Understanding the heavens: thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology
"Astronomy is the oldest and most fundamental of the natural sciences. From the early beginnings of civilization, astronomers have attempted to explain not only what the Universe is and how it works, but also how it started, how it evolved to the present day, and how it will develop in the futu...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Physics and astronomy online library
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Astronomy is the oldest and most fundamental of the natural sciences. From the early beginnings of civilization, astronomers have attempted to explain not only what the Universe is and how it works, but also how it started, how it evolved to the present day, and how it will develop in the future. The author, a well-known astronomer himself, describes the evolution of astronomical ideas, briefly discussing most of the instrumental developments. Using numerous figures to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the book starts with the astronomical ideas of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian philosophers, moves on to the Greek period, and then to the golden age of astronomy, i.e. to Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, and ends with modern theories of cosmology. Written with undergraduate students in mind, this book gives a fascinating survey of astronomical thinking."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 555 - 558 |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 597 Seiten Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 3540631984 |
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| adam_text | JEAN-CLAUDE PECKER UNDERSTANDING THE HEAVENS THIRTY CENTURIES OF
ASTRONOMICAL IDEAS FROM ANCIENT THINKING TO MODERN COSMOLOGY EDITED BY
SUSAN KAUFMAN WITH 256 FIGURES INCLUDING MANY HISTORICAL AND HAND-DRAWN
ILLUSTRATIONS SPRINGER CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND PERSPECTIVES 1 THE
THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS 2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLITICS AND
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS 5 THE CONTINUOUS PROGRESS OF ASTRONOMICAL TECHNIQUES
8 THE THREE STREAMS FROM PYTHAGORAS, PLATO, AND ARISTOTLE 10 1. BEFORE
THE CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD 15 1.1 A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF A RAPID
EVOLUTION 15 1.2 ELEMENTARY NAKED-EYE ASTRONOMY 21 1.2.1 THE TWO
LUMINARIES 21 1.2.2 THE SOLAR CYCLES 22 1.2.3 THE MOON S CYCLE 27 1.2.4
CALENDARS AND PROBLEMS 29 1.2.5 PHILOSOPHERS IN EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA 32
1.2.6 ECLIPSES 32 1.2.7 EARLY KNOWLEDGE OF PLANETS 36 1.3 PRE-SOCRATIC
GREEK ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY 38 1.3.1 A FEW MILESTONES 38 1.3.2 THREE
PERMANENT TENDENCIES 40 1.3.3 THALES (OF MILET) AND HIS FOLLOWERS, THE
MILESIANS 42 1.3.4 PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGORIANS 47 1.3.5 BETWEEN
PYTHAGORAS AND PLATO 49 2. CLASSICAL GREEK ASTRONOMY 55 2.1 PLATO S
WORLD 55 2.1.1 THE MYTH OF THE CAVE 55 2.1.2 THE TIMAEUS 58 2.1.3 THE
FOUR ELEMENTS 59 2.1.4 SPACE 60 VIII CONTENTS 2.1.5 PLATONIC ASTRONOMY
63 2.1.6 CONCLUDING OUR VISIT TO PLATO S DIALOGUES 69 2.2 PLATO S
CONTEMPORARIES: EUDOXUS, CALLIPPUS 70 2.2.1 EUDOXUS AND HIS SYSTEM OF
HOMOCENTRIC SPHERES 70 2.2.2 THE REFORM OF CALIPPUS 77 2.2.3 ASTRONOMERS
AT THE TIME OF ARISTOTLE 78 2.3 ARISTOTLE S WORLD 78 2.3.1 ARISTOTLE S
COSMOLOGY OF HOMOCENTRIC SPHERES 79 2.3.2 ARISTOTLE S PHYSICS 81 2.4 THE
LEGACY OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE 83 2.5 THE HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEMS 84 2.5.1
HERACLIDES (FROM THE PONTUS) 85 2.5.2 ARISTARCHUS (300-250 BC?) 86 2.5.3
SELEUCUS (150-100 BC) 87 2.5.4 THE PROVISIONAL END OF HELIOCENTRISM 88
2.6 HIPPARCHUS AND HIS SUCCESSORS UP TO PTOLEMY 89 2.6.1 ALEXANDRIA AS
AN INTELLECTUAL CENTER 89 2.6.2 HIPPARCHUS 91 2.6.3 FROM HIPPARCHUS TO
PTOLEMY 92 2.6.4 CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY 93 2.7 ECCENTRIC AND EPICYCLE CIRCLES:
THE PTOLEMAIC MECHANISMS 94 2.7.1 SOLAR MOTION: THE ECCENTRIC SYSTEM 94
2.7.2 PLANETARY MOTION: THE EPICYCLE-DEFERENT SYSTEM 95 2.7.3 THE
EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS FOR THE SUN... 96 2.7.4 EQUIVALENCE
OF THE TWO SYSTEMS FOR MARS, JUPITER, AND SATURN 97 2.7.5 WAS PTOLEMY A
PRECURSOR OF COPERNICUS? 101 2.7.6 ELABORATION OF THE EPICYCLE-DEFERENT
SYSTEM 103 2.8 THE EARTH, SUN, MOON, AND PLANETS: DISTANCES AND SIZES
108 2.8.1 THE PHENOMENA 108 2.8.2 THE EARTH S RADIUS: A BASIC UNIT OF
LENGTH 109 2.8.3 THE MOON ILL 2.8.4 THE SUN: THE ARISTARCHUS
DETERMINATIONS 113 2.8.5 THE METHODOLOGY OF HIPPARCHUS 116 2.8.6
PLANETARY DISTANCES 121 2.9 THE PRECESSION OF EQUINOXES 123 2.9.1
HIPPARCHUS S DISCOVERY 123 2.9.2 PTOLEMY S PRECESSION OF EQUINOXES 126
CONTENTS IX 3. PTOLEMY S ASTRONOMY QUESTIONED 129 3.1 THE SCIENTIFIC
GENEALOGY OF PTOLEMY 129 3.1.1 PTOLEMY S PHYSICS 129 3.1.2 THE PAGAN
FOLLOWERS OF PTOLEMY 131 3.1.3 JOHN PHILOPON 132 3.1.4 SAVE THE BIBLE!
133 3.2 THE CHURCH FATHERS .-. 133 3.2.1 THE SO-CALLED DARK AGES 133
3.2.2 FROM ORIGEN TO AUGUSTINE 134 3.2.3 AUGUSTINE 137 3.2.4 ASTROLOGY
139 3.2.5 THE DEBATE OVER CREATION AND THE MEANING OF TIME 140 3.2.6 THE
SEEDS OF A REBORN SCIENCE 141 3.3 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ARABIC WORLD
TO ASTRONOMICAL KNOWLEDGE 142 3.3.1 INDIAN ASTRONOMY 142 3.3.2 THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE SKY... 143 3.3.3 ALFONSO THE
TENTH AND HIS TIME 150 3.4 THE WESTERN WORLD UP TO COPERNICUS 155 3.4.1
THE CONTINUING HELIOCENTRIC TEMPTATION 155 3.4.2 THE ERA OF THE
TRANSLATORS 165 3.4.3 THE PRIESTS AND MONKS OF THE CHURCH. THE
TRIANGULAR BATTLE 168 3.4.4 THE PROGRESS OF OBSERVATIONS 179 4. THE
PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE 187 4.1 FROM 1450 TO 1600: AN OVERVIEW 187 4.2
COPERNICUS AND THE DETERMINATION OF PLANETARY DISTANCES 190 4.2.1 THE
HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM AS A WORKING HYPOTHESIS 191 4.2.2 THE DISTANCE SCALE
IN THE PLANETARY SYSTEM 195 4.2.3 THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM ELABORATED 202
4.3 THE PROGRESS OF THE OBSERVATIONS; TYCHO BRAHE AND THE NATURE OF THE
UNIVERSE 208 4.3.1 THE SUPERNOVA OF 1572 208 4.3.2 THE COMET OF 1577 210
4.3.3 THE HELIO-GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM OF TYCHO 212 4.4 KEPLER AND THE DEATH
OF CIRCULARITY 212 4.4.1 PLANETARY DISTANCES 214 4.4.2 THE ELLIPTICAL
MOTION 218 X CONTENTS 4.4.3 THE ELLIPTICAL LAWS OF MOTION 226 4.4.4 THE
DISTANCES OF PLANETS TO THE SUN AND KEPLER S THIRD LAW 227 4.4.5
KEPLER S CONCEPTS REGARDING DYNAMICS 228 4.4.6 KEPLER S OTHER STUDIES
232 4.5 GALILEO, PHYSICIST AND OBSERVER 233 4.5.1 PRE-GALILEAN
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 234 4.5.2 GALILEO IN 1610: THE TELESCOPE AND
THE TELESCOPIC WORLD. 242 4.5.3 GALILEO S MECHANICS 250 5. DYNAMICS
ENTERS ASTRONOMY: FROM GALILEO TO NEWTON 253 5.1 GALILEAN DYNAMICS 253
5.2 FRANCIS BACON IN ENGLAND 255 5.3 THE FRENCH SCHOOL: DESCARTES AND
HIS CONTEMPORARIES 257 5.3.1 CARTESIAN MECHANICS: HUYGENS AND
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 257 5.3.2 DESCARTES THEORY OF VORTICES AND SOME
REFLECTIONS ON SPACE AND TIME 259 5.3.3 OBJECTIONS: HENRY MORE AND
SPACE; ISAAC BARROW AND TIME 266 5.4 NEWTON AND UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
267 5.4.1 THE PRINCIPIA 268 5.4.2 KEPLER S LAW OF EQUAL AREAS 269 5.4.3
NEWTON S LAW OF GRAVITATION: THE INVERSE SQUARE OF DISTANCE 271 5.4.4
THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF MECHANICS 274 5.4.5 THE REFUTATION OF THE
CARTESIAN THEORY OF VORTICES 277 5.5 THE TRIUMPH OF NEWTON 278 5.5.1 THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTAL ASTRONOMY 279 5.5.2 THE FLATTENING OF THE
EARTH 283 5.5.3 THE RETURN OF HALLEY S COMET 284 5.5.4 THE ABERRATION OF
LIGHT 285 5.5.5 ANNUAL STELLAR PARALLAXES 286 5.5.6 THE FUNDAMENTAL
DISTANCES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 290 5.5.7 NEWTON AND GOD 294 5.6 APPENDIX
WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH PROF. DANIEL PECKER 296 5.6.1 GEOMETRICAL
PRELIMINARIES 297 5.6.2 NEWTON S TEXT COMMENTED 304 CONTENTS XI 6. FROM
PRE-GALILEAN ASTRONOMY TO THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE AND BEYOND ...
WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH DR. SIMONE DUMONT 309 6.1 IMPROVEMENTS IN
TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS 310 6.1.1 SIZE AND NATURE OF INSTRUMENTS
(OBJECTIVES); MEASUREMENTS OF TIME 310 6.1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF OCULAR
INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES 323 6.1.3 BASIC PHYSICAL DATA SPECIFIC TO
ASTRONOMY: VELOCITY OF LIGHT C, GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT G, ETC 327 6.1.4
APERTURE OF THE SPECTRUM 328 6.1.5 THE ASTROPHYSICS OF PARTICLES (SOLAR
PARTICLES, COSMIC RAYS, NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY) 329 6.1.6 MATHEMATICAL
TECHNIQUES AND THEORETICAL TOOLS FOR ASTRONOMY 332 6.2 IMPORTANT
ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES AFTER GALILEO 334 6.3 CONCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES
OF THE BROADENING OF HORIZONS FROM GALILEO TO EINSTEIN 353 6.3.1
GIORDANO BRUNO S COSMOLOGY 355 6.3.2 SWEDENBORG, EMANUEL (1688-1772) 358
6.3.3 THOMAS WRIGHT (1711-1786), IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804), JEAN LAMBERT
(1728-1777) 359 6.3.4 EDGAR ALLAN POE (1809-1849) 365 6.3.5 FLAMMARION,
ARRHENIUS, AND THE PLURALITY OF INHABITED WORLDS 367 6.3.6 THE
COSMOGONIC THEORIES AS LIMITATIONS TO THE COSMOLOGICAL STREAM; THE
CONTRIBUTION OF POINCARE 368 6.3.7 FOURNIER D ALBE, SEELIGER, CHARLIER,
AND THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE 370 6.4 CONCLUSION 372 7.
TOWARDS MODERN COSMOLOGY 373 7.1 FAILURES AND DIFFICULTIES OF THE
NEWTONIAN DESCRIPTION 373 7.2 CRITICISMS OF NEWTON S THEORY: THE MACH
DISCUSSION 375 7.3 THE ETHER 382 7.3.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT 383 7.3.2 THE
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 384 7.3.3 THE PROBLEM OF ETHER. IS IT NECESSARY?
387 7.3.4 THE LORENTZ-FITZGERALD CONTRACTION 394 7.3.5 EINSTEIN S
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY (1905) 395 XII CONTENTS 7.3.6 THE ETHER OF
SPECIAL RELATIVITY 407 7.4. ACTION AT A DISTANCE 407 7.5. OLBERS
PARADOX 408 7.6 THE SIGNIFICANT FACTS OF COSMOLOGY AND THE
SUBJECTIVITY OF THEIR CHOICE 413 7.7 APPENDIX: MODERN COSMOLOGY THE
VELOCITY OF LIGHT, COMPOSITION AND MEASUREMENT 415 7.7.1 THE GALILEAN
COMPOSITION OF VELOCITIES 415 7.7.2 THE CONVECTION OF LIGHT BY MATTER
(OR ETHER) FROM ROMER TO MICHELSON 417 7.7.3 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS
OF COORDINATES 420 7.7.4 THE CONE OF LIGHT 425 8. COSMOLOGIES OF TODAY
AND TOMORROW 427 8.1 GENERAL RELATIVITY 427 8.1.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF
INVARIANCE 427 8.1.2 THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE 428 8.1.3 THE EINSTEINIAN
COSMOLOGICAL-LOCAL FACTS 434 8.2 THE COSMOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF GENERAL
RELATIVITY 439 8.2.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 441 8.2.2 THE STATIC
UNIVERSES; EINSTEIN S COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT.. 442 8.2.3 NON-STATIC
UNIVERSES: THE MEANING OF THE SINGULARITIES .. 445 8.3 NEW COSMOLOGICAL
FACTS 450 8.3.1 THE REDSHIFT OF GALAXIES; THE HUBBLE RATIO 450 8.3.2 THE
UNIVERSAL BACKGROUND RADIATION 458 8.3.3 THE ABUNDANCE OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
461 8.3.4 THE INHOMOGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE 462 8.3.5 ALLEGED
ABNORMAL REDSHIFTS 466 8.3.6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF QUASARS IN SPACE 472
8.3.7 DOES THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE SHOW TRACES OF EVOLUTION? 474 8.3.8
THE AGE OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS 476 8.3.9 OTHER REAL COSMOLOGICAL FACTS
AND COSMOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES THAT ARE NOT FACTS 478 8.4 THE STANDARD
BIG BANG COSMOLOGY 479 8.4.1 THE GEOMETRIC EVOLUTION OF SPACE-TIME 479
8.4.2 THE HYPERDENSE HYPERHOT BIG BANG (STANDARD MODEL) .. 483 8.5 THE
NEW BIG BANG 486 8.5.1 THE NEED FOR INFLATIONARY MODELS 486 8.5.2
THE GRAND UNIFICATION ASSOCIATED WITH INFLATION 488 CONTENTS XIII 8.5.3
SUPERSTRING THEORY 492 8.5.4 THE QUANTUM UNIVERSE 494 8.6 BIG BANG OR
NOT BIG BANG? ALTERNATIVE COSMOLOGIES 497 8.6.1 THE GR MODELS WHERE
ACTUAL EXPANSION IS ACCEPTED .... 498 8.6.2 MODELS WITHOUT EXPANSION 505
8.6.3 SOME DISCUSSIONS WITH POSSIBLE COSMOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES : 512 8.7
CONCLUSIONS: WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATE OF COSMOLOGY? WHAT EXPERIMENTS
COULD BE PERFORMED TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION? 524 8.8 APPENDIX I:
TENSORS, LINE ELEMENTS 527 8.8.1 TENSORS 527 8.8.2 THE METRICS 528 8.8.3
EQUATIONS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY COSMOLOGY 531 8.9 APPENDIX II: THE
PARTICLES OF MODERN PHYSICS 532 8.9.1 THE NATURE OF MATTER 532 8.9.2 THE
PRINCIPLES OF SYMMETRY 536 8.9.3 PARTICLES: THEIR QUANTUM NUMBERS AND
THEIR CLASSIFICATION 539 8.9.4 INTERACTIONS 541 9. GENERAL CONCLUSION
549 FURTHER READING 555 FIGURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 559 NAME INDEX 561
SUBJECT INDEX 577
|
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| author_sort | Pecker, Jean-Claude 1923-2020 |
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| dewey-full | 520/.9 |
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| dewey-ones | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| dewey-raw | 520/.9 |
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| dewey-sort | 3520 19 |
| dewey-tens | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013038101 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:38:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540631984 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008882768 |
| oclc_num | 43552493 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-210 DE-384 DE-M347 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-210 DE-384 DE-M347 |
| physical | XIII, 597 Seiten Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Physics and astronomy online library |
| spelling | Pecker, Jean-Claude 1923-2020 (DE-588)121691004 aut Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology Jean-Claude Pecker. Edited by Susan Kaufman Berlin ; Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2001 XIII, 597 Seiten Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Physics and astronomy online library Literaturverz. S. 555 - 558 "Astronomy is the oldest and most fundamental of the natural sciences. From the early beginnings of civilization, astronomers have attempted to explain not only what the Universe is and how it works, but also how it started, how it evolved to the present day, and how it will develop in the future. The author, a well-known astronomer himself, describes the evolution of astronomical ideas, briefly discussing most of the instrumental developments. Using numerous figures to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the book starts with the astronomical ideas of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian philosophers, moves on to the Greek period, and then to the golden age of astronomy, i.e. to Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, and ends with modern theories of cosmology. Written with undergraduate students in mind, this book gives a fascinating survey of astronomical thinking."--BOOK JACKET. Astronomie - Histoire Astronomie - Histoire ram Sterrenkunde gtt Geschichte Astronomy History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd rswk-swf Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Kaufman, Susan (DE-588)123673226X edt HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008882768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pecker, Jean-Claude 1923-2020 Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology Astronomie - Histoire Astronomie - Histoire ram Sterrenkunde gtt Geschichte Astronomy History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4003311-9 |
| title | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology |
| title_auth | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology |
| title_exact_search | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology |
| title_full | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology Jean-Claude Pecker. Edited by Susan Kaufman |
| title_fullStr | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology Jean-Claude Pecker. Edited by Susan Kaufman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology Jean-Claude Pecker. Edited by Susan Kaufman |
| title_short | Understanding the heavens |
| title_sort | understanding the heavens thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology |
| title_sub | thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology |
| topic | Astronomie - Histoire Astronomie - Histoire ram Sterrenkunde gtt Geschichte Astronomy History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Astronomie - Histoire Sterrenkunde Geschichte Astronomy History Astronomie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008882768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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