Sulfur dioxide: applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Pergamon Press
1966
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sulfur dioxide |b applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals |c by Louis C. Schroeter |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127366863126528 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Sulfur dioxide
Autor: SCHROETER, LUIS C.
Jahr: 1966
CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1—Preparation and Properties 1
I. Preparation 1
A. Laboratory Preparation 1
B. Sulfur Burning 1
C. Pyrite Roasting 4
D. Gypsum Reduction 5
E. Reduction of Sulfuric Acid 6
F. Preparation of Sulfurous Acid Salts 6
G. Thermal Decomposition of Sulfites and Pyrosulfites 7
II. Properties 7
A. Gaseous Sulfur Dioxide 7
B. Liquid Sulfur Dioxide 8
C. Solubility of Sulfur Dioxide in Nonaqueous Systems 9
D. Partition of Sulfur Dioxide between Water and Immiscible
Solvents 10
E. Aqueous Sulfur Dioxide 10
F. Solution of Sulfurous Acid Salts 14
G. Ionization Constants 17
H. Ultraviolet Spectra 18
I. Fluorescence Spectra 21
J. Infrared Spectra and Molecular Constants 21
K. Raman Spectra 22
L. Rotational and Microwave Spectra 23
M. Mass Spectra and Shock Tube Studies 23
N. Electron Spin Resonance Data 24
O. Structure of Sulfite and Pyrosulfite Ions 24
P. Thennodynamic Properties and Solubilities of Sulfites 25
Q. Radioactive and O18 Labeled Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfites 27
References 28
Chapter 2—Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 34
I. Chamber Process for Sulfuric Acid Manufacture 34
II. Contact Process for Sulfuric Acid Manufacture 38
V
VI CONTENTS
III. Atmospheric Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 39
IV. Sulfite Oxidation in Aqueous Systems 40
A. Theoretical Aspects 40
B. Metal Ion Catalysis 51
C. Oxygen Absorption Rates in Catalyzed Sulfite Systems 52
D. Thiosulfate Catalysis of Sulfite Oxidation 54
E. Inhibition of Aqueous Sulfite Oxidation 55
V. Potentiometric Determination of Sulfite Oxidation Rates 62
VI. Fermentor Evaluation by Oxygen Absorption Rates 70
VII. Miscellaneous Applications of Aqueous Sulfite Systems 73
References 74
Chapter 3—Inorganic Reactions, Complexes and Clathrates 77
I. Inorganic Reactions 77
A. Hydrogen Peroxide 77
B. Anodic Oxidation of Sulfurous Acid 78
C. Iodine 78
D. Chlorine 79
E. Iodate 80
F. Landolt Clock Reaction 80
G. Bromate 81
H. Chlorate 82
I. Permanganate, Chromate and Arsenate 84
J. Nitrites and Nitrogen Oxides 84
K. Nitroprussides and Cyanides 86
L. Ferric Ion 86
M. Selenious and Tellurous Acid 87
N. Manganese Oxides 87
O. Sodium 88
P. Zinc 88
Q. Sulfur 89
R. Sulfur Halides 90
S. Sulfides and the Wackenrodcr Reaction 91
T. Polythionates 93
II. Complexes and Clathrates 94
A. Inorganic Complexes . 94
B. Organic Complexes 95
C. Gas Hydrates 97
D. Hydroquinone Clathrates 98
E. Phenol Clathrates 100
References 101
CONTENTS VU
Chapter 4—Organic Reactions 105
I. Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds 105
A. Aliphatic and Alicyclic Carbonyl Compounds 105
B. Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds 106
C. Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 109
D. Sugars 112
E. Applications of the Bisulfite-Carbonyl Reaction 116
II. Reactions with Alkenes and Alkynes 119
III. Reaction with Aromatic Nitro Compounds—The Piria Reaction 122
IV. Reaction with Benzyl Alcohols 137
V. The Bucherer Reaction 143
VI. Reaction with Disulfides 145
VII. The Strecker Reaction 148
A. Reaction with Halocarboxylic Acids and Esters 149
B. Bisulfite Reaction with Di- and Tri-halomethanes 150
C. Reaction with Trichloromethyl Sulfur Chloride 150
D. Reaction with Chloral Hydrate 151
E. Reaction with Alkylene Halides 151
F. Reaction with Aryl-substituted Alkyl Halides 151
VIII. Reaction with Aryl Halides 152
DC. Thiamine Reaction with Bisulfite 153
X. Oxidative Sulfonation of Phenols and Aniline 154
XI. Sulfomethylation 155
XII. Reaction of Sulfate Esters with Sulfite 155
XIII. Reactions with Diazo Compounds 156
XIV. Reactions of Sulfoxides and Sulfonyl Halides 156
XV. Sulfur Dioxide Reaction with Hydroxylamines and Grignard
Reagents 158
XVL Synthesis of a-Amino Sulfonic Acids 158
XVII. Miscellaneous Name Reactions 159
r£ferences 160
Chapter 5—Analytical 168
I. Atmospheric Monitoring 168
II. lodometric Methods 169
Vlii CONTENTS
III. Non-iodometric Oxidations 171
IV. Polarographic Methods 173
V. Colorimetry 173
VI. X-Ray and Optical Crystallography 176
VII. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 176
VIII. Infrared and Raman Spectrophotometry 177
IX. Chromatography 178
X. Qualitative Methods 180
XI. Special Methods for Foods 182
XII. Special Methods for Beverages 184
References 187
Chapter 6—Food and Beverage Applications 191
I. General Considerations 191
A. Introduction 191
B. Combinations of Sulfur Dioxide with other Antioxidants 192
C. Sulfite Distribution in Foods 193
D. Desulfitization 193
E. SO2 Effect on Proteins 194
F. SOa Effect on Thiamine 195
G. SO2 Effect on Sugars and other Carbonyl Constituents 196
H. SO2 Effect on Enzymatic Browning 200
I. SO2 Effect on Non-enzymatic Browning 200
II. Specific Applications 203
A. Meat, Fish and Milk 203
B. Fruits 204
C. Coconut 206
D. Sugared Fruits and Preserves 206
E. Cherries, Berries and Grapes 207
F. Sugars 208
G. Peppers and Tomatoes 208
H. Cabbage 209
I. Pumpkins and Squash 209
J. Beans and Peas 209
K. Root Vegetables 209
L. Flour and Starch 211
M. Corn and Ensilage 212
N. Citrus Juices 213
O. Cider 213
CONTENTS IX
P. Grape Juice 214
Q. Wine 215
R. Beer 219
References 221
Chapter 7—Pharmaceutical Applications 228
I. General Considerations 228
II. Antioxidant Requirements in Solution Formulations 228
III. Air and Oxygen Solubility in Aqueous Systems 229
IV. Oxygen Adsorption by Solid Drugs 230
V. Antioxidant Requirements in Pharmaceutical Suspensions 232
VI. Special Problems with Plastic Containers and Rubber Closures 234
VII. Formulation pH and Buffer Capacity 234
VIII. Solubility of Sulfur Dioxide and Its Salts in Aqueous Systems 235
IX. Relative Reducing Power of Sulfurous Acid Salts 236
X. Sodium Chloride Equivalents and Iso-osmotic Values for Sul-
furous Acid Salts 236
XI. Theoretical Aspects of Sulfite Antioxidant Activity 238
XII. Antioxidant Evaluation in Pharmaceutical Formulations 243
XIII. Detecting Sulfite Reactivity toward Formulation Components 244
XIV. The Unexpected Loss in Epinephrine Activity—An Example
of a Drug-Bisulfite Reaction 245
XV. The Use of Model Compounds to define the Mechanism of a
Drug-Bisulfite Reaction 248
XVI. New Preparative Reactions Revealed by Isolation and Cha-
racterization of Drug-Bisulfite Products 251
XVII. Kinetic and Mechanism Studies of Drug-Bisulfite Reactions
define Stability of the system 252
XVIII. Knowledge of Drug-Bisulfite Reaction Mechanism permits
Design of Appropriate Counter Measures 256
XDC. Specific Applications of Sulfite An tioxidants with Various Drugs 257
A. Sympathomimetic Amines 257
B. Sulfonamides 257
C. Antibiotics 257
la SD
X CONTENTS
D. Steroids 258
E. Miscellaneous Pharmacologic Agents 259
F. Vitamins 259
G. Local Anesthetics and Morphine 260
H. Heparin 261
References 261
Chapter 8—Toxicity 266
I. Government Regulations (U.S. and Foreign) 266
II. Plants 267
III. Animals 268
A. Inhalation 268
B. Topical 270
C. Oral 271
D. Parenteral 273
IV. Human 273
A. Inhalation 273
B. Topical 275
C. Oral 276
References 277
Author Index 281
Subject Index 301
|
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| spelling | Schroeter, Louis C. Verfasser aut Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals by Louis C. Schroeter 1. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Pergamon Press 1966 XIV, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schwefeldioxid swd Zusatzstoff swd Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Bibliography Sulphur Dioxide Bibliography (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008635523&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schroeter, Louis C. Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals Schwefeldioxid swd Zusatzstoff swd Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Bibliography Sulphur Dioxide Bibliography |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals |
| title_auth | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals |
| title_exact_search | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals |
| title_full | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals by Louis C. Schroeter |
| title_fullStr | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals by Louis C. Schroeter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sulfur dioxide applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals by Louis C. Schroeter |
| title_short | Sulfur dioxide |
| title_sort | sulfur dioxide applications in foods beverages and pharmaceuticals |
| title_sub | applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals |
| topic | Schwefeldioxid swd Zusatzstoff swd Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Bibliography Sulphur Dioxide Bibliography |
| topic_facet | Schwefeldioxid Zusatzstoff Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Bibliography Sulphur Dioxide Bibliography Bibliografie |
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