The end of finance: the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge frontiers of political economy
25 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 160 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781138881013 9780415208819 0415208815 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV012998291 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20151102 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 000222s2000 xxk |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781138881013 |c Pb.: £ 30.00 |9 978-1-138-88101-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780415208819 |c Geb. |9 978-0-415-20881-9 | ||
| 020 | |a 0415208815 |9 0-415-20881-5 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)40776710 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV012998291 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxk |c XA-GB | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-521 |a DE-188 |a DE-706 |a DE-473 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a HG4523 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 332/.0414 |2 21 | |
| 084 | |a QK 600 |0 (DE-625)141666: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a QK 620 |0 (DE-625)141668: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Toporowski, Jan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The end of finance |b the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |c Jan Toporowski |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 160 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Routledge frontiers of political economy |v 25 | |
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Caisses de retraite |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Effectenhandel |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Epargne-retraite |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Instruments dérivés (Finances) | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Instruments dérivés (finances) |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Instruments financiers |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kapitaalmarkt |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marché financier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Marché financier |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pensioenfondsen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Régimes de retraite | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Capital market | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Derivative securities | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pension trusts | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kapitalmarkt |0 (DE-588)4029578-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pensionskasse |0 (DE-588)4045107-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pensionsrückstellung |0 (DE-588)4075977-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Inflation |0 (DE-588)4026887-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Derivat |g Wertpapier |0 (DE-588)4381572-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Anlagepolitik |0 (DE-588)4206018-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kapitalmarkt |0 (DE-588)4029578-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Inflation |0 (DE-588)4026887-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Derivat |g Wertpapier |0 (DE-588)4381572-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Pensionsrückstellung |0 (DE-588)4075977-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Pensionskasse |0 (DE-588)4045107-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Anlagepolitik |0 (DE-588)4206018-7 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Derivat |g Wertpapier |0 (DE-588)4381572-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 3 | |a Kapitalmarkt |0 (DE-588)4029578-3 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 4 | |a Inflation |0 (DE-588)4026887-1 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-188 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Routledge frontiers of political economy |v 25 |w (DE-604)BV010502713 |9 25 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008857792&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008857792 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127698183782400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of illustrations xiii
Foreword xv
Introduction: antecedents and methodology 1
PARTI
The theory of capital market inflation 17
1 Capital markets and the real economy 19
LI ‘Outside finance and industry 19
L2 Liquidity and capital markets 22
2 Value and excess in capital markets 29
2.1 The value of company securities 30
2.2 Some policy issues 41
PART 11
Ponzi finance and pension fund capitalism 47
3 Pension funds and Ponzi finance 49
3.1 Pension funds, hanking and industrial investment 49
3.2 Capital market inflation and monetary policy 54
3.3 Ponzi finance and securities markets 58
4 Capital market inflation and privatization 64
5 Pension fund inflows and their investment 69
5.1 The cash inflow into pension funds 69
xii Contents
5.2 Pension funds and their investment income 74
5.3 Peripheral and integrated markets 77
6 The end of funded pension schemes 82
6.1 The limits of capita! market inflation 32
6.2 Capital market disintermediation 36
PART III
Financial derivatives and liquidity preference 91
7 Liquidity preference and the conventional approach
to financial futures 93
7.1 Financial futures in context 93
7.2 Some concepts in the theory of financial futures 95
8 Commercial and investment uses of financial futures 101
8.1 Derivatives use by industrial and commercial firms ¡01
8.2 Derivatives use by rentiers 107
9 The broking of financial futures 113
10 Regulation and the systemic risk of financial futures 119
10.1 Regulation and the rise of risk in financial
futures markets 119
10.2 Financial derivatives, institutions and financial
fragility 124
PART IV
Conclusion 129
11 Ends of finance 131
Notes 137
Bibliography 151
Index 157
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Toporowski, Jan |
| author_facet | Toporowski, Jan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Toporowski, Jan |
| author_variant | j t jt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012998291 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HG4523 |
| callnumber-raw | HG4523 |
| callnumber-search | HG4523 |
| callnumber-sort | HG 44523 |
| callnumber-subject | HG - Finance |
| classification_rvk | QK 600 QK 620 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)40776710 (DE-599)BVBBV012998291 |
| dewey-full | 332/.0414 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 332 - Financial economics |
| dewey-raw | 332/.0414 |
| dewey-search | 332/.0414 |
| dewey-sort | 3332 3414 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03076nam a2200769 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV012998291</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20151102 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">000222s2000 xxk |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781138881013</subfield><subfield code="c">Pb.: £ 30.00</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-138-88101-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780415208819</subfield><subfield code="c">Geb.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-415-20881-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0415208815</subfield><subfield code="9">0-415-20881-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)40776710</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV012998291</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxk</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-GB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">HG4523</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">332/.0414</subfield><subfield code="2">21</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QK 600</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141666:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QK 620</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141668:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Toporowski, Jan</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The end of finance</subfield><subfield code="b">the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism</subfield><subfield code="c">Jan Toporowski</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Routledge</subfield><subfield code="c">2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVI, 160 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Routledge frontiers of political economy</subfield><subfield code="v">25</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Caisses de retraite</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Effectenhandel</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Epargne-retraite</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Instruments dérivés (Finances)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Instruments dérivés (finances)</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Instruments financiers</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kapitaalmarkt</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Marché financier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Marché financier</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Pensioenfondsen</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Régimes de retraite</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Capital market</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Derivative securities</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Pension trusts</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kapitalmarkt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4029578-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Pensionskasse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045107-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Pensionsrückstellung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075977-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Inflation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026887-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Derivat</subfield><subfield code="g">Wertpapier</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4381572-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Anlagepolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4206018-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kapitalmarkt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4029578-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Inflation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026887-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Derivat</subfield><subfield code="g">Wertpapier</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4381572-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Pensionsrückstellung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075977-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Pensionskasse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045107-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Anlagepolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4206018-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Derivat</subfield><subfield code="g">Wertpapier</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4381572-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Kapitalmarkt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4029578-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Inflation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026887-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Routledge frontiers of political economy</subfield><subfield code="v">25</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV010502713</subfield><subfield code="9">25</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008857792&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008857792</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV012998291 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:37:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138881013 9780415208819 0415208815 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008857792 |
| oclc_num | 40776710 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 DE-706 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 DE-706 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XVI, 160 S. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Routledge frontiers of political economy |
| series2 | Routledge frontiers of political economy |
| spelling | Toporowski, Jan Verfasser aut The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism Jan Toporowski 1. publ. London [u.a.] Routledge 2000 XVI, 160 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge frontiers of political economy 25 Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Caisses de retraite ram Effectenhandel gtt Epargne-retraite ram Instruments dérivés (Finances) Instruments dérivés (finances) ram Instruments financiers ram Kapitaalmarkt gtt Marché financier Marché financier ram Pensioenfondsen gtt Régimes de retraite Capital market Derivative securities Pension trusts Kapitalmarkt (DE-588)4029578-3 gnd rswk-swf Pensionskasse (DE-588)4045107-0 gnd rswk-swf Pensionsrückstellung (DE-588)4075977-5 gnd rswk-swf Inflation (DE-588)4026887-1 gnd rswk-swf Derivat Wertpapier (DE-588)4381572-8 gnd rswk-swf Anlagepolitik (DE-588)4206018-7 gnd rswk-swf Kapitalmarkt (DE-588)4029578-3 s Inflation (DE-588)4026887-1 s Derivat Wertpapier (DE-588)4381572-8 s Pensionsrückstellung (DE-588)4075977-5 s DE-604 Pensionskasse (DE-588)4045107-0 s Anlagepolitik (DE-588)4206018-7 s DE-188 Routledge frontiers of political economy 25 (DE-604)BV010502713 25 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008857792&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Toporowski, Jan The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism Routledge frontiers of political economy Caisses de retraite ram Effectenhandel gtt Epargne-retraite ram Instruments dérivés (Finances) Instruments dérivés (finances) ram Instruments financiers ram Kapitaalmarkt gtt Marché financier Marché financier ram Pensioenfondsen gtt Régimes de retraite Capital market Derivative securities Pension trusts Kapitalmarkt (DE-588)4029578-3 gnd Pensionskasse (DE-588)4045107-0 gnd Pensionsrückstellung (DE-588)4075977-5 gnd Inflation (DE-588)4026887-1 gnd Derivat Wertpapier (DE-588)4381572-8 gnd Anlagepolitik (DE-588)4206018-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4029578-3 (DE-588)4045107-0 (DE-588)4075977-5 (DE-588)4026887-1 (DE-588)4381572-8 (DE-588)4206018-7 |
| title | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |
| title_auth | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |
| title_exact_search | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |
| title_full | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism Jan Toporowski |
| title_fullStr | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism Jan Toporowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | The end of finance the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism Jan Toporowski |
| title_short | The end of finance |
| title_sort | the end of finance the theory of capital market inflation financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |
| title_sub | the theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism |
| topic | Caisses de retraite ram Effectenhandel gtt Epargne-retraite ram Instruments dérivés (Finances) Instruments dérivés (finances) ram Instruments financiers ram Kapitaalmarkt gtt Marché financier Marché financier ram Pensioenfondsen gtt Régimes de retraite Capital market Derivative securities Pension trusts Kapitalmarkt (DE-588)4029578-3 gnd Pensionskasse (DE-588)4045107-0 gnd Pensionsrückstellung (DE-588)4075977-5 gnd Inflation (DE-588)4026887-1 gnd Derivat Wertpapier (DE-588)4381572-8 gnd Anlagepolitik (DE-588)4206018-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Caisses de retraite Effectenhandel Epargne-retraite Instruments dérivés (Finances) Instruments dérivés (finances) Instruments financiers Kapitaalmarkt Marché financier Pensioenfondsen Régimes de retraite Capital market Derivative securities Pension trusts Kapitalmarkt Pensionskasse Pensionsrückstellung Inflation Derivat Wertpapier Anlagepolitik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008857792&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010502713 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT toporowskijan theendoffinancethetheoryofcapitalmarketinflationfinancialderivativesandpensionfundcapitalism |