Verfügbarkeit: Handbook of labor economics

Handbook of labor economics: 3,3 Volume 3C

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Weitere Verfasser:	Ashenfelter, Orley 1942- (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] North-Holland 1999 Amsterdam Elsevier 1999
Ausgabe:	1. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Handbooks in economics 5,3,3
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Beschreibung:	XXII S., S. 2944 - 3630, 83 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0444501894

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS OF VOLUME ЗС Introduction to the Series v Contents of the Handbook vii Preface to the Handbook xiii PART 12 - LABOR MARKETS AND THE MACROECONOMY Chapter 44 Labor Markets and Economic Growth ROBERT TOPEL 2943 1 Introduction 2944 2 Labor markets and economic growth 2945 2.1 Background 2946 2.2 Growth theory and human capital 2947 2.3 Transitional dynamics 2949 2.4 Human capital and aggregate inequality 295 1 2.5 Empirical implications of neoclassical growth theory 2952 2.6 Iternative models of human capital and growth 2952 2.7 Summary: human capital, education, and growth 2953 3 Empirical evidence 2954 3.1 Background 2954 3.2 Growth accounting 2955 3.3 Limitations of growth accounting 2957 3.4 Measuring the social returns to human capital 2959 3.5 Empirical results 2959 3.6 New evidence from old data 2964 3.7 Summary: what do we know about human capital and growth? 2972 4 Growth, investment, and relative wages 2973 4.1 Background 2973 4.2 Wage inequality and development: evidence 2975 5 Concluding remarks 2981 References 2981 xvj Contents of Volume 3C Chapter 45 Microeconomic Perspectives on Aggregate Labor Markets GIUSEPPE BERTOLA 2985 Abstract 2986 JEL codes 2986 1 Introduction 2986 1.1 Scope of the survey 2988 1.2 Outline 2990 2 Job security and firing costs 2991 2.1 Hiring and firing 2992 2.2 Dynamics and averages 2999 3 Wage setting 3001 3.1 Insiders and outsiders 3003 3.2 Centralized bargaining 3007 4 Idiosyncratic shocks and aggregate labor markets 3009 4.1 Job turnover 3010 4.2 Wage compression 3012 4.3 Aggregate turnover dynamics 3017 5 On the determinants of institutions 3019 5.1 The economics and politics of protection 3019 5.2 Causes and consequences 3022 5.3 Transitions and reforms 3023 References 3024 Chapter 46 Labor Market Institutions and Economic Performance STEPHEN NICKELL and RICHARD LA YARD 3029 Abstract 3030 JEL codes 3030 1 Introduction 3030 2 Economic performance 3031 3 Labor market institutions 3037 3.1 Taxes on labor 3037 3.2 Laws and regulations on employee rights 3039 3.3 Trade unions, wage bargaining and minimum wages 3041 3.4 Benefit systems and active labor market policies 3044 3.5 Skills and education 3044 3.6 Barriers to geographical mobility 3045 4 Unemployment, growth and labor market institutions 3047 4.1 The determination of equilibrium unemployment 3048 4.2 Unemployment and growth 3050 4.3 Labor market institutions and growth 3051 5 Some summary regressions explaining growth and labor supply 3052 6 Labor taxes 3057 6.1 Differential taxes 3057 Contents of Volume ЗС xvii 6.2 Total tax rates 3058 6.3 Marginal tax rates and progressivity 3061 6.4 Summary 3061 7 Labor standards and employment protection 3061 7.1 Labor standards 3062 7.2 Employment protection 3062 7.3 Summary 3065 8 Unions and wage setting 3066 8.1 Unemployment 3067 8.2 Growth 3067 8.3 Summary 3068 9 Minimum wages 3069 9.1 Unemployment 3069 9.2 Growth 3069 10 Social security systems and active labor market policies 3070 10.1 Unemployment 3070 10.2 Summary 3071 11 Skills and education 3071 11.1 Summary 3078 12 Conclusions 3079 References 3080 Chapter 47 The Causes and Consequences of Longterm Unemployment in Europe STEPHEN MACHIN and ALAN MANNING 3085 Abstract 3086 JEL codes 3086 1 Introduction 3086 2 A picture of longterm unemployment 3089 2.1 Data on longterm unemployment 3089 2.2 Variation across countries 3090 2.3 Variation over time 3091 2.4 Variation within countries 3091 3 A framework for thinking about the causes of longterm unemployment 3094 3.1 The analytics of the incidence of LTU 3094 3.2 The causes of variation in the incidence of LTU 3099 4 Explaining the average exit rate from unemployment 3106 5 Explaining duration dependence 3107 5.1 Unobserved heterogeneity versus true duration dependence 3107 5.2 Estimates of duration dependence 3111 5.3 Explanations of true duration dependence 3118 6 The consequences of longterm unemployment 3122 6.1 LTU and the wage curve 3 122 6.2 LTU and unemployment persistence 3125 6.3 LTU and inequality 3126 ■ ji Contents of Volume 3C 6.4 Longterm unemployment and personal well-being 3126 7 Policies for the longterm unemployed 3129 8 Conclusions 3131 Appendix 3132 Proof of Result 1 iliA Proof of Result 2 3132 Proof of Result 3 3133 References 3134 PART 13 - POLICY ISSUES IN THE LABOR MARKET Chapter 48 Race and Gender in the Labor Market JOSEPH G. ALTONJI and REBECCA M. BLANK 3143 Abstract 3144 JEL codes 3144 1 Introduction 3144 2 An overview of facts about race and gender in the labor market 3146 2.1 Trends and differences in labor market outcomes and background characteristics 3 146 2.2 Methodologies for decomposing wage changes between groups 3153 2.3 Estimating simple models of wage determination 3156 2.4 Estimating simple models of labor force participation 3161 3 Theories of race and gender differences in labor market outcomes 3164 3.1 The impact of group differences in preferences and skills 3165 3.2 An introduction to theories of discrimination 3168 3.3 Taste-based discrimination 3170 3.4 Discrimination and occupational exclusion 3176 3.5 Statistical discrimination, worker incentives, and the consequences of affirmative action 3180 4 Direct evidence on discrimination in the labor market 3191 4.1 Audit studies and sex blind hiring 3192 4.2 Discrimination in professional sports 3195 4.3 Directly estimating marginal product or profitability 3196 4.4 Testing for statistical discrimination 3198 5 Pre-market human capital differences: education and family background 3201 5.1 Race differences in pre-market human capital 3201 5.2 Gender differences in pre-market human capital 3204 6 Experience, seniority, training and labor market search 3207 6.1 Race differences in experience, seniority, training and mobility 3208 6.2 Gender differences in experience, seniority, training and mobility 3213 7 Job characteristics, taste differentials, and the gender wage gap 3220 7.1 Overview 3220 7.2 The occupational feminization of wages 3221 7.3 The impact of other job characteristics 3223 8 Beyond wages: gender differentials in fringe benefits 3224 Contents of Volume ЗС xix 9 Trends in race and gender differentials 3225 9.1 Methodologies for decomposing wage changes between groups over time 3225 9.2 Accounting for trends in the black/white wage differential 3234 9.3 Accounting for trends in the male/female wage differential 3240 9.4 The overlap between race and gender 3244 10 Policy issues relating to race and gender in the labor market 3244 10.1 The impact of anti-discrimination policy 3245 10.2 The role of policies that particularly affect women in the labor market 3247 11 Conclusion and comments on a research agenda 3249 References 3251 Chapter 49 New Developments in the Economic Analysis of Retirement ROBIN L. LUMSDAINE and OLIVIA S. MITCHELL 3261 Abstract 3262 JEL codes 3262 1 Introduction 3262 2 Understanding retirement 3263 2.1 What do we mean by retirement? 3263 2.2 Evidence on retiree well-being 3268 3 Modeling retirement 3272 3.1 Developments in modeling older workers retirement decisions 3272 3.2 Understanding the demand for older workers 3279 3.3 Modeling other influences on retirement 3282 3.4 Other modeling issues 3285 4 Empirical lessons from the retirement literature 3287 4.1 Retirement, pensions, and social security benefits 3287 4.2 Retirement and other economic variables 3292 4.3 Expectations and uncertainty 3299 5 Conclusions 3301 References 3303 Chapter 50 Health, Health Insurance and the Labor Market JANET CURRIE and BRIGITTE С. MADRIAN 3309 Abstract 3310 JEL codes 3310 1 Overview 3310 2 Health and the labor market 3311 2.1 Health as human capital 3311 2.2 Measurement issues: what is health? 3313 2.3 Effects of health on wages, earnings, and hours 33 I 8 2.4 Studies that treat health as an endogenous choice 3320 2.5 Evidence regarding health and attachment lo the labor market 3333 2.6 Health and type of work 3350 xx Contents of Volume 3C 2.7 Child health and future labor market outcomes 3351 2.8 Health and the labor market: summary 3352 3 Health insurance and the labor market 3353 3.1 Health insurance provision in the United States: background 3354 3.2 Estimating the effect of health insurance on labor market outcomes: identification issues 3.3 Employer provision of health insurance 3363 3.4 The relationship between health insurance and wages 3368 3.5 The relationship between health insurance and labor force participation: evidence on employment and hours worked 3376 3.6 Health insurance and job turnover 3392 3.7 Health insurance and the structure of employment 3400 3.8 Health insurance and the labor market: summary 3404 4 Conclusions 3405 Appendix A 3406 References 3407 Chapter 51 Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs Targeted on People with Disabilities JOHN BOUND and RICHARD V. BURKHAUSER 3417 Abstract 3418 JEL codes 3418 1 Introduction 3418 2 Work activities and economic well-being among the working-age popula¬ tion with disabilities 3421 2. 1 Alternative empirical estimates of the working-age population with disabilities 3422 2.2 The importance of employment to the working-age population with disabilities 3429 2.3 A cross-national comparison: the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany 3436 3 Disability transfer policies in the United States 3441 3.1 SSDI and SSI program features 3441 3.2 The SSDI eligibility determination process 3442 3.3 SSDI benefit amounts 3446 3.4 Work disincentive effects of SSDI 3448 3.5 SSI eligibility and benefit amounts 3450 3.6 A brief history of the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income programs 3453 3.7 Explaining program growth 3458 3.8 Persons leaving the SSDI and SSI rolls 3468 4 The behavioral effects of disability transfer programs 3472 4.1 The effect of SSDI and SSI on labor force participation 3472 4.2 The effects of benefit levels and screening stringency on labor force participation 3478 4.3 The role of worker adaptation and employer accommodation 3485 4.4 Welfare implications of disability insurance 3487 5 A cross-national comparison of disability policies 3492 5.1 A cross-national comparison of disability transfer populations 3492 Contents of Volume ЗС xxi 5.2 Placing disability transfer programs within the broader social welfare system 3499 5.3 Choosing among life paths 3502 5.4 A comparison of disability transfer program features 3503 5.5 Temporary disability transfer programs 3504 5.6 Work-related disability transfer programs 3504 5.7 Non-work-related disability transfer programs 3508 5.8 Assessing disability transfer policy outcomes 35 1 3 5.9 Explaining program growth in Europe 3515 6 Summary and conclusions 3516 References 3520 Chapter 52 The Economics of Crime RICHARD B. FREEMAN 3529 Abstract 3530 JEL codes 3530 1 Introduction 3530 2 Measures and magnitudes 3533 2.1 Participation in crime and offenses per criminal 3536 3 Crime in a market context 3538 3.1 The market 3539 3.2 The market model and incapacitation 3540 4 Evidence on the supply of crime 3541 4.1 The effect of legitimate opportunities: unemployment 3542 4.2 The porous boundary between legal and illegal work 3543 4.3 The effect of legitimate opportunities: earnings inequality and legitimate earnings 3545 4.4 The effect of sanctions 3546 4.5 Social interactions and the geographic concentration of crime 3549 5 Does crime pay? criminal earnings and risk 355 1 5.1 Do incentives explain the age and sex pattern? 3553 5.2 Future legitimate economic outcomes 3554 6 Crime prevention activities 3556 6.1 Specific crime prevention programs 3557 6.2 Measuring the benefits from crime reduction 3558 6.3 Individual efforts to prevent crime 3560 6.4 Partial privatization of criminal justice activities? 3561 7 Conclusion: how big is the economics contribution? 3562 References 3563 Chapter 53 Recent Developments in Public Sector Labor Markets ROBERT G. GREGORY and JEFF BORLAND 3573 Abstract 3574 JEL codes 3574 1 Introduction 3574 xxii Contents of Volume ЗС 2 How are decisions made in the public sector? 3577 3 Key characteristics of public sector labor markets 3580 3.1 Types of final goods 3580 3.2 Labor supply 3583 3.3 Wage bargaining institutions 3584 3.4 Trade unions 3586 3.5 Scope of public sector labor markets 3588 4 The average level of earnings and compensation - international evidence 3589 4.1 Average level of earnings 3589 4.2 Time-series changes 3603 5 The average level of earnings - US local government 3607 6 The structure of earnings 3609 6.1 Earnings by position in the distribution of earnings 3609 6.2 Earnings differentials 3610 7 Employment in the public sector 3616 7.1 The aggregate level of employment 3616 7.2 The composition of employment 3619 8 Conclusions 3620 8.1 Main facts about public sector labor markets 3620 8.2 Interpretation - efficiency and equity 3621 8.3 Future research 3622 References 3623 Author index 1-1 Subject index 1-35
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