Nitric oxide: [with 34 tables]
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2000
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Handbook of experimental pharmacology
143 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 667 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540661220 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127480413421568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | NITRI
C OXID
E
CONTRIBUTOR
S
J.-L. BALLIGAND, T.R. BILLIAR, C. BOGDAN
, B. BRIINE, H
. BULT
,
V. BURKART
, R. BUSSE, A
. COSTA
, T.M. DAWSON
, V.L. DAWSON
,
VJ
. DZAU
, M.G. ESPEY, K. FALKE, M. FEELISCH, I. FLEMING,
U. FORSTERMANN
, A
. FRIEBE
, J. FUKUTO
, J. GARTHWAITE
, H
. GERLACH
,
S. GHOSH
, M.B. GRISHAM
, A.B. GROSSMAN
, E
. HACKENTHAL
,
D. KEH
, M.M, KOCKX, D. KOESLING, G. KOJDA, H
. KOLB,
P.A. MACCARTHY, W. MARTIN
, K.E
. MATTHYS
, L. MCNAUGHTON
,
K.M. MIRANDA
, J.B. MITCHELL, S. MONCADA
, P. NAVARRA
,
J. PARKINSON
, A
. RADOMSKI
, M.W. RADOMSKI
, D. REES
,
K. SANDAU
, M. SASAKI, G. SAWICKI, H.H.H.W
. SCHMIDT,
A.M
. SHAH, D.J. STUEHR
, P. VALLANCE, H.E
. VON DE
R LEYEN
,
A
. VON KNETHEN
, E.R
. WERNER
, D.A
. WINK, R. ZAMOR
A
EDITO
R
B. MAYE
R
SPRINGER
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
S
. MONCADA 1
SECTION I: CHEMISTRY
CHAPTE
R 1
THE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE. BALANCING NITRIC OXIDE
WITH OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS
D.A.
WINK
,
K.M.
MIRANDA,
M.G.
ESPEY,
J.B.
MITCHELL.
M.B.
GRISHAM,
J.
FUKUTO,
AND M.
FEELISCH.
WITH 8 FIGURES 7
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 7
B. DIREC
T EFFECTS 9
I. REACTION
S BETWEE
N N
O AND META
L COMPLEXES 9
II
. INTERACTIO
N OF N
O WITH METAL-OXYGE
N AND METAL-OX
O
COMPLEXES 11
III
. THE REACTIO
N OF N
O WITH RADICAL SPECIES 13
C. INDIRECT EFFECTS 14
D. NITROSATIVE STRESS 15
E. OXIDATIVE STRESS 18
F. NO/O
2
CHEMISTRY 21
G. CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 24
SECTION II: BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF NO SYNTHESIS AND
ACTION
CHAPTE
R 2
ENZYMOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASES
DJ
.
STUEHR
AND S.
GHOSH
.
WITH 14 FIGURES 33
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 33
B. NO
S STRUCTURE-FUNCTIO
N 33
I. DOMAI
N ORGANIZATIO
N 33
XIV CONTENTS
II. NOS OXYGENASE DOMAINS AND MUTAGENESIS 35
1. ARG-BINDING SITE 36
2. H
4
BIOPTERIN-BINDING SITE 38
3. N-TERMINAL HAIRPIN LOOP 41
4. NOS CYSTEINES AND METAL BINDING 42
III. NOS REDUCTASE DOMAINS 43
1. GENERAL FEATURES 43
2. CATALYTIC PROPERTIES AND RESPONSE T
O CAM 44
3. MUTAGENESIS 45
IV. CAM ACTIVATION OF NOS 47
1. MECHANISM OF ACTION 47
2. STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF CAM BINDING 47
V. NOS DOMAIN INTERACTIONS 48
C. CATALYSIS OF NO SYNTHESIS FROM L-ARG 49
I. HEME-N
O COMPLEX FORMATION 49
1. NOS PARTITIONING INTO AN NO-BOUND FORM DURING
CATALYSIS 49
2. IMPACT OF NO COMPLEX FORMATION ON NOS
CATALYSIS 49
3. THE NO COMPLEX AND NOS O
2
RESPONSE 50
II. THE ACTIVE CATALYTIC CYCLE 51
1. STEPS INVOLVED, O
2
, BINDING AND ACTIVATION 51
2. NOS HEME IRON REDUCTION 52
3. CONTROL OF HEME REDUCTION BY H
4
B AND ARG 53
III. ENZYME STRUCTURAL FEATURES THAT MAY IMPACT ON
NO SYNTHESIS 54
IV. ROLES FOR HEME AND H
4
B 56
D. CONTROL MECHANISMS AND TARGETING 58
I. NOS DIMERIZATION 58
1. STEPWISE ASSEMBLY MECHANISM 58
2. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REGULATION 59
II. IS NOS OXYGENASE DOMAIN STRUCTURE MODIFIED BY
DIMERIZATION, H
4
B BINDING, OR BOTH? 59
III. ANOTHE
R TYPE OF N
O INHIBITION 60
IV. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NOS AND OTHER PROTEINS 60
1. PDZ
, PIN 60
2. CAVEOLINS 61
3. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 62
4. KALIRIN 62
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTE
R 3
REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY
U
. FORSTERMANN 7
1
CONTENTS XV
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 71
B. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE I 73
I. CELLULAR EXPRESSION OF NOS-I 73
II
. REGULATIO
N OF NOS-I EXPRESSION 73
III
. REGULATIO
N OF NOS-I ACTIVITY 74
C. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE II 75
I. CELLULAR EXPRESSION OF NOS-II 75
II
. REGULATIO
N OF NOS-I
I EXPRESSION 75
III
. REGULATIO
N OF NOS-II ACTIVITY 78
D. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE III 79
I. CELLULAR EXPRESSION OF NOS-III 79
II. REGULATIO
N OF NOS-III EXPRESSION 79
III
. REGULATION OF NOS-II
I ACTIVITY 81
E. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 82
REFERENCES 83
CHAPTE
R 4
ENZYMOLOGY OF SOLUBLE GUANYLYL CYCLASE
D.
KOESLING
AND A.
FRIEBE.
WITH 4 FIGURES 93
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 93
B. REGULATIO
N OF SG
C 94
I. NO
, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATO
R OF SG
C 94
II. MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION OF SG
C BY N
O 96
III
. TERMINATION OF TH
E NO-INDUCE
D ACTIVATION 96
IV. CO
: A PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATO
R OF SGC
? 98
V. REDOX REGULATION OF SGC
? 98
VI
. MODULATOR
S OF SG
C 99
1. ODQ
: AN INHIBITOR OF THE STIMULATED ACTIVITY OF
SG
C 99
2. YC-1
: A NOVEL ACTIVATO
R OF SG
C 99
C. STRUCTUR
E OF SG
C 101
I. ISOFORMS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION 101
II. PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND HOMOLOGY AMONG THE SUBUNITS
OFSG
C V ^ 102
III. THE REGULATORY HEME-BINDIN
G DOMAIN 102
IV. CATALYTIC DOMAIN 103
D. CONCLUSIONS 105
REFERENCES 105
CHAPTE
R 5
NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS I:
SUBSTRATE ANALOGS AND HEME LIGANDS
J.F.
PARKINSON.
WITH 4 FIGURES IL
L
XVI CONTENTS
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N IL
L
I. THERAPEUTI
C CONCEPT
S FOR NO
S INHIBITOR
S IL
L
II
. NOS-KNOCKOU
T MICE 112
B. MECHANISM-BASE
D NO
S INHIBITOR
S 114
I. SUBSTRATE-BASE
D NO
S INHIBITOR
S 114
1. ARGININ
E ANALOG
S 114
2. AMIDINE-CONTAININ
G INHIBITOR
S 119
3. SUMMAR
Y FOR SUBSTRAT
E ANALOG
S 124
II
. HEM
E LIGAND
S 124
1. SUMMAR
Y FOR HEM
E LIGAND
S 127
III
. TOWARD
S RATIONA
L DESIG
N OF NO
S INHIBITOR
S 127
REFERENCE
S 129
CHAPTE
R 6
NITRIC-OXIDE-SYNTHASE INHIBITORS II - PTERIN ANTAGONISTS/
ANTI-PTERINS
E.R
.
WERNE
R
AN
D H.H.H.W
.
SCHMIDT.
WITH 6 FIGURE
S 137
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 137
B. H
4
B DEPENDENC
E OF TH
E NO
S REACTIO
N 137
I. NOS-ASSOCIATE
D H
4
B 138
II
. ALLOSTERI
C AN
D STABILISING EFFECTS 138
III
. POSSIBLE ELECTRON-TRANSFE
R ROL
E 138
IV. TH
E PTERIN-BINDIN
G SITE 140
C. PTERIN-BASE
D INHIBITIO
N O
F NO
S 140
I. MANIPULATIN
G INTRACELLULA
R H
4
B LEVELS 140
II
. APPROACHE
S T
O PTERI
N ANTAGONIST
S 141
III
. 4-AMINO-H
4
B 142
1. EFFECTS OF 4-AMINO-H
4
B ON PURIFIED ENZYME
S 142
2. EFFECTS OF 4-AMINO-H
4
B ON CULTURE
D CELLS 144
3. EFFECTS OF 4-AMINO-H
4
B IN ANIMAL
S 144
I
V FURTHE
R 4-AMINOPTERIDINE
S 145
1. TH
E 4-AMIN
O FUNCTIO
N 145
2. TH
E 2, 5 AN
D 7 POSITION
S 145
3. TH
E C6 SIDE CHAI
N AN
D PTERI
N EXOSIT
E 147
4. CONCLUSIO
N 149
V. 4-OXOPTERIDINE
S AS INHIBITOR
S OF NO
S 149
1. SPECIFICITY AN
D TH
E ANTI-PTERIN-BINDIN
G DOMAI
N 151
2. TYPE-I AN
D -II ANTI-PTERIN
S 151
3. 4-OX
O ANTI-PTERIN
S IN INTAC
T CELLS 153
4. CONCLUSION
S 153
D. OUTLOO
K 154
REFERENCE
S 155
CONTENTS XVII
CHAPTE
R 7
MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESISTANCE AGAINST NITRIC OXIDE
B.
BRUNE
, ANDREAS VON KNETHEN,
AND K.
SANDAU.
WITH 3 FIGURES 159
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 159
I. CELL DEATH
: APOPTOSI
S VERSUS NECROSIS 159
II
. NO
: FORMATIO
N AND SIGNALING 161
B. CYTOTOXICITY OF NITRIC OXIDE 161
I. NO-MEDIATE
D CYTOTOXICITY/APOPTOSIS 161
II. APOPTOTIC-SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: P53 ACCUMULATION AND
CASPASE ACTIVATION 162
C. RESISTANCE AGAINST NO* -MEDIATED TOXICITY 164
I. ANTAGONIS
M BY BCL-2-FAMILY MEMBER
S 164
II
. PROTECTIO
N BY NO* AND O
2
CO-GENERATIO
N 164
III
. PROTECTIV
E PROTEI
N EXPRESSION 166
IV. CGM
P FORMATIO
N AND PROTEIN THIOL MODIFICATION 167
D. CONCLUSIONS 169
REFERENCE
S 171
SECTION III: PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF N
O
CHAPTER 8
NITRIC OXIDE AND REGULATION OF VASCULAR TONE
R.
BUSS
E
AN
D I.
FLEMING.
WITH 3 FIGURES 179
A. REGULATION OF VASCULAR TONE 179
B. ENDOTHELIA
L NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE 1 SO
I. CA
2+
-DEPENDEN
T ENO
S ACTIVATION 181
1. THE INTERACTION OF ENO
S WITH CAM 181
2. THE INTERACTIO
N OF ENO
S WITH CAVEOLIN-1 182
3. OTHE
R MODULATOR
S OF ENO
S ACTIVITY 183
A) ENDOTHELIAL NOS-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-1 183
B) HSP90 183
C) PHOSPHORYLATION 184
II. CA
:
*-INDEPENDEN
T ENO
S ACTIVATION 185
III. THE LINK BETWEEN FLUID SHEAR STRESS AND
N
O PRODUCTION 186
C. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF N
O ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE 187
I. EFFECTS OF N
O ON [CA
], 187
II. EFFECTS OF NO ON CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERAS
E
III 189
XVIII CONTENTS
III
. EFFECTS OF N
O ON OTHE
R SYSTEMS INVOLVE
D IN TH
E CONTRO
L
OF VASCULAR TONE 190
1. ENDOTHELIN-
1 190
2. NORADRENALIN
E 190
3. N
O AN
D IRON-CONTAININ
G PROTEIN
S 191
4. N
O AN
D MITOCHONDRIA
L RESPIRATIO
N 191
IV. DINITROSY
L IRO
N COMPLEXES
, NITROSOTHIOL-CONTAININ
G PROTEIN
S
AN
D VASCULAR TONE 192
D. N
O AN
D TH
E CONTRO
L OF BLOO
D FLOW 193
I. INTERACTIO
N BETWEE
N N
O AN
D O
2
195
II. N
O AN
D 20-HET
E 197
REFERENCE
S 198
CHAPTE
R 9
REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION BY NITRIC OXIDE
J.-L.
BALLIGAND.
WITH 1 FIGURE 207
A. INTRODUCTION 207
B. SPECIFICS ON CARDIAC NOS BIOLOGY 207
I. WHICH ISOFORM(S)? 207
II. HOW ARE THEY REGULATED? 209
1. ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE 209
A) EXPRESSIONAL CONTROL 209
B) ACUTE REGULATION OF ACTIVITY 210
A. MECHANICAL FORCES 210
P. BEATING RATE 210
Y.
P-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS 211
5. MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS 211
E. ACUTE EFFECT OF CYTOKINES 212
2. INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE 213
A) EXPRESSIONAL CONTROL 213
B) ACUTE REGULATION OF ACTIVITY 213
C. INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF NO IN
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS 214
I. CYCLIC GMP-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS 214
1. CONTRACTION-ENHANCING MECHANISMS 214
2. CONTRACTION-DECREASING MECHANISMS 217
II. CYCLIC GMP-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS 218
1. CONTRACTION-ENHANCING MECHANISMS 218
2. CONTRACTION-DECREASING MECHANISMS 218
D. REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION BY ENOS 219
I. BASAL SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC FUNCTION 219
II. REGULATION OF /J-ADRENERGIC RESPONSE 220
III. REGULATION OF MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RESPONSE 221
CONTENTS XIX
E
. REGULATIO
N OF CARDIA
C FUNCTIO
N BY INO
S 222
I. BASAL CONTRACTIL
E FUNCTIO
N 223
II
. REGULATIO
N OF /J-ADRENERGIC RESPONS
E 224
III
. INO
S AN
D CARDIOMYOCYTE BIOLOGY 224
F. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 225
REFERENCE
S 226
CHAPTE
R 10
REGULATION OF PLATELET FUNCTION
L.
MCNAUGHTON,
A.
RADOMSKI,
G.
SAWICKI.
AND M.W.
RADOMSKI
235
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 235
I. PLATELET RHEOLOGY 235
II
. PLATELET CONTRO
L 235
B. NITRIC OXIDE 236
I. N
O IN PLATELETS
: TH
E QUES
T 236
II
. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLATELET NO
S 236
III
. REGULATIO
N OF N
O GENERATIO
N IN PLATELET
MICROENVIRONMEN
T 237
1. CELL ACTIVATION 237
2. ROLE OF SUBSTRAT
E 238
3. ROLE OF CO-FACTORS 238
4. RHEOLOGY 238
IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF N
O ON PLATELETS 238
1. EFFECTS OF N
O ON PLATELET FUNCTION IN VITRO 238
2. EFFECTS OF N
O ON PLATELET FUNCTION IN VIVO 239
3
. N
O IN SYNERGISTIC REGULATION OF PLATELET FUNCTION 239
V. THE MECHANISMS OF N
O ACTION ON PLATELETS 239
C. THE ROLE OF N
O IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VASCULAR DISORDERS
ASSOCIATE
D WITH PLATELET ACTIVATION 241
I. PATHOMECHANIS
M 241
II. ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THROMBOSIS AND HYPERTENSIO
N 242
III
. DIABETE
S MELLITUS AND STRESS 242
IV. PRE-ECLAMPSIA 243
V. SEPTICAEMIA 243
VI
. URAEMI
A 244
VII.
CANCER 244
D. PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATIO
N OF FORMATION AND ACTION OF N
O
ON PLATELETS 244
I. L-ARGININE 244
II. STIMULATORS OF NO
S 245
III
. INHIBITORS OF NOS AND NO SCAVENGERS 245
IV. N
O GA
S 246
V. N
O DONOR
S 246
XX CONTENTS
VI. NOVEL N
O DONORS 248
VII. NO-INDEPENDEN
T ACTIVATORS OF GC-S 249
E
. CONCLUSIONS 249
REFERENCES 249
CHAPTE
R 11
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
J.
GARTHWAITE
259
A. INTRODUCTION 259
B. ACUTE ACTIONS OF NO 261
I. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 261
II. GA
P JUNCTIONS 263
III.
LOCAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 264
IV. GLIAL CELLS 265
C. N
O AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 266
I. SHORT-TERM PLASTICITY 266
II. LONG-TERM POTENTIATION 267
III. LONG-TERM DEPRESSION 268
D. N
O AND DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY 268
E. CONCLUDING REMARKS 270
REFERENCES 270
CHAPTE
R 12
THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
W.
MARTIN
277
A. INTRODUCTION 277
I. NOMENCLATURE 277
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 277
III.
THE CONCEPT OF NON-ADRENERGIC, NON-CHOLINERGIC
NEUROTRANSMISSION 278
IV. THE CONCEPT OF NITRERGIC NERVES 279
B. PROPERTIES OF NITRERGIC NERVES 281
I. PROPERTIES OF NNOS 281
II
. LOCALISATION OF NNOS IN NITRERGIC NERVES 281
III.
ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
OF NITRERGIC NERVES 282
IV. UNITARY TRANSMISSION, DUAL TRANSMISSION AND
CO-TRANSMISSION 283
C. NATURE OF THE NITRERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTER 284
I. PREDICTED DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON
NERVE-DERIVED AND BATH-APPLIED N
O 285
CONTENTS XXI
II
. EVIDENCE THA
T THE NITRERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTE
R IS A NO-LIKE
OR NO-RELEASIN
G MOLECULE 285
III
. EVIDENC
E THA
T N
O IS THE NITRERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTE
R AND IS
PROTECTE
D FROM INACTIVATION 287
D. PRE-JUNCTIONA
L MECHANISMS 289
I. ACTIVATIO
N OF NITRERGIC NERVES 289
II
. ROLE OF CA
2+
IN ACTIVATION OF NITRERGIC NERVES 289
III
. PRE-JUNCTIONAL AUGMENTATIO
N OF NITRERGIC TRANSMISSION 290
IV. BLOCKADE OF NITRERGIC TRANSMISSION BY INHIBITION
OF NOS 291
E
. NERVE-NERV
E INTERACTION
S 293
I. NITRERGIC-ADRENERGI
C INTERACTION
S 293
II
. NITRERGIC-CHOLINERGI
C INTERACTION
S 293
III
. NITRERGIC-NAN
C INTERACTION
S 294
F. JUNCTIONA
L AND POST-JUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS 295
I. SCAVENGERS OF N
O 295
II
. BLOCKADE OF SOLUBLE GUANYLAT
E CYCLASE 295
III
. POST-JUNCTIONAL POTENTIATIO
N OF NITRERGIC TRANSMISSION 296
G. POST-JUNCTIONAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY 297
I. ROL
E OF CYCLIC GM
P 297
II
. INHIBITION OF CALCIUM MOBILISATION 297
III
. ROLE OF MEMBRAN
E HYPERPOLARISATIO
N 298
H
. CONCLUDING REMARK
S 299
REFERENCE
S 299
CHAPTE
R 13
NITRIC OXIDE AND NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION
P.
NAVARRA,
A.
COSTA,
AND A.
GROSSMAN.
WITH 4 FIGURES 315
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 315
B. N
O BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTION 315
C. PHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHALAMI
C N
O 317
I. VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN 317
II
. CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASIN
G HORMON
E AND THE
HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-ADRENA
L AXIS 318
III
. HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-GONADA
L AXIS 320
IV. OTHE
R HORMONAL SYSTEMS 322
REFERENCE
S 323
XXII CONTENTS
CHAPTE
R 14
THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN KIDNEY FUNCTION
E.
HACKENTHAL.
WITH 6 FIGURES 329
A. INTRODUCTION 329
B. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ISOFORMS IN THE KIDNEY 329
C. DISTRIBUTION OF NOS IN THE KIDNEY 330
I.DISTRIBUTION OF NOS IN THE RENAL VASCULATURE 330
II. DISTRIBUTION OF NOS IN RENAL TUBULES 331
III. DISTRIBUTION OF NOS IN RENAL NERVES 333
D. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF N
O 333
I. ROLE OF NO IN THE REGULATION OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW 333
1. ENDOGENOUS MEDIATORS OF N
O RELEASE 333
2. INHIBITORS OF NOS 334
II
. ROLE OF N
O IN GLOMERULAR CIRCULATION 335
III. ROLE OF NO IN RENAL AUTOREGULATION 336
1. THE MYOGENIC RESPONSE AND N
O 338
2. NO AND TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK 338
IV. ROLE OF N
O IN THE CONTROL OF MEDULLARY BLOOD FLOW
AND PRESSURE NATRIURESIS 341
E. TUBULAR FUNCTIONS OF N
O 342
F. NO, RENIN SECRETION AND RENIN SYNTHESIS 343
I. NO AS A STIMULATOR OF RENIN SECRETION 344
II. NO AND PRESSURE CONTROL OF RENIN RELEASE 344
III. NO, RENAL NERVES AND RENIN RELEASE 347
IV. NO AND MACULA-DENSA-MEDIATED RENIN SECRETION 348
V. NO, PROSTAGLANDINS AND RENIN SYNTHESIS 350
G. CONCLUDING REMARKS 352
REFERENCES 353
SECTION IV: THE ROLE OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF NO IN
HUMAN DISEASE
CHAPTER 15
THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE OF NITROVASODILATORS
G.
KOJDA.
WITH 3 FIGURES 365
A. INTRODUCTION 365
B. MECHANISMS OF ACTION 367
C. HEMODYNAMIC ACTIONS 368
I. PREFERENTIAL VENODILATION 368
II. VESSEL-SIZE-SELECTIVE CORONARY VASODILATION 369
III. EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE 370
IV. OTHER EFFECTS ON HEMODYNAMICS 371
CONTENTS XXIII
V. EFFECTS ON PLATELETS 371
D. PHARMACOKINETIC
S 372
E
. CLINICAL USE 373
I. EFFECTS IN STABLE ANGINA 373
1. TREATMENT AND SHORT-TERM PREVENTION OF ANGINAL
ATTACK
S 374
2. LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA 374
II
. EFFECTS IN UNSTABL
E ANGINA 374
III
. EFFECTS IN ACUT
E MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 375
I
V EFFECTS IN HEAR
T FAILURE 375
V. EFFECTS IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDER
S 376
VI
. EFFECTS ON THE UTERU
S 376
F. NITRAT
E TOLERANCE 377
G. SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATION
S 378
REFERENCE
S 378
CHAPTE
R 16
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NOS INHIBITORS IN SEPTIC SHOCK
P
.
VALLANCE,
D
.
REES
,
AND S.
MONCADA.
WITH 5 FIGURES 385
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 385
B. CLINICAL FEATURE
S OF SEPSIS 385
I. CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES 386
II
. TISSUE OXYGENATION 386
III
. TISSUE AND ORGAN DAMAG
E 386
C. N
O IN EXPERIMENTA
L MODELS OF SHOCK 387
I. CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES 388
II
. TISSUE OXYGENATION 388
III
. TISSUE AN
D ORGAN DAMAG
E 389
D. N
O IN CLINICAL SEPSIS 390
I. INOS INDUCTION IN HUMAN
S 391
II
. CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES 391
III
. TISSUE OXYGENATION 393
IV. TISSUE AND ORGAN DAMAG
E 393
E. OUTCOM
E STUDIES 394
F. CONCLUSIONS 394
REFERENCES 395
CHAPTE
R 17
INHALATION THERAPY WITH NITRIC OXIDE GAS
D.
KEH
.
H.
GERLACH.
AND K.
FALKE.
WITH 7 FIGURES 399
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 399
B. THERAP
Y WITH N
O GA
S 400
XXIV CONTENTS
I. N
O INHALATION IN ARD
S PATIENTS 400
1. INTRODUCTION 400
2. ACUTE EFFECTS OF NO INHALATION IN PATIENTS WITH
ARD
S 401
3. N
O INHALATION AND NON-CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY
EDEMA 404
4. DOSE-RESPONS
E RELATIONSHIP OF N
O INHALATION 404
5. EFFECTS OF NO INHALATION ON RIGHT HEAR
T FUNCTION 408
6. N
O NON-RESPONDERS 409
7. N
O DEPENDENCY 409
8. RECENT STUDIES OF N
O INHALATION IN ARD
S 410
II. N
O INHALATION IN PPHN 412
III. N
O INHALATION IN OTHE
R DISEASES 414
IV. N
O AUTOINHALATION 415
C. NO METABOLISM, TOXICOLOGY, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS 417
I. NO UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE 417
II. N
O AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE 417
III. NO, SUPEROXIDE, AND PEROXYNITRITE 419
IV. N
O AND S-NITROSOTHIOLS 422
1. METHEMOGLOBIN 422
D. N
O ADMINISTRATION 424
I. THE NO/NITROGEN GAS MIXTURE 424
II. DELIVERY OF NO 425
III. MONITORING OF NO INHALATION 429
1. CHEMILUMINESCENCE 429
2. ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYZERS 430
REFERENCES 432
CHAPTE
R 18
THE FUNCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
C.
BOGDAN
443
A. INTRODUCTION 443
B. TYPE-2 NOS (NOS-II, INOS) AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 444
I. CELL TYPES 444
II. INDUCTION AND REGULATION 444
1. OVERVIEW 444
2. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION 447
3. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REGULATION OF NOS-II BY
CYTOKINES, LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS,
AND MICROBIAL PRODUCTS 449
A) CYTOKINES 449
B) CROSS-LINKING OF CELL-SURFACE RECEPTORS 451
C) MICROBIAL PRODUCTS 451
CONTENTS XXV
III
. FUNCTIONS 453
1. OVERVIEW 453
2. ANTIMICROBIAL FUNCTIONS 453
A) RESULTS FROM HOST-CELL-FREE EXPERIMENT
S AND
STUDIES IN RODENT
S 453
B) N
O AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL MOLECULE IN HUMAN
S 456
C) INTERACTION BETWEEN N
O AND OTHE
R ANTIMICROBIAL
EFFECTOR PATHWAYS 457
3. ANTI-TUMOR FUNCTION 459
4. AUTOTOXIC FUNCTION
S 460
5. REGULATORY FUNCTIONS 461
A) REGULATION OF PROLIFERATION. APOPTOSIS AND SURVIVAL.
AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF LYMPHOCYTES 462
B) MODULATION OF CYTOKINE RESPONSES 463
A.
N
O AND IL-12 465
C) LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS AND ADHESION 466
D) IMMUN
E (T-HELPER CELL) DEVIATION 466
C. OTHE
R NO
S ISOFORMS AND PERSPECTIVE 467
REFERENCE
S 468
CHAPTE
R 19
NITRIC OXIDE: A TRUE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR
R.
ZAMORA
AND T.R.
BILLIAR
493
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 493
I. BIOSYNTHESIS OF N
O 493
B. N
O AND INFLAMMATION 494
I. THE CHEMICAL MEDIATOR
S OF THE VASCULAR RESPONSE 495
II. N
O AN
D THE VASCULAR RESPONSE T
O INJURY 496
III
. N
O IN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES 498
IV. N
O AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES 499
V N
O AND ARACHIDONI
C ACID METABOLITES 501
C. N
O IN IMMUNITY AND CHRONICALLY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 502
I. N
O AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 502
II. N
O AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES 506
III
. INDUCED N
O IN ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS 508
D. CONCLUSIONS 510
REFERENCES 511
CHAPTE
R 20
NITRIC OXIDE IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
V.
BURKART
AND H.
KOI.B
525
A. INTRODUCTIO
N 525
XXVI CONTENTS
B. TYPE 1 DIABETES 525
I. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS 525
II. STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 1
DIABETES 526
III. CELLULAR IMMUNE REACTIONS AGAINST PANCREATIC ISLET
CELLS 527
C. NO AS A MAJOR PATHOGENETIC FACTOR IN IMMUNE-MEDIATED
DIABETES 528
I. CELLULAR SOURCES OF /3-CELL-DAMAGING N
O 528
1. MACROPHAGES 528
2. ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 529
3.
P
CELLS 529
II. PRIMARY TARGET STRUCTURES OF NO IN THE /3 CELL 530
1. MITOCHONDRIA 530
2. NUCLEAR DNA 530
III. PATHWAYS OF NO-INDUCED /3-CELL DEATH 531
1. MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE 531
2. APOPTOTIC PATHWAY 531
3. POLY(ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE-RIBOSE)POLYMERASE
DEPENDENT PATHWAY 532
D. OPEN ISSUES 533
E. STRATEGIES TO PROTECT ISLET CELLS FROM NO-INDUCED DAMAGE 534
I. SUPPRESSION OF N
O FORMATION 534
II. IMPROVEMENT OF /3-CELL DEFENSE MECHANISMS 535
III. INHIBITION OF THE PARP-DEPENDENT PATHWAY 536
IV. REGULATION OF THL/TH2 BALANCE IN ISLET INFLAMMATION 536
F. CONCLUDING REMARKS 537
REFERENCES 538
CHAPTE
R 21
THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN CARDIAC ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION
P.A.
MACCARTHY
AND A.M.
SHAH.
WITH 2 FIGURES 545
A. INTRODUCTION 545
B. CONSEQUENCES OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION 546
C. INTERACTION BETWEEN NO AND ROS 547
D. POTENTIAL WAYS IN WHICH N
O AND ONO
O MAY INFLUENCE
MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION 547
I. CHANGES IN CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND VESSEL-BLOOD CELL
INTERACTIONS 550
II. DIRECT EFFECTS OF NO AND ONO
O ON MYOCARDIUM 550
E. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 551
I. POST-ISCHAEMIC ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION 551
II. MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION 552
CONTENTS XXVII
1. N
O AS A BENEFICIAL AGENT 552
A) POST-ISCHAEMIC CONTRACTILE FUNCTION 552
A.
BUFFER-PERFUSED PREPARATION
S 556
P.
BLOOD/NEUTROPHIL-PERFUSED PREPARATION
S 557
B
) MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 557
C) REPERFUSION-INDUCE
D ARRHYTHMI
A 558
2. N
O AS A DELETERIOU
S AGEN
T 559
F. REASON
S FOR CONFLICTING EXPERIMENTA
L RESULTS 561
G. N
O AND ISCHAEMIC PRECONDITIONIN
G 562
H
. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 563
REFERENCES 564
CHAPTE
R 22
NITRIC OXIDE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
H.
BULT,
K. E
.
MATTHYS,
AND M.M.
KOCKX
571
A
. INTRODUCTIO
N 571
B. STAGES OF INTIMAL THICKENING AND ATHEROSCLEROSI
S 571
I. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL INTIMA: THE SOIL FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS 571
II
. SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF ATHEROSCLEROSI
S 572
III
. ACCELERATE
D ATHEROSCLEROSIS 572
C. PATHOGENI
C MECHANISMS 573
I. THE INITIATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSI
S 573
II
. REMODELIN
G OF THE ARTER
Y 574
III
. PLAQU
E STABILITY 575
D. DYSFUNCTION OF ENO
S SIGNALING IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS 575
I. IMPAIRE
D RELAXATION IN ISOLATED ARTERIE
S 575
II
. IN VIVO STUDIES OF THE ENO
S DEFECT IN ATHEROSCLEROTI
C
ARTERIE
S 576
III
. THE SYSTEMIC NATUR
E OF THE DEFECTIVE ENO
S SIGNALING 576
E. EXPLANATION
S FOR TH
E DEFECTIVE ENOS-SIGNALING PATHWAY 577
I. ENDOTHELIA
L RECEPTO
R DYSFUNCTION 577
II. EXPRESSION OF ENO
S MRNA AND PROTEIN 578
III
. TH
B DEFICIENCY 579
IV. ARGININE AVAILABILITY 579
1. CONDUIT ARTERIE
S WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS 579
2. CONDUIT ARTERIE
S WITHOUT OVER
T ATHEROSCLEROSIS 580
3. ARTERIOLE
S WITHOUT OVERT ATHEROSCLEROSI
S 580
4. POSSIBLE EXPLANATION
S FOR THE ARGININE PARADOX 580
V. ENDOGENOU
S NO
S ANTAGONIST
S 581
VI
. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK BY N
O DERIVED FROM INOS 582
VII
. SUPEROXIDE ANION INACTIVATES N
O 582
F. EXPRESSION OF INOS 584
I. INOS EXPRESSION IN ATHEROSCLEROSI
S 584
XXVIII CONTENTS
II. MECHANICAL INJURY AND INOS EXPRESSION 585
G. NO: A RADICAL WITH ANTI-ATHEROGENIC PROPERTIES 585
I. IN VITRO STUDIES 585
1. INTERFERENCE WITH OXIDATIVE PROCESSES 585
2. MAINTENANCE OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION 587
3. INTERFERENCE WITH LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT 587
4. ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTION OF N
O 587
5. ANTIPLATELET EFFECTS OF N
O 588
II. IN VIVO STUDIES 588
1. INHIBITION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS 588
2. INHIBITION OF INTIMAL THICKENING BY NO 590
A) NEOINTIMA FORMATION AFTER BALLOON DENUDATION 590
B) INTIMAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO PERIVASCULAR
MANIPULATION 591
3. INHIBITION OF INTIMAL HYPERPLASIA IN VEIN GRAFTS 592
4. INHIBITION OF INTIMAL HYPERPLASIA INDUCED BY BALLOON
ANGIOPLASTY 592
5. STIMULATION OF COMPENSATORY REMODELING 592
H. NO: A RADICAL PROMOTER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 593
I. PEROXYNITRITE FORMATION 593
II. LDL OXIDATION 594
III. OXIDATIVE CELL INJURY 594
IV N
O AND APOPTOSIS 595
1. NO AS AN INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS IN THE NORMAL ARTERIAL
WALL 595
2. NO AS AN INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS 596
A) PARP- AND NO-INDUCED DNA REPAIR AND
APOPTOSIS 596
B) P53/P21 AND NO-INDUCED DNA REPAIR AND
APOPTOSIS 596
3. NO, APOPTOSIS AND PLAQUE STABILITY 597
V. MATRIX BREAKDOWN 598
I. SUMMARY 598
REFERENCES 599
CHAPTE
R 23
NITRIC OXIDE IN BRAIN ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY
M.
SASAKI,
T.M.
DAWSON,
AND V.L.
DAWSON.
WITH 2 FIGURES 619
A. INTRODUCTION 619
B. NEURONAL NOS 619
C. ENDOTHELIAL NOS 623
D. IMMUNOLOGIC NOS 626
E
. THE ROLE OF NO IN FOCAL ISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE 627
CONTENTS XXIX
F. TARGETS OF N
O 629
G. SUMMARY 631
REFERENCES 631
CHAPTE
R 24
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE GENE MANIPULATION
H.E
.
VON DER LEYEN
AND V.J.
DZAL
.
WITH 1 FIGURE 639
A. GENERA
L PRINCIPLES OF GEN
E THERAPY 639
B. GAIN OF FUNCTION 640
I. OVEREXPRESSION OF TH
E NO
S GEN
E 640
1. OVEREXPRESSION OF ENDOTHELIAL CONSTITUTIVE NOS 641
2. OVEREXPRESSION OF INDUCIBLE NO
S 644
C. LOSS OF FUNCTION 646
I. INHIBITION OF NO
S BY ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY 646
D. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS WITH DISRUPTED NO
S GEN
E 647
E. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTI
C APPLICATIONS OF NO
S GEN
E TRANSFER 649
REFERENCES 649
SUBJECT INDEX 655
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133575799 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012808005 |
| classification_rvk | XI 1701 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)231850593 (DE-599)BVBBV012808005 |
| discipline | Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV012808005 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:34:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540661220 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008711159 |
| oclc_num | 231850593 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-578 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-578 |
| physical | XXIX, 667 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Handbook of experimental pharmacology |
| series2 | Handbook of experimental pharmacology |
| spelling | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] contributors J.-L. Balligand ... Ed. B. Mayer Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2000 XXIX, 667 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Handbook of experimental pharmacology 143 Nitric Oxide cabt Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd rswk-swf Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd rswk-swf Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd rswk-swf Stickstoffmonoxid (DE-588)4183282-6 gnd rswk-swf Stickstoffoxide (DE-588)4057516-0 gnd rswk-swf Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Stickstoffoxide (DE-588)4057516-0 s Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 s DE-604 Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 s Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 s Stickstoffmonoxid (DE-588)4183282-6 s Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 s Mayer, Bernd 1959- Sonstige (DE-588)133575799 oth Balligand, Jean-Luc Sonstige oth Handbook of experimental pharmacology 143 (DE-604)BV002390716 143 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008711159&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] Handbook of experimental pharmacology Nitric Oxide cabt Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd Stickstoffmonoxid (DE-588)4183282-6 gnd Stickstoffoxide (DE-588)4057516-0 gnd Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045981-0 (DE-588)4045687-0 (DE-588)4044898-8 (DE-588)4183282-6 (DE-588)4057516-0 (DE-588)4076124-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] |
| title_auth | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] |
| title_exact_search | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] |
| title_full | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] contributors J.-L. Balligand ... Ed. B. Mayer |
| title_fullStr | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] contributors J.-L. Balligand ... Ed. B. Mayer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitric oxide [with 34 tables] contributors J.-L. Balligand ... Ed. B. Mayer |
| title_short | Nitric oxide |
| title_sort | nitric oxide with 34 tables |
| title_sub | [with 34 tables] |
| topic | Nitric Oxide cabt Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd Stickstoffmonoxid (DE-588)4183282-6 gnd Stickstoffoxide (DE-588)4057516-0 gnd Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nitric Oxide Physiologie Pharmakologie Pathophysiologie Stickstoffmonoxid Stickstoffoxide Physiologische Chemie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008711159&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002390716 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mayerbernd nitricoxidewith34tables AT balligandjeanluc nitricoxidewith34tables |