The value of life:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Reprinted, transferred to digital printing |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 281 S. |
| ISBN: | 0415040329 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127495003308032 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Introduction
1
1
Beings, human beings and persons
7
What do we mean by value ?
8
Humans and persons
9
I When does life begin?
10
The potentiality argument
11
When does self begin?
12
Π
When does life begin to matter morally?
14
Strategy
1 :
what is a person?
14
Strategy
2 :
what is valuable?
15
Valuable lives should not be ended
16
Convergence of the two strategies
17
The concept of the person
18
Ш
How do we recognise persons?
19
There s value in numbers
21
IV Persons and full human beings
22
V Once a person always a person?
25
How permanent is permanent?
26
VI Conclusion
27
2
Above all do no harm
28
Positive and negative
29
viii Contents
No negative responsibility
31
Decisions can be decisive
31
Selective treatment
33
The argument from brutalisatim
35
The argument from lack of consent
36
The slippery slope argument
36
The last door argument
37
The argument from self-deception
37
Ordinary and extraordinary treatment
39
Lato,
logic and journalism
39
Feeling guilty
41
Active euthanasia is not the best solution?
41
Selective treatment or active euthanasia?
42
A difficulty with omissions
42
Side-effects and double-effects
43
Side-effects revisited
45
Terminal care
45
Unmasking the difference
46
Must doctors help their patients?
48
What is medical treatment ?
49
Postponing death
49
Refusing patients and refusing treatment
50
What is a doctor s business?
51
Wicked men and evil deeds
52
Two faces of the obligation to treat
53
Rescue is everyone s business
54
Contract killers
54
The contractual obligation
55
Saving life is a moral issue
56
What is worth a life?
59
Incommensurability of values
60
Sharing the burden
61
Scarcity of doctors
62
Comparative judgments
62
Killing: A caring thing to do?
64
I Death removes a threat
66
Understanding and justification
67
The justification of self defence
68
Contents ix
Guilty threats
69
Innocent threats and shields
70
The principle of non-vicious choice
71
Innocent threats and scarce resources
74
Non-lethal threats
75
Guilt and innocence
77
H
Death is a benefit
77
III Wanting to live and wanting to die
79
IV Death promotes other values
81
V Safeguards
81
VI The justification of euthanasia
82
The real problem of euthanasia
83
Euthanasia within health care
84
The government s euthanasia programme
85
5
The value of life
87
I The moral significance of age
88
The anti-ageist argument
89
The fair innings argument
91
Numbers of lives and numbers of years
94
Extra life-time versus extra lives
95
Threshold of discrimination
97
People versus policies
98
The fallacy of life-time views
98
Worthwhile life-time
99
Fair innings or no ageism?
101
Π
Worthwhile lives
102
III The moral advantage of dependants and
friends
103
IV The moral advantage of usefulness
107
V Moral worth
108
VI What should we do?
110
6
The beginnings of life 111
I What s happening now
112
The spare embryos
112
Permutations
113
Freezing
113
Contents
Immediate and proximate possibilities
114
Cell and tissue banks
115
Two reminders
11 «
II
Experimenta
on embryo«
117
Pain and stiff
ering
117
Consent
118
Transplantation orders
119
Condemned to death?
120
Consent again
121
Property rights
122
Concluńon
123
ΠΙ
The slippery slope
123
Cloning
124
Organ banks
124
The mad dictator problem
125
Genetic engineering
125
Artificial parthenogenesis
126
Slippery slopes again
127
The principle of the dangerous precedent
127
What should we do?
128
IV The Warnock report
129
The ethical presuppositions
130
The Warnock proposals
133
7
Whose body is it anyway?
136
I Who s mother whose baby?
137
Egg or embryo donation and womb leasing or
137
lending
Amateurs and professionals
137
Real mothers
139
The claims of a surrogate mother
140
Is there anything wrong with surrogacy?
141
The Warnock objections
142
Harmful social effects
145
Should disadvantaged children be born?
146
Happy oblivion?
148
Is it wrong to give birth to disadvantaged children?
148
Is it wrong to produce gifted children?
149
II Morally unsound parents
150
Gay and single parents
152
Contents
8
10
Disadvantages of screening parents
153
Posthumous parents
155
Commerce versus altruism
155
A woman s right to choose
157
I To be or not to be
—
a mother
157
It s my body!
157
Abortion and the concept of the person
159
Whose right to choose?
159
Father s liberation
:
an hypothesis?
160
Contracts with embryos
161
The value of consistency
162
The argument from vindictiveness
163
Π
Doing it my way
164
III Final choice: the all-female world
166
The plan
169
The all-female world
170
Why not do so?
171
The final solution
172
A woman s right to choose?
173
Sexual morality and the natural
174
Sexual morality
175
Obscenity and disgust
177
Respecting norms and respecting other people
178
Perversion and the unnatural
180
Popular ideas of the natural
186
Good sex
188
Anti-social sex
189
Conclusion
190
Respect for persons I
192
I Respect for persons
193
(1)
Concern for the welfare of others
193
(2)
Respect for the finishes of others
194
II What is autonomy?
195
fl) Defects in control
196
(2)
Defects in reasoning
197
xii Contents
(3)
Def
ects in
information
198
(4)
Def ects
in stability
198
III Is paternalist interference justified?
200
Maximally autonomous decisions
200
Irremediable defects
202
Hard cases: suicide
203
IV Consent
205
Consent to clinical trials
205
Adequate disclosure and real consent
206
The right to remain in ignorance
208
The obligation to tell those who wish to know
209
An autonomous community
212
11
Respect for persons II
214
I Children, lunatics, barbarians and animals
214
Children
215
Lunatics
216
For the protection of others
218
Animals
218
II Respect for the dead
219
The
gif t
relationship
221
III
Self-inflicted illness
222
Justice
223
Liberty or justice?
224
IV Confidentiality
225
Why keep confidences?
226
Four cases
228
Respect for persons revisited
230
V Ultimate principles and moral values
233
12
Death is abolished
238
I What is death?
238
Death of the human organism
239
Biological death
240
II Live persons and dead bodies
241
Loss of personhood
242
III Machine people
242
The frozen un-dead
243
Contents xiii
IV Death is abolished
244
Refusing freezing
246
Refusing revival
246
Distribution of resources
248
Minimising distress
249
Satisfying the wish to live
249
Worthwhile lives again
250
V Are the frozen really persons?
252
Notes
256
Suggested further reading
273
Index
275
|
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| language | English |
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| title_short | The value of life |
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