Syntactic wordclass tagging:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1999
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Text, speech and language technology
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792358961 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Syntactic wordclass tagging |c ed. by Hans van Halteren |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht [u.a.] |b Kluwer Acad. Publ. |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 334 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Text, speech and language technology |v 9 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Catégories syntaxiques |2 ram | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Linguistique - Informatique |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Morfologie (taalkunde) |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Parties du discours |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Syntaxis |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Tagging (taalkunde) |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Woordsoorten |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Syntax | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Computational linguistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Grammar, Comparative and general |x Morphosyntax | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Parts of speech | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127552443252736 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
Contributing Authors xv
Part I The User s View
1 Orientation 3
Atro Voutilainen
1.1 Morphosyntactic tags 3
1.2 Automatic tagging 6
2 A Short History of Tagging 9
Atro Voutilainen
2.1 Approaches to wordclass tagging 9
2.2 Pioneering work 10
2.3 The breakthrough of data-driven methods 11
2.3.1 N-gram taggers 12
2.3.2 Data-driven local rules 13
2.4 Recent work in the data-driven approach 14
2.4.1 Hidden Markov Models 14
2.4.2 Recent work on data-driven local rules 16
2.4.3 Neural taggers 16
v
Vi CONTENTS
2.4.4 Case-based taggers 17
2.4.5 Combined data-driven taggers 17
2.5 Recent work in the linguistic approach 17
2.5.1 English Constraint Grammar 18
2.5.2 A rule-based tagger of Turkish 18
2.5.3 A finite-state tagger of French 19
2.5.4 A syntax-based tagger of English 19
2.6 The current situation 19
¦ 3 The Use of Tagging 23
Geoffrey Leech and Nicholas Smith
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Tagging in corpus linguistics 24
3.2.1 Adding further annotations 26
3.2.2 Information extraction 28
3.3 Practical applications 31
3.3.1 Uses of tagging software 31
3.3.2 Uses of tagged text 33
4 Tagsets 37
Jan Cloeren
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Information contents of the tags in the tagset 37
4.2.1 Morphosyntactic tags 38
4.2.2 Syntactic tags 40
4.2.3 Semantic and discourse tags 41
4.2.4 Distributional similarity tags 42
4.3 Special problems in the application of tagsets 44
4.3.1 Multi-unit tokens and multi-token units 44
4.3.2 Underspecification and ambiguity 46
4.4 Notation 49
4.4.1 Class and feature value names 49
4.4.2 Structure of tags 50
4.4.3 Positioning of tags 51
4.4.4 SGML/TEI guidelines for tags 51
5 Standards for Tagsets 55
Geoffrey Leech and Andrew Wilson
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Recommendations for morphosyntactic (wordclass) categories 58
5.2.1 Reasonable goals for standardization 58
5.2.2 Word categories: tagset guidelines 61
5.3 Intermediate Tagset 70
5.3.1 Basic Structure 70
5.3.2 Underspecification 71
5.3.3 Example tagsets 72
CONTENTS vii
¦¦, 6 Performance of Taggers 81
Hans van Halteren
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Performance measures 81
6.2.1 Definitions of measures 82
6.2.2 Usefulness of measures 83
6.3 Performance measurements 86
6.3.1 Experimental setup 86
6.3.2 Effects of the tagset 87
6.3.3 Effects of the method of comparison 89
6.3.4 Effects of choice of tokens measured 90
6.3.5 Effects of separation of test and training material 91
6.3.6 Effects of representative of test material 94
7 Selection and Operation of Taggers 95
Hans van Halteren
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Selection of a tagger 95
7.2.1 Tagset 96
7.2.2 Documentation 96
7.2.3 The tagging process 97
7.2.4 Performance 98
7.2.5 Combining the factors 98
7.3 User interaction 99
7.3.1 Tokenization 100
7.3.2 Classification of unknown tokens 101
7.3.3 Selection of the contextually appropriate tag 101
7.3.4 Post-processing of tagged text 102
Appendix: NOT an inventory of taggers 103
Part II The Implemented View
8 Automatic Taggers: An Introduction 109
Hans van Halteren and Atro Voutilainen
8.1 General architecture 109
8.1.1 Tokenization 110
8.1.2 Assignment of potential tags 110
8.1.3 Determination of the most likely tag 110
8.2 Corpus resources 110
8.2.1 Form of corpus resources 111
8.2.2 Size of corpus resources 113
8.2.3 Creation of corpus resources 114
9 Tokenization 117
Gregory Grefenstette
9.1 Introduction 117
9.2 Regular expressions 119
Viii CONTENTS
9.2.1 Definition 119
9.2.2 Regular expression tools lex and awk 121
9.2.3 An example of a tokenizer 121
9.3 Ambiguity in tokenization 125
9.3.1 Splitting graphic tokens 125
9.3.2 Combining graphic tokens 132
10 Lexicons for Tagging 135
Anne Schiller and Lauri Karttunen
10.1 Introduction 135
10.2 Morphology-based lexicons 137
10.2.1 Direct mapping 140
10.2.2 Merging morphological classes 141
10.2.3 Refining morphological classes 141
10.2.4 Adding residual wordclasses 143
10.3 Corpus-based lexicons 144
10.3.1 Enlarged Training Corpus 146
10.3.2 External Lexical Resources 146
11 Standardization in the Lexicon 149
Monica Monachini and Nicoletta Calzolari
11.1 The initiative for standardization 149
11.2 Interdependence between lexicon and corpus 151
11.2.1 Lexical encoding vs. corpus tagsets 151
11.2.2 Tagsets as collapsed feature specifications 152
11.2.3 Multi-linguality 152
11.2.4 Lexicon specifications as an interface between tagsets 153
11.3 The EAGLES proposal for morphosyntactic encoding 156
11.3.1 Methodology of standardization 157
11.3.2 The proposal 159
11.4 Instantiation in different languages 161
11.5 Guidelines for the validation phase 164
11.5.1 Values pertinent to a given language 165
11.5.2 Logic relationships between values 165
11.5.3 Constraints in the application of attributes and values 167
11.5.4 Semantics of the PoS 168
11.5.5 Semantics of the features 170
11.6 Application in EU projects 171
11.6.1 MULTEXT 171
11.6.2 PAROLE 172
11.6.3 Coverage with respect to languages, users and applications 173
12 Morphological Analysis 175
Kemal Oflazer
12.1 Introduction 175
12.2 Morphology 177
12.2.1 Types of morphology 177
12.2.2 Types of morphological combination 178
CONTENTS ix
12.2.3 Computational morphology 179
12.3 Two-level morphology 180
12.3.1 The morphographemic component 181
12.3.2 The morphotactics component 186
12.3.3 Development tools 190
12.3.4 Developing a Morphological Analyser 193
12.4 A morphological analyser for Turkish 194
12.4.1 Requirements 195
12.4.2 System architecture 199
12.4.3 The morphographemic transducer: Tis-ix 202
12.4.4 The morphotactics transducer: Tix-ij 203
13 Tagging Unknown Words 207
Eric Brill
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 Behaviour of unknown words 207
13.3 Dealing with unknown words 209
13.4 Unknown words in case-based tagging 211
13.5 Unknown words in transformation-based tagging 212
13.6 Lexicon extrapolation 215
14 Hand-Crafted Rules 217
Atro Voutilainen
14.1 Introduction 217
14.2 Comparison of paradigms 218
14.3 Rule formalism 219
14.3.1 Overview 220
14.3.2 Operations 220
14.3.3 Targets 221
14.3.4 Context conditions 221
14.3.5 Sample rules 222
14.3.6 Some facts about a large grammar 224
14.4 Writing a disambiguation grammar 226
14.4.1 A sample session 227
14.4.2 Experiences with novices: NorFa 95 CG competition 240
14.5 General observations 242
14.6 Remaining ambiguity 243
14.6.1 Using statistical models 244
14.6.2 Using collocational information 244
14.6.3 Using a syntactic parser 245
14.6.4 Using observed local regularities 245
15 Corpus-Based Rules 247
Eric Brill
15.1 Introduction 247
15.2 Learning rules 248
15.3 Parser-based wordclass disambiguation 249
X CONTENTS
15.4 Transformation-based learning 251
15.5 N-best wordclass tagging 256
15.6 Unsupervised learning 258
15.7 Issues of portability 261
16 Hidden Markov Models 263
Marc El-Beze and Bernard Merialdo
16.1 Introduction 263
16.2 HMMs in general 264
16.2.1 Definition and use 264
16.2.2 An example 265
16.2.3 Choosing the underlying topology 267
16.2.4 Training 268
16.2.5 Decoding 269
16.3 HMMs for wordclass tagging 271
16.3.1 The structure of the model 271
16.3.2 Choice of tagset when using HMMs 273
16.4 Training HMMs for tagging 274
16.4.1 Training on tagged text 274
16.4.2 Smoothing the triclass model 276
16.4.3 Training HMM taggers with Baum-Welch 278
16.5 Tagging with HMMs 280
16.5.1 Using the Viterbi algorithm 280
16.5.2 Other forms of decoding 282
16.6 Combining different linguistic levels 282
16.6.1 Using wordclasses in word models 282
16.6.2 Using lemma models in wordclass tagging 284
17 Machine Learning Approaches 285
Walter Daelemans
17.1 Introduction 285
17.2 Inductive learning from examples 287
17.2.1 Concepts 287
17.2.2 Classification of learning methods 288
17.2.3 Performance evaluations 290
17.2.4 Overview of methods 290
17.3 Case-based learning 291
17.3.1 Algorithm 292
17.3.2 Case-based tagging 293
17.3.3 Evaluation 296
17.4 Decision tree induction 297
17.4.1 Algorithm 297
17.4.2 Decision tree tagging 298
17.4.3 Evaluation 300
17.5 Neural network methods 300
17.5.1 Algorithm 301
17.5.2 Neural network tagging 302
CONTENTS xi
17.5.3 Evaluation 303
17.6 Discussion 303
Appendix A: Example tagsets 305
A.1 The Brown Corpus tagset 305
A.2 The Penn Treebanktagset 307
A.3 The EngCG tagset 309
References 311
Index 327
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| id | DE-604.BV012869029 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:35:10Z |
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| isbn | 0792358961 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008758146 |
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| physical | XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| series | Text, speech and language technology |
| series2 | Text, speech and language technology |
| spelling | Syntactic wordclass tagging ed. by Hans van Halteren Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1999 XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text, speech and language technology 9 Catégories syntaxiques ram Corpora (taalkunde) gtt Linguistique - Informatique ram Morfologie (taalkunde) gtt Parties du discours ram Syntaxis gtt Tagging (taalkunde) gtt Woordsoorten gtt Grammatik Syntax Computational linguistics Grammar, Comparative and general Morphosyntax Parts of speech Wortart (DE-588)4066955-5 gnd rswk-swf Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd rswk-swf Wortart (DE-588)4066955-5 s Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 s DE-604 Halteren, Hans van Sonstige oth Text, speech and language technology 9 (DE-604)BV011123931 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008758146&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Syntactic wordclass tagging Text, speech and language technology Catégories syntaxiques ram Corpora (taalkunde) gtt Linguistique - Informatique ram Morfologie (taalkunde) gtt Parties du discours ram Syntaxis gtt Tagging (taalkunde) gtt Woordsoorten gtt Grammatik Syntax Computational linguistics Grammar, Comparative and general Morphosyntax Parts of speech Wortart (DE-588)4066955-5 gnd Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066955-5 (DE-588)4058779-4 |
| title | Syntactic wordclass tagging |
| title_auth | Syntactic wordclass tagging |
| title_exact_search | Syntactic wordclass tagging |
| title_full | Syntactic wordclass tagging ed. by Hans van Halteren |
| title_fullStr | Syntactic wordclass tagging ed. by Hans van Halteren |
| title_full_unstemmed | Syntactic wordclass tagging ed. by Hans van Halteren |
| title_short | Syntactic wordclass tagging |
| title_sort | syntactic wordclass tagging |
| topic | Catégories syntaxiques ram Corpora (taalkunde) gtt Linguistique - Informatique ram Morfologie (taalkunde) gtt Parties du discours ram Syntaxis gtt Tagging (taalkunde) gtt Woordsoorten gtt Grammatik Syntax Computational linguistics Grammar, Comparative and general Morphosyntax Parts of speech Wortart (DE-588)4066955-5 gnd Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Catégories syntaxiques Corpora (taalkunde) Linguistique - Informatique Morfologie (taalkunde) Parties du discours Syntaxis Tagging (taalkunde) Woordsoorten Grammatik Syntax Computational linguistics Grammar, Comparative and general Morphosyntax Parts of speech Wortart |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008758146&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011123931 |
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