Thalamus: 1 Organisation and function
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
1997
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 959 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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MARC
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| adam_text | Contents
Chapter 1 Thalamic function and dysfunction 1
1.1. INFORMATION PROCESSING AND INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS 2
1.1.1. Local and long range inhibition 2
1.1.2. State dependent changes: tonic and bursting responses 7
1.1.3. Prolonged potentiation of thalamic responses 9
1.1.4. Attentive processes 10
1.1.5. Cortical modulation of thalamic responses 13
1.2. THALAMOCORTICAL ACTIVATION AND BRAIN OSCILLATIONS 14
1.2.1. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic activating systems 16
1.2.2. Oscillations during brain activated states 19
1.2.3. Sleep oscillations 22
1.3. THALAMIC DYSFUNCTION 27
1.4. SUMMARY 28
Chapter 2 Thalamic organization and chemical anatomy 31
2.1. EMBRYOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 31
2.2. NUCLEAR PARCELLATION OF THE DORSAL THALAMUS 33
2.2.1. Principal nuclei as relay nuclei 35
2.2.1.1. Anterior nuclei 35
2.2.1.2. Medial nuclei 43
2.2.1.3. Lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei 44
2.2.1.4. Ventral nuclei 52
2.2.1.5. Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus 54
2.2.1.6. Medial geniculate nuclei 55
2.2.2. Intralaminar nuclei 55
2.2.2.1. Introduction 55
2.2.2.2. Cortical projections of intralaminar nuclei 65
2.2.2.3. Compartmental organization of intralaminar nuclei 68
2.2.2.4. Intrathalamic connections of intralaminar nuclei? 72
2.2.2.5. Some functional attributes of intralaminar cells 73
2.3 INPUT OUTPUT CONNECTIONS OF THALAMIC NUCLEI 73
2.3.1. Specific and diffuse thalamic inputs and outputs 73
2.3.1.1. Topography of the thalamocortical projection 75
2.3.1.2. Divergence and convergence in the thalamocortical projection 77
2.3.1.3. Diffuse inputs and outputs 81
2.3.1.4. Diffuse outputs 83
ix
1
x Thalamus
2.3.2. Parallel pathways through the thalamus at nuclear and subnuclear levels 85
2.3.3. The corticothalamic projection 90
2.3.3.1. Reciprocity of corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections 90
2.3.3.2. Divergent corticothalamic projections 93
2.3.3.3. Cells of origin of corticothalamic projections 96
2.3.3.4. Mode of termination of corticothalamic fibers 106
2.3.3.5. Functions of the corticothalamic system 108
2.4. TYPES OF THALAMIC CELLS HI
2.4.1. Relay cells and GABAergic cells 111
2.4.2. Cells of the reticular nucleus 113
2.4.3. Connections of the reticular nucleus 116
2.4.4. Other components of the ventral thalamus 123
2.5. CHEMICAL ANATOMY OF THE THALAMUS 126
2.5.1. Introduction 126
2.5.2. Thalamic nuclei defined by histochemistry 126
2.5.3. Thalamic cells identified by immunoreactive staining 127
2.5.4. Transmitter and receptor defined circuitry in the thalamus 129
2.5.5. Excitatory amino acid receptors 130
2.5.6. GABA receptors 136
2.5.7. Monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways and their receptors 150
2.5.7.1. The noradrenergic pathway and adrenergic receptors 151
2.5.7.2. The serotonin pathway and serotonin receptors 154
2.5.7.3. The cholinergic pathway and cholinergic receptors 156
2.5.8. Peptides and other neuroactive molecules in the thalamus and its afferent
fibers 162
2.5.8.1. Peptides 162
2.5.8.2. Histamine and other substances 173
Chapter 3 Thalamic cell types and intrinsic synaptic organization 175
3.1. THALAMIC RELAY NEURONS 176
3.1.1. The morphology of thalamic relay neurons 176
3.1.2. Lateral geniculate nucleus 178
3.1.3. Ventral posterior nucleus 182
3.1.4. Ventral lateral nucleus 186
3.1.5. Axons of thalamocortical relay neurons 186
3.1.6. Axon collaterals 187
3.2. CHEMICAL IDENTITIES OF RELAY NEURONS 189
3.2.1. Calcium binding proteins 195
3.2.2. CAT301 207
3.3. SOMAL SIZE AND DIFFERENTIAL CORTICAL PROJECTIONS OF RELAY
NEURONS 209
3.4. INTERNEURONS 213
3.5. RETICULAR NUCLEUS NEURONS 216
3.6. INTRATHALAMIC SYNAPTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF RELAY NEURONS 224
3.6.1. Fine structure of relay cells and the major synaptic types 224
Contents Xi
3.6.2. Quantification of synaptic densities and distributions 230
3.6.3. Convergence at the cellular level 237
3.6.4. Convergence and divergence of corticothalamic terminations 239
3.6.5. The terminations of inhibitory axons 243
3.7. SYNAPTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF INTRINSIC INTERNEURONS 244
3.8. SYNAPTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF RETICULAR NUCLEUS NEURONS 248
3.8.1. Synaptic terminals in the reticular nucleus 248
3.8.2. Interactions between reticular nucleus cells 251
3.8.3. Terminations of reticular nucleus axons in the dorsal thalamus 252
3.8.4. Role of circuitry linking reticular nucleus neurons and relay neurons 255
3.9. SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF BRAINSTEM AND BASAL FOREBRAIN
AFFERENTS ENDING IN THE THALAMUS 260
3.10. SUMMARY 266
Chapter 4. Diffuse regulatory systems of the thalamus 269
4.1. GENERALITIES ON SYSTEMS CONTROLLING BRAIN AROUSAL 269
4.1.1. Definition of activation and criteria of generalized activating systems 269
4.1.2. Evolution of ideas on regulatory systems: specificity within non specific
systems 272
4.2. THE BRAINSTEM CHOLINERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEMS 275
4.2.1. Localization and chemical identity of brainstem reticular cell aggregates 276
4.2.2. Inputs from glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems to cholinergic and
non cholinergic brainstem nuclei 282
4.2.3. Thalamic projections of brainstem reticular cholinergic and non cholinergic
neurons 284
4.2.3.1. Relay and association nuclei 286
4.2.3.2. Intralaminar and ventromedial nuclei 289
4.2.3.3. Thalamic reticular nucleus 292
4.2.3.4. Branching projections from the mesopontine reticular formation to
various thalamic nuclei and other structures 295
4.2.4. Electrophysiological properties of brainstem cholinergic and non cholinergic
cells 298
4.2.5. Activity changes of thalamic projecting brainstem cholinergic and non
cholinergic neurons during shifts in natural states of vigilance 300
4.2.5.1. Brainstem reticular (non cholinergic) fields 301
4.2.5.2. Neurons from mesopontine cholinergic nuclei 303
4.2.5.3. The role of mesopontine neurons in the overexcitation of
thalamocortical systems underlying the production of hallucinatory
behavior 311
4.3. THE BASAL FOREBRAIN SYSTEM 313
4.3.1. Different types of neurons in the nucleus basalis 315
4.3.2. Inputs to the nucleus basalis 316
4.3.2.1. Afferents arising in the mesopontine tegmentum 316
4.3.2.2. Hypothalamic and amygdala afferents 318
xjj Thalamus
4.3.3. Cortical and diencephalic projections of the nucleus basalis 318
4.3.3.1. Cortical projections 319
4.3.3.2. Thalamic projections 321
4.3.3.3. Basal forebrain projections to the posterior hypothalamus:
a candidate circuit for promoting sleep 324
4.3.4. Electrophysiological properties and state dependency of nucleus basalis
neurons 325
4.4. BRAINSTEM AND POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC MONOAMINERGIC
SYSTEMS 326
4.4.1. Locus coeruleus norepinephrinergic system 327
4.4.1.1. Cell types and projections 327
4.4.1.2. Properties of locus coeruleus neurons 329
4.4.2. Raphe serotonergic system 330
4.4.2.1. Cell types and projections 330
4.4.2.2. Properties of dorsal raphe neurons 331
4.4.3. Posterior hypothalamic histaminergic system 332
4.4.3.1. Connectivity of different chemically coded posterior hypothalamic
neurons 332
4.4.3.2. Electrophysiology and state dependent activities of histaminergic
neurons 335
4.4.3.3. Activity of posterior hypothalamic neurons across the wake sleep
cycle 337
4.5. SUMMARY 337
Chapter 5. Electrophysiological properties of thalamic neurons 339
5.1. THALAMOCORTICAL CELLS 340
5.1.1. Low threshold Ca2+current in thalamocortical cells 342
5.1.1.1. Functional consequences of the low threshold Ca2+ current 345
5.1.2. High threshold Ca2+currents in thalamocortical cells 347
5.1.3. Persistent Na+current in thalamocortical cells 348
5.1.4. Intrinsic rhythmic oscillations in single thalamocortical cells 349
5.1.4.1. /h—Pacemaker current for generation of rhythmic oscillations 349
5.1.4.2. Intrinsic slow rhythmic oscillations in thalamocortical neurons 359
5.1.5. K+currents in thalamocortical cells 360
5.1.5.1. Ca2 + activated K+currents in thalamocortical cells 362
5.1.5.2. Transient K+ currents in thalamocortical cells 364
5.1.6. Summary—Electrophysiological properties of thalamocortical neurons 374
5.2. INTRATHALAMIC INTERNEURONS 374
5.3. INTERLAMINAR INTERNEURONS OF THE DORSAL LATERAL
GENICULATE NUCLEUS 378
5.4. THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS/PERIGENICULATE NEURONS 378
5.4.1. Intrinsic oscillatory properties of thalamic reticular neurons 381
5.4.2. Summary—Electrophysiological properties of thalamic reticular neurons 387
5.5. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OTHER SUBTYPES OF
THALAMIC NEURONS 387
5.6. SUMMARY 389
Contents xiii
Chapter 6. The relay function of the thalamus during brain activation 393
6.1. INTRODUCTION 393
6.1.1. Expression of relay cell functions at different morphological levels 393
6.1.2. Nuclear parcellation as a reflection of thalamic relay function 395
6.1.3 Topographic organization as a reflection of thalamic relay function 395
6.2. RELAY PROPERTIES OF THE VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEI 396
6.2.1. Somatotopy in the ventral posterior nuclei 396
6.2.2. Morphologically defined subunits in the trigeminal representation 398
6.2.3. Somatotopic units in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus 400
6.2.4. Modality specific relay channels in the ventral posterior lateral and ventral
posterior medial nuclei 401
6.2.5. Modality segregation among subdivisions of the ventral posterior lateral
nucleus 403
6.2.6. Histochemical compartments of the ventral posterior nucleus as relays for
lemniscal and spinothalamic pathways 410
6.2.7. The physiological properties of ventral posterior nucleus cells 413
6.2.7.1. Responses of ventral posterior cells to peripheral stimuli 413
6.2.7.2. Conclusion: low threshold neurons 426
6.2.7.3. High threshold neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus 426
6.2.7.4. Conclusion: relay functions of the ventral posterior nucleus 433
6.3. RELAY PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIAL GENICULATE COMPLEX 433
6.3.1. Introduction 433
6.3.2. Topographic order and tonotopic representation in the ventral medial
geniculate nucleus 435
6.3.3. Parallel pathways through the medial geniculate complex 439
6.3.4. Functional properties of neurons in the nuclei of the medial geniculate
complex of the cat 439
6.3.5. Input output connections of the nuclei of the medial geniculate complex
of the cat 443
6.3.6. Parallel channels for binaural interactions in the ventral medial geniculate
nucleus 449
6.3.7. The organization of the thalamic auditory nuclei in species other than
the cat 451
6.3.8. Chemically specified, parallel thalamocortical pathways in the monkey
auditory system 453
6.4. RELAY PROPERTIES OF THE DORSAL LATERAL GENICULATE
NUCLEUS 457
6.4.1. Topography of inputs and outputs 457
6.4.2. The responses of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons to retinal stimuli 464
6.4.2.1. Ganglion cell specific channels through the dorsal lateral geniculate
nucleus: on center and off center cells 464
6.4.2.2. X, Y and W streams in the cat 468
6.4.2.3. Lamina and subnucleus specific projections of X, Y and W cells
in the cat 472
xjv Thalamus
6.4.2.4. The influence of inhibition on thalamic processing in the temporal
domain 479
6.4.2.5. The M and P channels through the dorsal lateral geniculate
nucleus of monkeys and other primates 481
6.5. TRANSMISSION FROM AFFERENT FIBERS TO THALAMIC RELAY
NEURONS 491
6.5.1. Factors influencing the coding of sensory events by thalamic relay neurons 491
6.5.2. The role of inhibition in the relay functions of the activated thalamus 491
6.5.2.1. The inhibitory neurons of the thalamus 491
6.5.2.2. Inhibitory phenomena accompanying afferent stimulation 495
6.5.2.3. Inhibition in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus 500
6.5.2.4. Inhibition in the ventral posterior nucleus 504
6.5.2.5. The role of GABA 505
6.5.2.6. Lateral inhibition 509
6.5.3. Convergence on thalamic relay neurons 513
6.5.3.1. Limited excitatory convergence on thalamic relay cells 514
6.6. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ON THALAMIC RELAY
FUNCTIONS DURING BRAIN ACTIVATED STATES 520
6.6.1. Introduction 520
6.6.2. Corticothalamic effects on relay cell function 520
6.6.3. The integrative capacity of the corticothalamic projection 524
6.7. RELAY CELL FUNCTION AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN AROUSAL
AND INATTENTIVENESS 528
6.8. THE FOCUSING OF THE THALAMIC RELAY BY BRAINSTEM
AFFERENTS 531
Chapter 7. The thalamus during brain disconnection 533
7.1. FALLING ASLEEP: DEAFFERENTATION AND INHIBITORY PROCESSES 533
7.1.1. The thalamic blockade of afferent information 536
7.1.2. Decreased responsiveness of neocortical neurons during resting sleep 544
7.2. SPINDLES, A THALAMIC GENERATED OSCILLATION IN LIGHT SLEEP 549
7.2.1. Historical steps in the study of spindle rhythmicity 552
7.2.2. The hypothesis of the thalamic reticular nucleus as spindle pacemaker 554
7.2.3. Patterns of spindle activity in thalamic and neocortical neurons 556
7.2.3.1. Thalamocortical neurons 558
7.2.3.2. Thalamic reticular neurons 563
7.2.3.3. Neocortical neurons 569
7.2.4. Absence of spindle oscillations in territories devoid of thalamic reticular
inputs 572
7.2.5. Spindles in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus 578
7.2.6. Network operations underlying spindle synchronization in
thalamocorticothalamic loops 588
7.2.6.1. Intrathalamic synchronization 588
7.2.6.2. Potentiation of spindle genesis and synchronization by cortical
inputs 593
Contents xv
7.2.7. Modulation of spindle activity by brainstem and basal forebrain systems 601
7.2.8. Summary 608
7.3. CLOCK LIKE DELTA RHYTHM OF THALAMIC NEURONS IN LATE
SLEEP 6io
7.3.1. Generation of intrinsic delta potentials in thalamic neurons 613
7.3.2. Synchronization of delta oscillating thalamic neurons 620
7.3.3. Interactions between delta and spindle oscillations 628
7.3.4. Modulation of delta oscillation by specific sensory and non specific systems 634
7.4. THE CORTICAL GENERATED SLOW OSCILLATION IN THALAMIC
NEURONS 636
7.4.1. Cortical origin and components of slow oscillation 638
7.4.2. Intracortical synchronizing processes of slow oscillation 645
7.4.3. The slow oscillation in thalamic neurons and its synchronization in
corticothalamic loops 649
7.4.4. Suppression of slow oscillation during brain activated states 656
7.5. ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTS OF INTRINSIC PROPERTIES AND SLEEP
OSCILLATIONS IN THALAMIC NEURONS 660
7.5.1. Burst suppression 660
7.5.2. Pain 662
7.5.3. Tremor 666
7.5.4. Epilepsy 667
7.6. SCENARIO OF GENERATION AND FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
OSCILLATIONS 679
Chapter 8. Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus 687
8.1. NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIONS ON THALAMOCORTICAL NEURONS 688
8.1.1. Actions of excitatory amino acids on thalamocortical neurons 688
8.1.1.1. Properties of prethalamic inputs 691
8.1.1.2. Properties of corticothalamic inputs 695
8.1.2. Actions of GAB A on thalamocortical neurons 701
8.1.2.1. Properties of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated by
intranuclear interneurons 702
8.1.2.2. Properties of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated by
thalamic reticular and perigeniculate neurons 706
8.1.3. Actions of putative neurotransmitters underlying state dependent changes 712
8.1.3.1. Neurotransmitter induced slow depolarization in thalamocortical
neurons 715
8.1.3.2. Functional consequences of reduced/KL 720
8.1.3.3. Modulation of a hyperpolarization activated cation current, /h 722
8.1.3.4. Functional consequences of shifts in the voltage dependence of /h 725
8.1.3.5. Neuro transmitter induced increases in membrane K+ conductance 727
8.1.3.6. Functional consequences of increases in /KG 728
8.1.3.7. Summary of neurotransmitter action on thalamocortical neurons 730
8.2. NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIONS ON THALAMIC INTERNEURONS 730
xvi Thalamus
8.3. NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIONS ON THALAMIC RETICULAR AND
PERIGENICULATE NEURONS 735
8.3.1. Excitation of thalamic reticular and perigeniculate neurons by cortical and
thalamic afferents 735
8.3.2. Properties of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials amongst thalamic reticular/
perigeniculate neurons 737
8.3.3. Actions of putative neurotransmitters underlying state dependent changes in
thalamic reticular and perigeniculate neurons 738
8.4. NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIONS IN CEREBRAL CORTICAL
PYRAMIDAL CELLS 741
8.4.1. Neurotransmitter induced decreases in membrane K+ conductance in
cortical pyramidal cells 742
8.5. SUMMARY 751
Chapter 9. Activating effects of generalized modulatory systems on
thalamocortical systems 753
9.1. THALAMIC RESPONSES TO BRAINSTEM CHOLINERGIC PROJECTIONS 755
9.1.1. Nicotinic and muscarinic excitation of thalamocortical systems 755
9.1.1.1. The nicotinic excitation and ponto geniculo occipital waves 757
9.1.1.2. The muscarinic excitation and prolonged potentiation of
thalamocortical cells 763
9.1.1.3. Dual pathways of brainstem activating effects on the neocortex 772
9.1.2. Nicotinic excitation and muscarinic inhibition of thalamic reticular neurons 776
9.2. ACTIONS OF THE LOCUS COERULEUS ON THALAMIC AND CORTICAL
CELLS 779
9.3. COHERENT FAST RHYTHMS DURING BRAIN AROUSAL 783
9.3.1. Oscillations during expectancy 784
9.3.2. Sensory elicited fast rhythms 789
9.3.3. Spontaneous fast rhythms in the aroused and sleeping brain 800
9.3.3.1. Intrinsic cellular properties underlying subthreshold fast
oscillations 800
9.3.3.2. State and phase dependency of fast oscillations 808
9.4. SUMMARY 820
REFERENCES 823
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:34:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVI, 959 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Thalamus 1 Organisation and function M. Steriade ... Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1997 XVI, 959 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Thalamus ram Steriade, Mircea 1924-2006 Sonstige (DE-588)133940306 oth (DE-604)BV012810634 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008713454&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Thalamus Thalamus ram |
| title | Thalamus |
| title_auth | Thalamus |
| title_exact_search | Thalamus |
| title_full | Thalamus 1 Organisation and function M. Steriade ... |
| title_fullStr | Thalamus 1 Organisation and function M. Steriade ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thalamus 1 Organisation and function M. Steriade ... |
| title_short | Thalamus |
| title_sort | thalamus organisation and function |
| topic | Thalamus ram |
| topic_facet | Thalamus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008713454&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012810634 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT steriademircea thalamus1 |