145;
town,
144
Tula Cartridge Works,
61
Tula ordnance factory,
90
Index
317
Turgai
oblast,
92
Turkestan,
54, 55, 58
Turkey. See Ottoman empire
Tver ,
61, 64, 67, 124, 182
Tyshkevich, A.
1., 236, 240, 268
Ufa,
55, 61, 81, 164, 276
Ukraine: independence,
183—184;
patriotic intel¬
ligentsia,
18, 166-167, 168, 183, 226, 233.
See also
Galicia
Ukrainians, as refugees,
18, 24, 44, 57, 92,
135, 163, 166-168
passim,
188, 193, 213;
attitudes toward,
92, 166—168;
welfare or¬
ganizations,
166
Ukrainskaia zhizn ,
166
Ulianova,
N.
I.,
126, 237
Ulmanis, Karlis,
275
Unanova, E. P,
124
Union of Russian People,
58, 61, 166
Union of Towns,
20, 37-39, 40, 41, 42, 44,
45-46, 49, 54, 61, 82, 84, 91, 136, 151,
163-164, 173, 175, 176, 183,209,235,
269, 284, 291
Union of Zemstvos,
37-40, 41-42, 43, 44-47,
51, 63, 136, 137, 144, 173, 183, 213, 235,
238, 241-242, 252, 258, 267
United States,
81, 148, 155, 161
Unshlikht, losif
(1879-1938), 188, 283
Urals,
55, 56, 161, 162, 243
Urusov, Prince
N.
R,
43, 49, 50, 69, 75, 163,
173, 174, 175, 237, 239, 279
Valters, Mikelis,
186
Vasilevich (Belorussian refugee),
290
Vatican,
161
Veselovskii, S.
В.,
264, 266, 280
Vestník íuga,
122
Vestník VOPB,
78, 252
Vetlin
(Russian priest),
118
Vidzeme,
25, 31, 50, 55, 158, 182
Vilna,
17, 20, 22, 38, 123, 160, 183, 275
Vinnichenko, M.,
183
Vitebsk: province,
21, 31, 50, 88, 134, 187,
188;
town,
21, 63, 92, 182
Vladimir: province,
60, 65, 149;
town,
144
Volkov,
E. Z.,
212-213
Vologda,
20, 144
Volynia,
18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 29, 35, 55, 163,
166, 167, 179, 187, 213, 244
Voprosy stmkhovaniia,
87
Voronezh: province,
126, 133, 145, 179, 187;
town,
58, 118-119, 161
Vrangeľ, A. K.,
40
Vyselenie. See Migration: forced
Vystavkina, E.,
206
War industry committees,
25, 134, 136, 155,
266
Warburg, Felix,
148
Warsaw,
19, 88, 154, 155, 205
West Russian Society,
166
Westfal, Mariia,
229-230
Wharton, Edith,
224
Whittemore, Thomas
(1871-1950), 81, 253
Wilson, Woodrow,
161
Wolf,
Lucien,
225
Women: charitable activities of,
77, 123-126;
employment opportunities for,
119, 128—
140
passim; and military nursing,
115;
as
refugees,
82-83, 86, 117-127
passim,
214,
260.
See also Refugees: gendered responsibili¬
ties and
Work relief,
131, 178
Workers,
3, 25, 61, 64-65, 87, 129, 131, 134,
135, 159
Wright, Patrick,
289
Yeas, Martynas
(1885-1941), 160, 161, 186,
283
Young, Iris,
6
Zaituntsian, Michael,
118
Zalitis,
Janis
(1874-1919), 158, 181, 186
Zamyslovskii,
G. G.,
27, 164
Zasiadko, D.
1., 27
Zemgor,
42, 193
Zemstvos,
45, 46, 54, 58, 79, 82, 84, 129.
See
also Union of Zemstvos
Zhbankov, Dmitrii,
120
Zhenskoe
deh,
125
Zhitomir,
21, 24
Zhizn bezhentsev,
77
Zhordania,
Noe,
282
Zhukovskii, V V,
155, 156
Zolberg,
Aristide,
9, 10, 249
Zubchaninov, S.
1., 43, 49, 50-51, 89, 173,
175, 239
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12980763X |
| author_facet | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_variant | p g pg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013066555 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D638 |
| callnumber-raw | D638.R9G38 1999 |
| callnumber-search | D638.R9G38 1999 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3638 R9 G38 41999 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| classification_rvk | NP 5230 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)41468859 (DE-599)BVBBV013066555 |
| dewey-full | 940.3/086/9121 940.3/086/91 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.3/086/91 21 940.3/086/91 |
| dewey-search | 940.3/086/91 21 940.3/086/91 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.3 286 291 221 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV013066555 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:38:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0253336449 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008901597 |
| oclc_num | 41468859 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 DE-11 |
| physical | XIV, 317 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Indiana Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Gatrell, Peter 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)12980763X aut A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I Peter Gatrell Bloomington [u.a.] Indiana Univ. Press 1999 XIV, 317 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies "Peter Gatrell offers a fresh perspective on social and political upheaval in revolutionary Russia through a close examination of population displacement during World War I. Involuntary migrations - in part the consequence of defeat on the battlefield, in part the result of deliberate action by tsarist generals - led government officials and educated society to question prevailing modes of thinking about social identity and the nature of social order in an unraveling polity."--BOOK JACKET. Eerste Wereldoorlog gtt Vluchtelingen gtt Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 -- Refugees World War, 1914-1918 -- Russia Refugees -- Russia Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd rswk-swf Russland Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 s Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008901597&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008901597&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Gatrell, Peter 1950- A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I Eerste Wereldoorlog gtt Vluchtelingen gtt Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 -- Refugees World War, 1914-1918 -- Russia Refugees -- Russia Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4017604-6 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I |
| title_auth | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I |
| title_exact_search | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I |
| title_full | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I Peter Gatrell |
| title_fullStr | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I Peter Gatrell |
| title_full_unstemmed | A whole empire walking refugees in Russia during World War I Peter Gatrell |
| title_short | A whole empire walking |
| title_sort | a whole empire walking refugees in russia during world war i |
| title_sub | refugees in Russia during World War I |
| topic | Eerste Wereldoorlog gtt Vluchtelingen gtt Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 -- Refugees World War, 1914-1918 -- Russia Refugees -- Russia Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eerste Wereldoorlog Vluchtelingen Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 -- Refugees World War, 1914-1918 -- Russia Refugees -- Russia Erster Weltkrieg Flüchtling Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008901597&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008901597&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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