Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Earthscan Publ.
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | Reprint. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 386 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1853833517 1853833568 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development |c ed. by David Reed |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127569864294400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Introduction xix
Lessons Derived from the First Research Program xx
Influence of the First WWF Program on This Second Study xxii
Structure of This Study xxiv
Part One 1
1. An Instrument of Global Economic Policy 3
The Evolving Debate on Adjustment 3
Attribution of Cause 3
But in Whose Interests? 4
And What about Long term Impacts? 5
The Adjustment Imperative 6
The End of the Golden Age 6
The Legacy of Supply side Economics 8
World Bank Intervention 9
The Push Toward Privatization 11
A New Generation of Criticisms 12
Increasing Vulnerability to External Shocks and Pressures 13
Impacts on Industrial Policy 14
Distributional Equity 14
Deregulating Labor Markets 15
Gender Equity 16
Environmental Impacts of Liberalized Trade Regimes 16
lv Contents
Environmental Costs of Expanding Nontraditional
Agricultural Exports 17
Restructuring the World Economy 18
An Instrument of Global Economic Policy 19
Adjustment s Resilience 20
2. Sustainable Development 25
The Political Foundations of Sustainable Development 25
The Stockholm Conference 25
Sharpening Global Environmental Tensions 27
First Articulations of Sustainable Development 29
The Rio Conference 30
An Operational Approach to Sustainable Development 32
Toward an Operational Definition 32
Reforming National Development Strategies 34
Changing International Development Patterns 37
Adjustment Policy in the Context of Sustainable Development 40
Part Two 47
Introduction 49
Organization of the Research Program 49
Common Methodological Challenges 51
3. Case Study for Cameroon 53
Background 53
The Setting 53
Methodology 55
The Environment 57
Salient Features 57
Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes 57
The Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies 59
Environmental Policies and Sustainability 60
Long term Environmental Trends 62
The Economy 63
Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment
since 1985 63
Economic and Social Impacts of Recent and
Current Adjustment 64
Environmental Impacts of Recent and Current Adjustment 66
Four Case Studies 69
Conclusions 75
Sustainable Development 76
Development Scenarios 76
Requisites for Sustainable Development 78
Contents v
Implications for Adjustment and Development
Program Design 79
Prospects for Adoption of Sustainable Development
Policies 80
4. Case Study for Mali 83
The Environment 85
Salient Features 85
Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes 86
Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies 87
Environmental Policies 88
Long term Environmental Trends 89
The Economy 90
Development Strategy 90
Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment 91
Economic and Social Impacts of Adjustment 92
Environmental Impacts of Adjustment 93
Three Case Studies 95
Conclusions on Adjustment environment Linkages 100
Sustainable Development 102
Development Scenarios 102
Requisites for Sustainable Development 103
Implications for Adjustment and Development
Program Design 104
Prospects for Sustainable Development Policies 105
5. Case Study for Tanzania 107
Background 109
State of the Economy and the Environment 109
Environmental Policy 112
Structural Adjustment 113
Adjustment environment Linkages: Analysis 114
Deforestation 114
Soil Erosion 117
The Influence of Structural Adjustment 120
Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios 120
If Current Adjustment Programs Continue 121
Under Alternative Policies 122
Trade offs 122
Recommendations 124
Activities That Could Be Integrated into Existing
Structural Adjustment Programs 124
Changing the Objectives of Future Structural
Adjustment Programs 124
vi CONTOJIS
Sequencing of Structural Adjustment 125
Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment 125
Limiting Factors 126
6. Case Study for Zambia 129
Background 129
State of the Economy and the Environment 129
Environmental Policy 131
Structural Adjustment 132
Adjustment environment Linkages 134
Loss of Wildlife 134
Deforestation 136
Urban Water Pollution 138
Poverty and the Environment 141
Distribution of Costs and Benefits 141
Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios 142
If Current Adjustment Programs Continue 142
If Current Sectoral Policies Continue 144
Under Alternative Policies 145
Trade offs 145
Recommendations 146
Reorienting Current Structural Adjustment Programs 146
Developing Alternative Structural Adjustment Policies 146
Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment 146
7. Case Study for El Salvador 149
Environmental Overview 150
Population and the Environment 150
Current Dynamics of Environmental Degradation 151
The Unsustainability of Past Development 154
The Early Role of Agroexport Production 154
Economic Diversification in the Fifties and Sixties 155
Failed Attempts at Agrarian Transformation and Economic
Diversification during the Seventies 156
Reforms under the Civil War, the Eighties and Early
Nineties 157
Economic Reform: Context and Overall Performance 158
Economic Decline During the Early Eighties 158
The Role of U.S. Economic Aid and Remittances 158
The First Stage of Economic Reform 159
The Structural Adjustment Stage of Economic Reform 161
Contents vii
Economic Growth, the Breakdown of Rural Livelihoods,
and the Environment 163
Private Consumption led Growth under Structural
Adjustment 163
Economic Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental
Degradation 164
Poverty and Environmental Degradation in the Rural
Economy 166
Economic Reform and the Environment: The Institutional
Dimension 169
The Demise of the National Institutional Capacity
During the First Stage 169
The Roles of USAID, the World Bank, and the IDB 170
Comments and Recommendations 174
8. Case Study for Jamaica 179
Past Economic Reforms and Structural Adjustment Policies 180
Population Concentrations and Human Settlements 184
Water Contamination 185
External Migration 186
Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies
and Practices 187
Case Studies of Economy environment Links 189
Bauxite/alumina 189
Coffee 191
Tourism 191
Cement 193
Environmental Institutions 194
Conclusions 195
Recommendations 197
Impacts of Current and Planned Adjustment Programs 198
Development Choices 198
9. Case Study for Venezuela 201
Economic Policy and Structural Adjustment 201
Social Impacts on the Labor Markets and the Urban
Environment 205
Poverty and Social Policies 205
Labor Markets 207
The Urban Environment 207
The Environment and Structural Adjustment 209
viii ConieniS
Effects of Structural Adjustment Policies on the
Environment 210
Environmental Indicators 210
Institutions, the Environment, and Structural Adjustment
Effects 211
Exploring Future Impacts: Scenarios for the Economy and
the Environment 214
Macroeconomic Performance Modeled 214
The Environment and Structural Adjustment Scenarios 216
Sustainable Development 217
Sociopolitical Feasibility Analysis 217
Conclusions 223
10. Case Study for Pakistan 225
Introduction 225
Economic Development 227
The Environment and Natural Resources 231
Social and Environmental Elements in Structural
Adjustment Programs 235
The Environmental and Social Impacts of Reforms 236
Long run Projections 237
Equilibrium Analysis 243
Analysis of the Distributional Impacts 250
Waterlogging and Salinization in Irrigated Agriculture 251
Summary and Conclusions 256
11. Case Study for Vietnam 263
The Economic Context of Reform 266
Constraints to Sustainable Growth 268
Major Environmental Issues Facing Vietnam 270
Land and Soil Resources 270
Forest Resources 272
Water Resources 273
Fishery Resources 274
Biodiversity 274
Water Pollution 276
Air and Atmospheric Pollution 277
Solid Waste 278
Hazardous Waste 278
Integrating Development Policies and the Environment 279
Agricultural Policy 281
Forestry Policy 283
Industrial Policy 283
Energy Policy 284
CONIENTS i
Modeling the Vietnamese Economy: Paths Toward
Integration 285
The Model 285
Policy Experiments 286
Conclusions and Recommendations 291
Preconditions for Integration 291
The Capital theoretic Basis for Recommendations 292
Part Three 297
12. Conclusions: Short term Environmental Impacts of
Structural Adjustment Programs 299
Direct Environmental Effects of Price Corrections 302
External Adjustments 302
Internal Adjustments 314
Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic Reforms 319
Social Impacts 319
Institutional Impacts 324
Summary of the Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic
Reforms 326
General Summary 326
13. Conclusions: Impacts of Structural Adjustment on the
Sustainability of Developing Countries 335
The Economic Dimension of Sustainable Development 337
Sound Macroeconomic Management 337
Poverty alleviating Growth 338
Agricultural Production 339
The Role of the State 340
Cost Internalization 342
The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development 343
Distributional Equity 343
Social Services 344
Gender Equity 344
Population Stabilization 345
Political Participation 345
The Environmental Dimension of Sustainable Development 346
Consumption of Renewable Natural Resources 347
Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources 347
Sink Functions 348
Natural Capital 348
Precautionary Principle 349
Institutional Framework 349
In Conclusion 350
x Contents
14. Recommendations 355
Integrating Environmental Issues into Macroeconomic
Reforms 356
Poverty 359
The Role of the State 360
National Institutional Reforms 362
The Role of Civil Society 362
Reform of International Financial Institutions 363
Reform of International Institutions 364
Bibliography 367
Acronyms and Abbreviations 374
Index 377
|
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| spelling | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development ed. by David Reed Reprint. London Earthscan Publ. 1997 XXV, 386 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd rswk-swf Strukturanpassungspolitik (DE-588)4261730-3 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g Strukturanpassungspolitik (DE-588)4261730-3 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 s 2\p DE-604 Reed, David Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008769868&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd Strukturanpassungspolitik (DE-588)4261730-3 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd |
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| title | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development |
| title_auth | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development |
| title_exact_search | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development |
| title_full | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development ed. by David Reed |
| title_fullStr | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development ed. by David Reed |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development ed. by David Reed |
| title_short | Structural adjustment, the environment, and sustainable development |
| title_sort | structural adjustment the environment and sustainable development |
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