Ecology and management of forest soils:
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Pritchett, William L. Properties and management of forest soils |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 489 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0471194263 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fisher, Richard F. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecology and management of forest soils |c Richard F. Fisher ; Dan Binkley |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 489 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Sols - Aménagement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sols forestiers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie du sol | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forest management | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forest soils | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Soil ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Soil management | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127737941590016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Ecology and management of forest soils
Autor: Fisher, Richard F.
Jahr: 2000
CONTENTS
Preface xi
1. Introduction 1
Forest Soils Differ in Many Ways from Cultivated Soils 4
Forest Soil Science Is as Old as Soil Science Itself 7
Summary 10
2. Forest Soils and Vegetation Development 11
Pedogenic Processes Operate Simultaneously at Varying Rates 11
External Factors Guide Soil Formation 14
Parent Material 15
Nonsilicates 15
Silicates 17
Parent Material Classification 25
Climate and Weathering 25
Biological Weathering 28
Topography, Time, and Biota 29
Vegetation and Soil Develop Together But at Quite Different Rates 30
Soil Properties Influence Vegetation Development 34
Summary 35
3. Soils of the Major Forest Biomes 37
Soils Commonly Differ as Much Within Regions as Around
the Globe 37
Soil Types Are Distributed Unevenly Around the Globe 41
Major Forest Types Occur on a Variety of Soils 42
Tropical Forests Are Diverse and Occur on a Diverse Range
of Soils 42
Tropical Climates Are Warm Year Round, and Precipitation
Varies Among Regions 44
Rain Forests Have no Prolonged Dry Season 46
Monsoon Forests Have Seasonal Periods of Drought and Rain 48
vii
VIII CONTENTS
Many Tropical Forests Are Dry 49
Tropical Montane Forests Have Moderate, Uniform Climates 50
Plantation Forestry Is Extensive Throughout the Tropics 50
Some Temperate Broad-Leaved Forests Are Evergreen 53
Temperate Rain Forests Are Among the Largest in the World 53
Lowland Coniferous Forests Are Major Sources of Timber 55
Temperate Zone Mixed Forests Include Conifers and Hardwoods 55
Temperate Montane Conifer Forests 57
Boreal Forests Cover Vast Areas 58
Summary 60
4. Physical Properties of Forest Soils 61
Soil Texture Is Fundamental 61
Texture Influences Tree Growth 63
Soil Structure Moderates Effects of Soil Texture 64
Bulk Density Accounts for the Composition of Minerals, Organics,
and Pore Space 65
Life in the Soil Depends on the Soil Atmosphere 67
Soil Structure Can Be Harmed by Inappropriate Management
Activities 69
Soil Color Incorporates Effects of Organic Matter and
Other Factors 70
Soil Temperature Influences Biotic and Abiotic Process Rates 71
Soil Water Is Part of the Hydrological Cycle 75
Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils Depends on Water Content
and Hydraulic Conductivity 77
Factors Affecting Infiltration and Losses of Water 78
Trees May Get Water from the Capillary Fringe 81
Trees Require Great Quantities of Water 82
Physics in a Landscape Context Can Determine Soil Chemistry 83
Summary 85
5. Soil Chemistry and Nutrient Uptake 87
Major Soil Anions Include Chloride, Sulfate, Bicarbonate,
and Sometimes Nitrate 87
Major Soil Cations Include Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, and Sometimes Aluminum 88
Soil Solutions Also Contain Silicic Acid, Dissolved Organic
Chemicals, and Gases 91
Solution Chemistry Is Regulated by Inputs, Outputs,
and Reversible Reactions 92
The Solid Phase of the Soil Has Four Major Components 92
Cations Exchange Is a Reversible, Electrostatic Sorption 95
CONTENTS IX
Cation Valence and Hydrated Radius Explain the Selectivity
of the Exchange Complex 96
The Ratio of Aluminum to Base Cations May (or May Not)
Be Important 97
Soil Acidity Involves Acid-Base Reactions Between Solid
and Solution Phases 98
The pH of Soil Solutions Is Buffered by the Solid Phases 99
Factor 1: Increases in Salt Concentration Decrease pH 100
Factor 2: Soil pH Decreases as Total Soil Acidity Increases 101
Factor 3: The Distributions of Cations Is Often Called
Base Saturation 102
Factor 4: The Strength of Soil Acids Also Influences pH 103
Comparisons of Titration Curves Can Explain Why pH
Differs Among Soils 104
Soil pH Increases from Upper-Slope to Lower-Slope Sites 105
Phosphate and Sulfate Concentrations Depend on
Specific Adsorption 106
Nutrient Supply and Upstake 108
Nutrient Uptake Depends on Soil Chemistry and the
Absorbing Surface Area of Trees 111
Nutrient Uptake Also Depends on Uptake Kinetics 112
Soil Solutions Are Sampled in Several Ways, and No Way
Is Perfect 114
Soil Solutions and Plant Uptake Are Linked to Ecosystem
Biogeochemistry 115
Summary 115
6. Biology of Forest Soils 118
Soil Organisms Perform a Wide Variety of Functions 119
Soil Fauna Play a Role in Natural Soil Ecosystems 120
Macrofauna Are Movers and Shakers 120
Vertebrates 120
Arthropods 121
Annelids 122
Mesofauna Fragment Debris and Promote Soil Structure 123
Microfauna Thrive in Soil Water Films 123
Nematodes 123
Rotifers 124
Protozoa 124
Soil Microflora Are Small in Size, Great in Importance 124
Bacteria 125
Actinomycetes 129
Fungi 130
Algae 131
Xii CONTENTS
Phosphorus Availability Increases After Fire,
at Least Temporarily 257
Nitrogen Availability Also Increases After Fire 258
Nitrogen Fixation Increases After Fire Only If Symbiotic
Nitrogen-Fixing Species Increase 258
Long-Term Effects of Fire on Soil Productivity Remain
Uncertain 259
Summary 260
11. Forest Soil Classification 262
Site Index Is a Troubling But Preferred Way to Measure
Site Quality 263
Soil Classification and Survey Are Essential to Sound Forest
Management 265
The USDA National Cooperative Soil Survey 266
Forest Soil Surveys Are Common on Industrial Forestland 267
Multifactor Classification Schemes Have Gained Popularity 269
Soil Factors Dramatically Influence Forest Development
and Tree Growth 270
Interpretations to Aid in Forest Management Can Be
Developed for Soil Map Units 276
Summary 280
12. Nutrition Management: Nutrient Limitations 282
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Are the Most Common
Limiting Nutrients 282
Basic Approaches to Diagnosing Nutrient Limitation 284
Establishment of Field Trials Is the First Step 286
Relating Response to Site Variables Is the Second Step 288
Foliar Nutrients May Identify Nutrient Limitations 289
Visible Symptoms Can Indicate Severe Problems 291
Nutrient Concentrations Can Identify Major Deficiencies 292
Vector Analysis May Help Identify Limiting Nutrients 294
DRIS Combines Foliar Concentrations, Nutrient Ratios,
and Growth 296
Soil Assays 297
Which Soil Pool Is the Best Indicator of Site Fertility and
Nutrient Limitation? 297
How Available Is Soil Nitrogen? 298
Ion Exchange Resin Bags Are Sensitive to a Range of
Factors 303
Various Indexes Have Proven Useful for Different Regions 304
CONTENTS XIII
Soil Phosphorus Availability Is Usually Estimated by
Extractions 305
Soil Sulfur Assays Are Similar to Phosphorus Assays 307
Cation Availability Is Also Difficult to Assess 307
Soil Micronutrient Assays Are Performed Rarely 308
The Final Step in Nutrition Assessment Is Operational
Assessment of Sites 308
Interaction Between Nutrition and Pests and Pathogens 308
Thinning Increases the Nutrient Supply per Tree 310
Summary 310
13. Nutrition Management: Fertilization 311
Fertilization Commonly Increases Net Primary Production
and Reduces Allocation to Roots, Increasing Wood Growth 313
Fertilization Changes Stand Characteristics 314
Nutrient Limitation Is Common Across All Stands Ages 316
Application Methods Include Airplanes, Helicopters, and
Tractors 316
Formulation Is Important 317
Nitrogen Fertilizers Are Synthesized from Nitrogen Gas
and Natural Gas 318
Phosphate Fertilizers Are Mined 320
Sulfur Fertilizers Are Used Mainly to Lower soil pH 321
Fertilization with Lime Material Can Alleviate Calcium
and Magnesium Deficiencies 321
Raising Soil pH Requires Large Amounts of Lime 322
Only About 10 to 20 Percent of the Fertilizer Enters the Trees 324
Where Did the Missing Fertilizer Go? 325
Why Doesn t More Fertilizer Get Into the Trees? 326
Fertilization Increases Growth for Periods Ranging from
5 Years to Entire Rotations 327
Fertilizer Responses May Differ Among Species and Genotypes 327
Site Preparation May Increase the Fertilization Response 328
Fertilization May Affect Nontarget Vegetation 329
Fertilization Usually Has Minor Effects on Water Quality 330
Waste Disposal on Forestlands May Increase Stand
Productivity 332
Wastewater Is a Rich Nutrient Solution 333
Sewage Sludge Resembles Soil Humus 333
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sludge Are a Serious Concern 335
Nutrition Assessment Provides Information for Decision Making 335
Forest Nutrition Management Involves Unavoidable
Uncertainty 336
Inflation and Changes in Stumpage Values May Alter Profitability 337
XIV CONTENTS
Compound Interest Favors Late-Rotation Fertilization 338
Growth Responses Are Uncertain 338
Breakeven Analysis Is the Simplest Approach 339
A Decision Tree Identifies Choices, Probabilities, and Outcomes 340
Fertilization Entails two Kinds of Risk 341
What Is the Value of Perfect Information? 343
What Is the Value of Imperfect Information? 345
The Value of Research Depends on Existing Knowledge
and Forest Size 346
Fertilization Is an Investment of Energy as Well as Money 346
Summary 347
14. Nutrition Management: Biological Nitrogen Fixation 348
Nitrogen Fixation Was Harnessed in Forestry Shortly After
Its Discovery 348
Nitrogenase Enzyme Reduces Nitrogen Gas to Ammonia 350
Three Types of Nitrogen Fixers May Be Important in
Forest Soils 350
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Can Be Used in Nutrition
Management Program 351
Nitrogen Fixation Rates Are Difficult to Measure 354
15N Labeling Shows High Rates of Nitrogen Fixation for
Leucaena and Casuarina 355
Natural Abundance of 15N Is Affected by Nitrogen Fixation
in Forests 355
Nitrogen Accretion and Chronosequences Can Catch Large
Rates of Nitrogen Fixation 356
Acetylene Reduction Assays Estimate Current Rates of
Nitrogen Fixation 359
Favorable Environments Allow High Rates of Nitrogen Fixation 361
Does Nitrogen Fixation Decline as Soil Nitrogen Increases? 362
Nitrogen Fixation Accelerates Nitrogen Cycling 363
Nitrogen-Fixing Plants Also Affect Cycles of Other Nutrients 363
Nitrogen-Fixing Trees Acidify Soil in Some Ecosystems
But Not in Others 364
Soil Carbon Increases Under Nitrogen-Fixing Species 366
Many Silvicultural Strategies Can Employ Nitrogen-Fixing
Species 366
Nitrogen Fixers Can Take Advantage of Unused Site Resources 367
When Does Fixed Nitrogen Begin to Benefit Associated Crop
Trees? 368
The Growth Response to Nitrogen Fixation May Have Three
Components 369
The Crop Tree Response to Nitrogen Varies with Site
Fertility 370
CONTENTS XV
How Much Nitrogen Fixation Is Needed to Supply Crop Trees? 371
Is a Kilogram of Fixed Nitrogen Equal to a Kilogram of
Fertilizer Nitrogen? 372
Nitrogen-Fixing Plants Can Alter the Impact of Animals
and Diseases 373
Niftrogen Fixation May Have Multiple Resource Benefits 373
Why Isn t Nitrogen Fixation Used More Often in Forestry? 374
Is Nitrogen Fixation Profitable? 374
Summary 375
15. Forest Soil Management 376
Soil Management Plays a Major Role in Intensive Plantation
Forestry 376
Land Clearing May Adversely Impact Soil Productivity 377
Soil Preparation for Stand Establishment 380
Scarification Is a Means of Exposing Mineral Soil 380
Cultivation Often Increases Survival and Early Growth of
Planted Seedlings 380
Soil Management on Extreme Sites 383
Dry, Sandy Soils Pose Special Problems to Forest Managers 385
Irrigation or Fertigation on Dry Sites Is Becoming Popular 387
Seasonally Flooded Soils Present Unique Problems 387
Peatlands Are Often Managed for Forest Production 389
Gelisals Present Major Problems 391
Turning Mine Spoil Back into Soil is a Challenge 391
Management of Nursery Soils 394
Nursery Site Selection Is Important to Successful Production 395
Soil Texture Is Often the Key to Success or Failure 396
Site Leveling May Be Necessary But Is Problematic 396
Soil Fertility and Acidity Management Are Crucial to
Nursery Success 397
Soil Organic Matter Is Generally the Key to a Productive
Nursery 398
Cover Crops Serve Several Purposes 399
Other Organic Additions Are Generally Necessary 400
A Fertilization Program Is Essential to Excellent Nursery
Stock Production 401
Soil Testing Is a Must 402
Fertilization Is a Two-Step Process 403
Tree Conditioning for Transplanting Improves Survival
and Growth 404
Biocides Protect Seedlings But Alter Nursery Soil Processes 405
Summary 406
XVi CONTENTS
16. Long-Term Soil Productivity 408
There Are Three Major Ways to Be Wrong 409
How Rapidly Do Forest Soils Change in the Absence of
Management? 409
How Do Forest Soils Change Under the Influence of
Different Species? 411
How Does Reforestation Improve Former Agricultural Soils? 415
How Does Harvesting Affect Soil Fertility? 420
Will Acid Deposition Degrade Forest Soils? 425
If the Climate Warms, Will Forest Soils Change? 433
Summary 434
References 435
Index 000
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fisher, Richard F. Binkley, Dan |
| author_facet | Fisher, Richard F. Binkley, Dan |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Fisher, Richard F. |
| author_variant | r f f rf rff d b db |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013041683 |
| callnumber-first | S - Agriculture |
| callnumber-label | SD390 |
| callnumber-raw | SD390 |
| callnumber-search | SD390 |
| callnumber-sort | SD 3390 |
| callnumber-subject | SD - Forestry |
| classification_rvk | RB 10162 |
| classification_tum | FOR 110f GEO 315f BIO 142f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)41387532 (DE-599)BVBBV013041683 |
| dewey-full | 634.9 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 634 - Orchards, fruits, forestry |
| dewey-raw | 634.9 |
| dewey-search | 634.9 |
| dewey-sort | 3634.9 |
| dewey-tens | 630 - Agriculture and related technologies |
| discipline | Geowissenschaften Biologie Forstwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Geographie |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013041683 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:38:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471194263 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008884663 |
| oclc_num | 41387532 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-634 |
| physical | XVIII, 489 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fisher, Richard F. Verfasser aut Ecology and management of forest soils Richard F. Fisher ; Dan Binkley 3. ed. New York [u.a.] Wiley 2000 XVIII, 489 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecologia do solo larpcal Forêts - Gestion Manejo florestal larpcal Solo florestal larpcal Sols - Aménagement Sols forestiers Écologie du sol Forest management Forest soils Soil ecology Soil management Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd rswk-swf Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 gnd rswk-swf Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd rswk-swf Waldboden (DE-588)4132325-7 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 s Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 s DE-604 Waldboden (DE-588)4132325-7 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s 1\p DE-604 Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 s 2\p DE-604 Binkley, Dan Verfasser aut 2. Auflage Pritchett, William L. Properties and management of forest soils HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008884663&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fisher, Richard F. Binkley, Dan Ecology and management of forest soils Ecologia do solo larpcal Forêts - Gestion Manejo florestal larpcal Solo florestal larpcal Sols - Aménagement Sols forestiers Écologie du sol Forest management Forest soils Soil ecology Soil management Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 gnd Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd Waldboden (DE-588)4132325-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4282537-4 (DE-588)4007379-8 (DE-588)4064354-2 (DE-588)4132325-7 (DE-588)4043207-5 |
| title | Ecology and management of forest soils |
| title_auth | Ecology and management of forest soils |
| title_exact_search | Ecology and management of forest soils |
| title_full | Ecology and management of forest soils Richard F. Fisher ; Dan Binkley |
| title_fullStr | Ecology and management of forest soils Richard F. Fisher ; Dan Binkley |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology and management of forest soils Richard F. Fisher ; Dan Binkley |
| title_old | Pritchett, William L. Properties and management of forest soils |
| title_short | Ecology and management of forest soils |
| title_sort | ecology and management of forest soils |
| topic | Ecologia do solo larpcal Forêts - Gestion Manejo florestal larpcal Solo florestal larpcal Sols - Aménagement Sols forestiers Écologie du sol Forest management Forest soils Soil ecology Soil management Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 gnd Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd Waldboden (DE-588)4132325-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologia do solo Forêts - Gestion Manejo florestal Solo florestal Sols - Aménagement Sols forestiers Écologie du sol Forest management Forest soils Soil ecology Soil management Waldökosystem Bodenkunde Wald Waldboden Ökologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008884663&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fisherrichardf ecologyandmanagementofforestsoils AT binkleydan ecologyandmanagementofforestsoils |