Chemistry of atmospheres: an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2000
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Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIX, 775 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 019850375X |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemistry of atmospheres |b an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites |c Richard P. Wayne |
250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Chemistry of atmospheres
Autor: Wayne, Richard P
Jahr: 2000
Contents
1 Chemical composition: a preliminary survey 1
1.1 Earth s atmosphere in perspective 1
1.2 Land, sea, and air 5
1.3 Particles, aerosols, and clouds 7
1.4 Ozone 11
1.5 Cyclic processes 13
1.5.1 Carbon cycle 18
1.5.2 Oxygen cycle 24
1.5.3 Nitrogen cycle 25
1.5.4 Sulphur cycle 27
1.6 Linking biosphere and atmosphere 28
Bibliography 32
2 Atmospheric behaviour as interpreted by physics 45
2.1 Pressures 45
2.2 Radiative heating 50
2.2.1 Solar and planetary radiation 50
2.2.2 Radiation trapping: the greenhouse effect 51
2.2.3 Models of radiation trapping and transfer 53
2.2.4 Trapping in real atmospheres 57
2.2.5 Unstable greenhouses: Venus, Earth, and Mars compared 58
2.2.6 Diurnal and seasonal variations 60
2.3 Temperature profiles 63
2.3.1 Troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere 63
2.3.2 Thermosphere, exosphere, and escape 69
2.3.3 Vertical transport 72
2.4 Winds 76
2.5 Condensation and nucleation 80
2.6 Light scattering 85
Bibliography 87
3 Photochemistry and kinetics applied to atmospheres 97
3.1 Photochemical change 97
3.2 Photochemical primary processes 99
3.2.1 Photodissociation and photoionization 101
3.2.2 Reactions of electronically excited species 110
3.3 Adiabatic processes and the correlation rules 112
XXV i Contents
128
130
134
136
. H6
3.4 Chemical kinetics .. 7
3.4.1 Bimolecular reactions
3.4.2 Unimolecular and termolecular reactions 123
3.4.3 Condensed-phase, surface, and heterogeneous reactions 128
3.4.4 Liquid-phase reactions 100
3.4.5 Heterogeneous reactions
3.5 Multistep reaction schemes
3.6 Models of atmospheric chemistry
3.6.1 Lifetimes and transport 136
3.6.2 Modelling and models 140
3.6.3 Numerical models 140
3.6.4 Families 142
Bibliography 148
4 Ozone in Earth s stratosphere 155
4.1 Introduction 155
4.2 Observations 156
4.3 Oxygen-only chemistry 158
4.3.1 Reaction scheme 158
4.3.2 Chapman layers 160
4.3.3 Comparison of experiment and theory 162
4.4 Influence of trace constituents 164
4.4.1 Catalytic cycles 164
4.4.2 Null cycles, holding cycles, and reservoirs 169
4.4.3 Natural sources and sinks of catalytic species 174
4.4.4 Heterogeneous chemistry 177
4.4.5 Summary of homogeneous chemistry 178
4.4.6 Comparison of experiment and theory 180
4.5 Perturbations of the stratosphere 191
4.5.1 Solar proton events 191
4.5.2 Solar ultraviolet irradiance 193
4.5.3 Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) 194
4.5.4 El Nino 194
4.5.5 Volcanoes 195
4.6 Man s impact on the stratosphere 198
4.6.1 Consequences of ozone perturbation 200
4.6.2 Aircraft 207
4.6.3 Rockets and the space shuttle 214
4.6.4 Halocarbons: basic chemistry 216
4.6.5 Halocarbons: loading and ozone depletion potentials 222
: n ^a!ocarbons control, legislation, and alternatives 228
4.6.7 Halocarbons: future ozone depletions 231
Contents xxvii
4.6.8 Nitrous oxide (N20): agriculture 232
4.6.9 Combined influences: gases, particles, and climate 234
4.7 Polar ozone holes 23 8
4.7.1 Discovery of abnormal depletion 238
4.7.2 Special features of polar meteorology 241
4.7.3 Anomalous chemical composition 243
4.7.4 Polar stratospheric clouds 245
4.7.5 Perturbed chemistry 247
4.7.6 Origin of chlorine compounds; dynamics 253
4.7.7 The Arctic stratosphere 254
4.7.8 Implications of the polar phenomena 260
4.8 Ozone variations and trends 262
Bibliography 266
5 The Earth s troposphere 321
5.1 Introduction 321
5.2 Sources, sinks, and transport 322
5.2.1 Dry and wet deposition 326
5.2.2 The boundary layer 328
5.2.3 Transport in the troposphere 329
5.3 Oxidation and transformation 330
5.3.1 Photochemical chain initiation 330
5.3.2 Oxidation steps 331
5.3.3 Tropospheric ozone production 334
5.3.4 The importance of NO, 336
5.3.5 The reaction OH + CO 339
5.3.6 The nitrate radical 339
5.3.7 Reactions with ozone 344
5.4 Biogenic volatile organic compounds 347
5.4.1 Methane 348
5.4.2 Non-methane hydrocarbons and other compounds 349
5.5 Aromatic compounds 361
5.6 Compounds of sulphur
5.7 Natural halogen-containing species 372
5.8 Heterogeneous processes and cloud chemistry
5.9 Models, observations, and comparisons 388
5.9.1 Tropospheric models _ 3
5.9.2 Tropospheric measurements of trace species 3
5.9.3 Comparison of measurements and model predictions 394
5.10 Air pollution
5.10.1 Clean and polluted air 4j^
5.10.2 Effects of pollution 404
xxviii Contents
8 Extraterrestrial atmospheres
437
440
442
5.10.3 Primary and secondary pollutants 407
5.10.4 Sulphur dioxide chemistry 409
5.10.5 Smoke and sulphur pollution 414
5.10.6 Acid rain 416
5.10.7 Photochemical ozone and smog 422
5.10.8 Degradation of HFCs and HCFCs
5.10.9 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
5.10.10 Biomass burning
Bibliography 443
6 Ions in the atmosphere 481
6.1 Electrical charges in the atmosphere 481
6.1.1 Aurora 482
6.1.2 Geomagnetic fluctuations 483
6.1.3 Radio propagation 483
6.2 Ion chemistry in the atmosphere 488
6.3 Ionization mechanisms 493
6.4 Chemistry of specific regions 496
6.4.1 F-region processes 496
6.4.2 E-region processes 497
6.4.3 D-region positive ion chemistry 500
6.4.4 D-region negative-ion chemistry 505
6.5 Ions in the stratosphere and troposphere 509
Bibliography 511
7 The airglow 525
7.1 Optical emission from planetary atmospheres 525
7.2 Excitation mechanisms 528
7.3 Airglow intensities and altitude profiles 531
7.4 Specific emission sources 534
7.4.1 Atomic and molecular oxygen 534
7.4.2 Atomic sodium
7.4.3 Hydroxyl radicals
Bibliography
542
547
549
561
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Venus 561
8.2.1 Atmospheric composition
8.2.2 Clouds 562
564
Contents xxix
8.2.3 Lightning 565
8.2.4 Sub-cloud chemistry 566
8.2.5 Stratospheric chemistry 569
8.3 Mars 574
8.3.1 Atmospheric structure and composition 574
8.3.2 Carbon dioxide photochemistry 577
8.3.3 Ionospheric chemistry 581
8.4 Jupiter and Saturn 585
8.5 Titan, Io, Europa, and Callisto 595
8.5.1 Titan 595
8.5.2 Io, Europa, and Callisto 603
8.6 Uranus, Neptune, Triton, and Pluto 606
8.7 Comets 613
Bibliography 615
9 Evolution and change in atmospheres and climates 651
9.1 Sources of atmospheric constituents 651
9.1.1 Origin and development of atmospheres 651
9.1.2 Interstellar clouds and their chemistry 653
9.2 Noble gases and nitrogen in planetary atmospheres 655
9.2.1 Inner planets 655
9.2.2 Titan 658
9.3 Isotopic enrichment 660
9.4 Evolution of Earth s atmosphere 665
9.5 Climates in the past 673
9.6 Climates of the future 678
9.6.1 Radiatively active gases and particles in the atmosphere 678
9.6.2 Radiative forcing 681
9.6.3 Feedbacks and models 683
9.6.4 Detection of twentieth-century climate change 685
9.6.5 Projected changes in concentrations, forcing and climate 688
9.6.6 Aircraft 691
9.6.7 Impacts of climate change 693
9.6.8 Legislation and policy 696
9.7 A doomed biosphere? 697
Bibliography 697
Index
737
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Wayne, Richard P. |
author_facet | Wayne, Richard P. |
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callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
classification_rvk | VN 9350 WK 7200 |
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dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
dewey-raw | 551.511 |
dewey-search | 551.511 |
dewey-sort | 3551.511 |
dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Geologie / Paläontologie Biologie |
edition | 3. ed. |
format | Book |
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spelling | Wayne, Richard P. Verfasser aut Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites Richard P. Wayne 3. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2000 XXIX, 775 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aarde (planeet) gtt Atmosfeer gtt Chemie gtt Planeten gtt Atmospheric chemistry Planets Atmospheres Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Planet (DE-588)4046212-2 gnd rswk-swf Kosmochemie (DE-588)4133733-5 gnd rswk-swf Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 s DE-604 Planet (DE-588)4046212-2 s Kosmochemie (DE-588)4133733-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008811436&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Wayne, Richard P. Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites Aarde (planeet) gtt Atmosfeer gtt Chemie gtt Planeten gtt Atmospheric chemistry Planets Atmospheres Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Planet (DE-588)4046212-2 gnd Kosmochemie (DE-588)4133733-5 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4046212-2 (DE-588)4133733-5 (DE-588)4009816-3 |
title | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites |
title_auth | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites |
title_exact_search | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites |
title_full | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites Richard P. Wayne |
title_fullStr | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites Richard P. Wayne |
title_full_unstemmed | Chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites Richard P. Wayne |
title_short | Chemistry of atmospheres |
title_sort | chemistry of atmospheres an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth the planets and their satellites |
title_sub | an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites |
topic | Aarde (planeet) gtt Atmosfeer gtt Chemie gtt Planeten gtt Atmospheric chemistry Planets Atmospheres Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Planet (DE-588)4046212-2 gnd Kosmochemie (DE-588)4133733-5 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Aarde (planeet) Atmosfeer Chemie Planeten Atmospheric chemistry Planets Atmospheres Atmosphäre Planet Kosmochemie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008811436&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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