Violence through environmental discrimination: causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1999
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Social indicators research series
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 319 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792354958 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | VIOLENCE THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISCRIMINATION
I
Causes, Rwanda Arena, and Conflict Model
i
by
GUNTHER BAECHLER
! Swiss Peace Foundation,
Institute for Conflict Resolution,
j Berne, Switzerland
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
SUMMARY xv
1 INTRODUCTION
The Transformation of Society-Nature Relationship 1
1 1 Environmental Conflicts: Historical and
Contemporary Phenomena 3
111 Society-Nature Relationships 3
112 Historical Evidence 7
113 Development of M aldevelopment 9
114 Socioecological Heterogeneity 11
1 2 Landscape as Threatened Life-Support System 14
121 Water as Part of the Life-Support System 15
122 Soil as Part of the Life-Support System 16
1 3 Summary and Overview 17
2 DISCUSSION
State of the Art 21
2 1 Founex Report on Environmental Change and
Underdevelopment 22
2 2 Linkage between Environmental Change, Security,
and Conflict 24
221 Linkages between Environment and Security 25
222 Discussion of the Causal Linkage 26
2 3 Methodological Dilemmas in the Study of Causal
Linkage 30
231 Evaluation of Taxonomies and Typologies 30
232A Conflict Story Can Be Told from Different Angles 35
233 »Someone s Cow Ate Someone Else s Crop« 37
234 »The Effects of Persistent Drought « 40
235 Causation in Complex Politico-Ecological Systems 41
236 Causal Relationship between Independent and
Dependent Variable 44
237 Action as a Result of Two Filters 47
238 To Sort out Causes by Attributing Specific Roles
to Them 50
2 4 Research Strategy 52
viii
3 CORRELATIONS
Environment, Maldevelopment, and Violent Conflict 55
3 1 Human Development Correlated with Violent Conflicts
and Wars 56
311 War Register and HDI-Country Rank 57
312 Interpretation of the Tables and Findings 58
3 2 Violent Conflicts and Wars in Arid Lowlands 64
321 Arid Zones, Poverty, and Conflict 64
3 3 Violent Conflicts and Wars in Mountains 72
331 Cultural Aspects of Violence in Mountains and
Highlands 73
332 Patterns of Conflicts in Mountains 80
3 4 Conclusions 82
4 TYPOLOGY
Types of Conflicts and the Role of the Environment 85
4 1 Environmentally Caused Violence: A Phenomenon of
Developing and Transitional Societies (Hypothesis One) 86
411 Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Type AI) 89
412 Center-Periphery Conflicts (Type AH) 91
413 Internal Migration Conflicts (Type AIII) 92
414 Cross-Border Migration Conflicts (Type BIV) 94
415 Demographically Caused Migration Conflicts
(Type BV) 95
416 International Water Conflicts (Type CVI) 96
417 Global Environmental Conflicts (Type CVII) - 98
418 Conflict Types: Conclusions 99
4 2 Inevitable Situations and the Lack of Regulatory
Mechanisms (Hypothesis Two) 101
421 Inevitable Situations 102
422 Lack of Regulatory Mechanisms 103
423 Instrumentalizing the Environmental Problem 105
424 Opportunities to Build up Organizations and
Find Allies 106
425 Context of an Ongoing Armed Conflict 107
4 3 The Role of the Environment as a Cause of Conflict 107
431 Reason 108
432 Trigger 109
433^ Target 109
434 Channel 110
435 Catalyst 111
ix
4 4 The Intensity of Environmental Conflicts 111
5 CASE STUDY
Why Environmental Discrimination Caused Violence on the
Mille Collines 113
5 1 Propositions 115
5 2 Causes and Their Roles 117
521 Reason I: Ethnogenesis as Hierarchy 117
522 Reason II: Social and Environmental Discrimination 129
523 Channeling: Increasing Conflict Potential before the
Revolution of 1959/60 143
524 Targeting: Freedom from Oppression versus
Elimination 152
525 Development without Democratization 157
526 Catalysts: The Invasion of the FPR and the Arusha
Peace Agreement 15 8
527 Trigger: Plane Crash and First Massacres 162
5 3 Preservation of Power at All Costs: Conclusions 162
6 MODEL
Causal Relationship between Environmental Transformation
and Violent Conflict 167
6 1 Model Building and Constraints 168
611 Explain a Lot with Very Little 168
612 Prerequisites of a Model 170
6 2 Propositions and Hypotheses 175
6 3 Environmental Conflict Model 179
6 4 Indicators 181
7 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Six Area Studies and Six Control Cases to Check the Model 187
7 1 Environmental Discrimination 189
711 Ethnopolitical Conflicts 189
712 Center-Periphery Conflicts 192
713 Internal Migration Conflicts 193
714 Cross-Border Migration Conflicts 196
715 Demographically Caused Conflicts 199
716 International Water Conflicts 201
7 2 Dependence on Natural Capital: The Cases of Mexico,
Botswana, and South Africa 204
X
7 3 Marginalization and Group Cohesion: The Cases of
Mexico, Botswana, and South Africa 206
7 4 Lack of Regulatory Mechanisms 209
7 5 Population Dynamics 211
7 6 State Instability and Poor Performance 212
7 7 Complex External Influences 217
7 8 What Makes a Difference? 219
8 OUTLOOK
Conflict Potential, Sustainable Development, and Environmental
Security 221
8 1 Multiple Causal Roles Concept 222
8 2 Crisis Triangle: Maldevelopment, Transformation, Conflict 226
821 Rural Transformation 226
822 Ethnopoliticized Environmental Conflict in the
Rwanda Arena 229
823 Population Dynamics and Migration 231
824 Force or Cooperation? 232
8 3 Sustainable Development and Environmental Security 233
831 The Development/Security Prism 234
832 What Can Be Learned from the Borana Solution? 239
9 APPENDIX
Tables 243
Abbreviations 272
List of Tables 274
List of Figures 275
10 GLOSSARY 277
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 287
e •
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| spelling | Baechler, Günther 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)12372550X aut Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model by Günther Baechler Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1999 XIX, 319 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Social indicators research series 2 Causale modellen gtt Geweld gtt Milieuaantasting gtt Sociale conflicten gtt Gesellschaft Gewalt Environmental degradation Social aspects Rwanada Social conflict Rwanda Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd rswk-swf Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 gnd rswk-swf Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 s Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 s DE-604 Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 s Social indicators research series 2 (DE-604)BV012866211 2 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008755752&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Baechler, Günther 1953- Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model Social indicators research series Causale modellen gtt Geweld gtt Milieuaantasting gtt Sociale conflicten gtt Gesellschaft Gewalt Environmental degradation Social aspects Rwanada Social conflict Rwanda Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117286-3 (DE-588)4360701-9 (DE-588)4137568-3 (DE-588)4014954-7 |
| title | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model |
| title_auth | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model |
| title_exact_search | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model |
| title_full | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model by Günther Baechler |
| title_fullStr | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model by Günther Baechler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Violence through environmental discrimination causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model by Günther Baechler |
| title_short | Violence through environmental discrimination |
| title_sort | violence through environmental discrimination causes rwanda arena and conflict model |
| title_sub | causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model |
| topic | Causale modellen gtt Geweld gtt Milieuaantasting gtt Sociale conflicten gtt Gesellschaft Gewalt Environmental degradation Social aspects Rwanada Social conflict Rwanda Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Causale modellen Geweld Milieuaantasting Sociale conflicten Gesellschaft Gewalt Environmental degradation Social aspects Rwanada Social conflict Rwanda Umweltschaden Völkermord in Ruanda Bewaffneter Konflikt Entwicklungsländer |
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