Ownership reform and corporate governance: the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Uppsala
Uppsala Univ. Library
1999
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| Series: | Uppsala Universitet: [Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis / Uppsala studies in economic history]
49 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 1999 |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 370 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9155445780 |
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| adam_text | Table of contents
List of tables, figures and boxes xi
Acknowledgements xv
List of frequently used abbreviations xvii
CHAPTER I. Introduction 1
1. A new field of research 2
2. The problems and aim of the study 4
2.1. Scope of the study: why Slovakia? 7
3. Methodology, theory and sources 8
3.1. Methodology and sources 9
3.1.1. Statistics and other sources 9
3.1.2. The case studies 10
3.1.3. Statistical analysis 12
3.2. Theoretical approach 13
4. Organisation of the study 15
CHAPTER II. Analytical framework 17
1. Transaction costs: what and why? 18
2. Institutions: definition and impact 21
2.1. Institutional effects: transaction costs, incentives and innovation 23
2.2. Institutional change and economic growth 25
3. The question of property rights 26
3.1. Property rights: definition and impact on incentives 27
3.2. Property rights and transaction costs: delineation of rights 29
3.3. Is there a case for private property rights? 31
4. Corporate governance in economies of transformation 34
4.1. Agency costs and corporate governance 35
4.2. What mechanisms for control? 37
4.3. What systems for governance? 40
4.3.1. Market oriented vs. bank oriented systems 41
4.3.2. Debt control vs. equity control 43
5. A private property regime ? 45
vii
5.1. Designer capitalism and/or path dependency? 47
5.2. The continued role of the state 50
CHAPTER III. From reform to transformation 53
1. The communist experience, 1948 1989 54
1.1. The command economy 57
1.2. Industrialising Slovakia 60
1.3. The enterprise in the command economy 62
1.4. Attempted reforms 64
1.5. Concluding characteristics 66
2. Towards a market economy: setting the scene 68
2.1. Velvet Revolution and Velvet Divorce: the political setting 69
2.2. Liberalisation and stabilisation, 1990 1996 73
2.2.1. Liberalisation 74
2.2.2. Macro economic stabilisation 76
2.3. Costs and achievements of transformation 81
CHAPTER IV. Establishing private property rights 87
1. Privatisation: an overview 88
1.1. Scale and scope of privatisation 90
1.2. Goals with privatisation 92
2. Methods and constraints 95
2.1. Standard vs. non standard methods 96
2.2. The first steps: restitution and small scale privatisation 100
2.2.1. Restitution 100
2.2.2. Small scale privatisation 103
2.3. Large scale privatisation: the institutional set up 106
3. The Slovak experience: ever changing policies 111
3.1. Vouchers dominate in speedy privatisation, 1991 1992 112
3.1.1. Defining the supply 113
3.1.2. Creating a demand 114
3.1.3. The market and the results 116
3.1.4. Competitive direct sales: a complement 119
3.2. Independent Slovakia changes pace, 1993 1994 119
3.2.1. Midnight privatisations 121
3.3. New government returns to vouchers, 1994 122
3.4. Wrapping up privatisation: cronyism in direct sales, 1995 1996 125
3.4.1. A new policy formulated and contested 128
3.4.1. The real policy: subsidised direct sales in a frantic pace 131
4. Summary 133
CHAPTER V. Emerging governance structures: investment
funds and the market 137
1. The market and its regulation 138
1.1. The Bratislava Stock Exchange 139
1.2. RM System 143
1.2.1. RM S: the sole organiser of the FNM bond market 146
1.3. Bratislava Options Exchange 148
viii
1.4. Problems and prospects 152
1.4.1. Illiquid and/or overissued ? 152
1.4.2. Transparency of the market 155
1.4.3. Misdirected regulation of the market 158
2. Investment funds: the rise and fall 161
2.1. Introducing four investment companies 163
2.2. Legal regulation of investment funds and investment companies 167
2.2.1. Initial regulation: late and vague 167
2.2.2. A clampdown on the funds 169
2.2.3. Dismal minority protection 170
2.3. Portfolio strategies of the investment funds 171
2.3.1. Initial strategy and concentration 172
2.3.2. Sectoral distribution 175
2.3.3. Foreign securities 176
2.4. Strategies and common problems in governance 178
2.4.1. Governing bodies: the Slovak system 1992 1995 179
2.4.2. Politicised governance: Slovakia in 1995 1996 182
2.5. Investment funds and capital market development 184
2.5.1. Mutual funds: a project doomed to fail? 185
2.5.2. De licensing PSIS 187
2.6. Investment funds: agents for corporate governance
or agents of individual accumulation? 190
2.6.1. Control of the funds: exit and market competition 191
2.6.2. Control of the funds: voice and take overs? 197
2.6.3. Control of the investment companies 200
2.7. Transforming the funds: the end to an era 203
3. Summary 206
CHAPTER VI. Privatisation and governance in practice: the firms 211
1. Introducing the firms 213
2. Privatisation in practice 217
2.1. Voucher privatisation 218
2.2. Management buy outs 223
2.3. Foreign investment 227
2.4. The resulting ownership structure 231
3. Organisational restructuring and corporate governance 235
3.1. Organisational restructuring 235
3.2. The development of new governance structures 241
3.2.1. Formal governance: the role of different bodies 241
3.2.2. Governance relations 247
4. Relations with the capital market 251
4.1. Banking in Slovakia 251
4.2. Firms and banks: close but strained relations 257
4.2.1. House banking and debt control 257
4.2.2. Perceived problems with the banking sector 259
4.3. New sources of finance? 261
4.4. Firm transparency and trade on the stock market 266
5. Summary 269
ix
CHAPTER VII. Concluding analysis 273
1. Introduction 274
2. The process of ownership reform 276
2.1. 1990 1992: Federally co ordinated mass privatisation and the
emergence of investment funds 277
2.2. 1992 1994: New policies testing the ground 278
2.3. 1994: The Moravcik interim 280
2.4. 1994 1996: The new policies enacted 281
3. The main results of the processes of ownership reform and privatisation 285
3.1. How much and how fast? 285
3.2. What ownership structure? 286
3.3. Competitiveness of methods for privatisation 286
3.4. Structures, institutions and mechanisms for corporate governance 288
4. General conclusions and implications 293
Appendix A. Restructuring and economic performance 299
Appendix B. The strategic enterprises act 315
Appendix C. Controversial direct sales 317
Appendix D. Tables and statistical analysis 319
Bibliography 351
x
List of tables, figures and boxes
List of tables
Table . NMPgenerated in the socialist sector, 1950 1975 57
Table 2. Socialisation of agricultural land, 1952 1960 58
Table 3. Selected economic indicators for Czechoslovakia, 1948 1989 59
Table 4. GDP, industrial production and unemployment, 1990 1996 82
Table 5. Key indicators of Slovak economic performance, 1990 1996 84
Table 6. Privatisation programmes initiated in Czechoslovakia 1990 1992 100
Table 7. Small scale privatisation in Slovakia, 1991 1993 105
Table 8.1991 plans for enterprise reform 108
Table 9. Voucher privatisation: the supply 114
Table 10. Voucher privatisation: concentrated demand, the investment points 116
Table 11. Voucher privatisation: a chronology 1991 1993 117
Table 12. The Bratislava Stock Exchange, 1993 1996 141
Table 13. The RM System, 1993 1996 144
Table 14. Price volatility on a selection of firms at the BCPB and
theRM S, 1994 1996 146
Table 15. The market for FNM bonds, August December 1996 148
Table 16. Stock markets in 1996, a regional comparison 153
Table 17. Equity turnover ratios at the three organised markets, 1993 1996 154
Table 18. Distribution of investment points among the largest investment
companies in Czechoslovakia and the Slovak Republic, 1992 164
Table 19. Overview of investment funds and companies included
in the case study 166
Table 20. Regulation of investment funds and investment
companies, 1991 1995 169
Table 21. Number of firms in the portfolios of the investment
companies, 1993 1996 172
Table 22. Characteristics of investment fund portfolios, 1993 173
Table 23. NAVoffive largest holdings, 1993 1996 174
Table 24. Branch division of investments, 1993 1996 176
Table 25. Internationalisation of investment, 1993 1996 177
Table 26. Trade in investment fund shares, 1993 1996 192
Table 27 . Investment fund discounts, 1993 1996 194
Table 28. Performance of investment funds with regard to individual
investors 1993 1995 195
Table 29. NAVofinvestment funds in Slovakia, 1993 1996 196
Table 30. Concentrated ownership of investment funds, 1995 1996 199
Table 31. Overview of industrial firms included in the case study 214
Table 32. Initial ownership structure in voucher privatised firms, end 1993 219
Table 33. Non state ownership concentration, 1993 1996 232
Table 34. Composition of Board of Directors and Supervisory Board, 1995 242
Table 35. Characteristics of Slovak Supervisory Boards, 1993 1996 245
xi
Table 36. Characteristics of Slovak Board of Directors, 1993 1996 246
Table 3 7. Size and turnover in Slovak Board of Managers, 1993 1996 247
Table 38. Some qualitative aspects of manager investment fund relations 250
Table 39. Market share of the three major banks, 1993 1996 254
Table 40. Non performing loans as per cent of total, 1992 1996 255
Table 41. Qualitative aspects of bank firm relationships 258
Table 42. Bank debt as a per cent of total assets, 1993 1996 262
Table 43. Attitudes and behaviour among case study firms with
regard to new sources of finance 264
Table 44. Qualitative aspects of firm market relations 268
Table 45. The official two waves of privatisation, 1991 1996,
division among methods 277
Table 46. Stop go in Slovak privatisation, property approved and sold,
respectively, with standard methods and voucher
privatisation during four phases 281
Table 47 . Balance sheet ofSlovak privatisation, 1992 1997 285
List of figures
Figure 1. Economic indicators in interwar Czechoslovakia 55
Figure 2. Slovak industrial and agricultural employment, 1948 1989 60
Figure 3. Gross industrial production in Czechoslovakia, the Czech
Republic and the Slovak Republic, 1948 1989 61
Figure 4, State budget balances for Czechoslovakia, the Czech
Republic and Slovakia, 1990 1996 79
Figure 5. Regional inflation 1990 1996 80
Figure 6, Average monthly exchange rate, 1991 1996 81
Figure 7. Direction of foreign trade, 1990 1996 83
Figure 8. Privatisation and restructuring as a process 94
Figure 9. Trade offs among privatisation methods for large firms 98
Figure 10. Alternative methods for large scale privatisation 107
Figure 11. Overview of the process for deciding on the
method of privatisation Ill
Figure 12. Prices and volumes of shares bought and sold during
the first wave of voucher privatisation 118
Figure 13. Privatisation decisions of three governments, 1991 1994 125
Figure 14. Price developments ontheBCPB, SAX index 1993 1996 142
Figure 15. Price and turnover developments at the Bratislava Options
Exchange, 1994 149
Figure 16. Anonymous trade at the three organised markets, 1993 1995 151
Figure 17. Non transparent direct trading at the BCPB and the
RM S, 1993 1996 156
Figure 18. The rise and fall of Slovak investment funds, 1992 1996 162
Figure 19. The rise and fall of Slovak mutual funds, 1991 1996 186
xii
Figure 20. Complicated control structures, the case of the
VUB investment group 202
Figure 21. Annual FDI inflow in a regional comparison, 1990 1996 228
Figure 22. Changes in ownership composition, 1993 1996 233
Figure 23. Basic organisational structure of VSZ, 1995 238
Figure 24. Organisational structure of ZPA Krizik Holding, a.s 239
Figure 25. Transformation of the mono bank system in Slovakia, 1989 1993 253
Figure 26. Share prices at the BCPB in 1993 1996 267
Figure 27. Purchase prices in direct sales, 1992 1997 287
List of boxes
Box I. Basic contents of a privatisation project 108
Box 2. Organisations/institutions of importance in privatisation 110
Box 3. Some examples of midnight privatisations 122
xiii
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| spelling | Olsson, Mikael Verfasser aut Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 Mikael Olsson Uppsala Uppsala Univ. Library 1999 XVIII, 370 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Uppsala Universitet: [Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis / Uppsala studies in economic history] 49 Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 1999 Entreprises - Direction générale - Slovaquie ram Privatisations - Slovaquie - 1990-... ram Privatisations - Slovaquie ram Unternehmen Business enterprises Slovakia Corporate governance Slovakia Privatization Slovakia Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd rswk-swf Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd rswk-swf Slovaquie - Conditions économiques - 1990-... ram Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Finanzsektor gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 s Management (DE-588)4037278-9 s Finanzsektor f DE-604 Uppsala studies in economic history] Uppsala Universitet: [Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 49 (DE-604)BV000007222 49 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008751328&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Olsson, Mikael Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 Entreprises - Direction générale - Slovaquie ram Privatisations - Slovaquie - 1990-... ram Privatisations - Slovaquie ram Unternehmen Business enterprises Slovakia Corporate governance Slovakia Privatization Slovakia Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037278-9 (DE-588)4047297-8 (DE-588)4055297-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 |
| title_auth | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 |
| title_exact_search | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 |
| title_full | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 Mikael Olsson |
| title_fullStr | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 Mikael Olsson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ownership reform and corporate governance the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 Mikael Olsson |
| title_short | Ownership reform and corporate governance |
| title_sort | ownership reform and corporate governance the slovak privatisation process in 1990 1996 |
| title_sub | the Slovak privatisation process in 1990 - 1996 |
| topic | Entreprises - Direction générale - Slovaquie ram Privatisations - Slovaquie - 1990-... ram Privatisations - Slovaquie ram Unternehmen Business enterprises Slovakia Corporate governance Slovakia Privatization Slovakia Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Entreprises - Direction générale - Slovaquie Privatisations - Slovaquie - 1990-... Privatisations - Slovaquie Unternehmen Business enterprises Slovakia Corporate governance Slovakia Privatization Slovakia Management Privatisierung Slovaquie - Conditions économiques - 1990-... Slowakei Hochschulschrift Finanzsektor |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008751328&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007222 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT olssonmikael ownershipreformandcorporategovernancetheslovakprivatisationprocessin19901996 |