Magnetic resonance imaging: theory and practice
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 2., rev. and enl. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 461 - 474 |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 481 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540648771 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Magnetic resonance imaging |b theory and practice |c Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek ; Jaques A. den Boer |
| 250 | |a 2., rev. and enl. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 481 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 461 - 474 | ||
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Contents
List of Image Sets XXI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
A Historical Introduction 1
1. MRI and its Hardware 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.1.1 Spin and Magnetization 9
1.1.2 Precession: Rotating System of Reference 10
1.1.3 Rotation: Excitation by RF Pulses 11
1.1.4 Excitation of a Selected Slice: Gradient Field 13
1.1.5 Free Induction Decay (FID) 15
1.2 Spin Echo 16
1.2.1 Determination of Position in the Read Out Direction . 18
1.2.2 Determination of Position
in the Phase Encode Direction 19
1.2.3 Measuring Sequence 19
1.2.4 Object Slice: Voxels and Image Pixels 20
1.3 System Architecture 21
1.3.1 Magnets 25
1.3.1.1. Superconducting Magnets 27
1.3.1.2. Other Magnet Types 29
1.3.2 Deviations from the Homogeneous Magnetic Field . 32
1.3.3 The Gradient Chain 35
1.3.3.1. Gradient Power Supply and Rise Time 38
1.3.3.2. Eddy Currents 39
1.3.4 The RF Chain 41
1.3.4.1. RF Coils 42
1.3.4.2. The Receiver 48
1.3.5 Physiological Signals 51
1.3.6 The Back End 53
XVI Contents
2. Conventional Imaging Methods 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 The Bloch Equation 55 ;
2.2.1 Precession 58
2.3 Excitation 58
2.3.1 Non selective Pulse 59
2.3.2 Slice selective RF Pulses 59
2.3.3 Other RF Pulses 62
2.3.4 Power Dissipation in an RF Pulse 63 j
2.4 The Spin Echo Imaging Sequence 64 5
2.4.1 The k Plane 68 ;
2.4.1.1. Discrete Sampling 69
2.4.1.2. Sampling Point Spread Function 72
2.4.1.3. Thinking in Terms of k Space 72
2.4.2 Contrast in Spin Echo Sequences 77
2.4.3 Scan Parameters and System Design 77
2.4.3.1. Practical Example 79
2.4.4 Multiple Slice Acquisition 80
2.4.5 Imaging with Three Dimensional Encoding 81
2.5 The Field Echo Imaging Sequence 82
2.6 Artifacts 84
2.6.1 Ghosting 87
2.7 Magnetization Preparation 88
2.7.1 A T\ Preparation Pulse: Inversion Recovery 89
2.7.2 Other Types of Magnetization Preparation 91
3. Imaging Methods with Advanced fc Space Trajectories. 133
3.1 Introduction 133
3.2 Turbo Spin Echo 135
3.2.1 Profile Order 137
3.2.2 Sources of Artifacts in TSE Images 139
3.3 Echo Planar Imaging 142
3.3.1 Practical Example 144
3.3.2 Artifacts Due to T£ Decay and Field Inhomogeneities . 145
3.3.2.1. Artifacts Due to T2* Decay 146
3.3.2.2. Artifacts Due to Resonance Offset 148
3.3.2.3. Artifacts Due to Gradient Field Properties
and Errors 149
3.4 Combination of TSE and EPI: GRASE 152
3.5 Square Spiral Imaging 154
3.6 Joyriding in k Space 154
3.6.1 Spiral Imaging 156
3.6.1.1. A Practical Example 158
3.6.1.2. Reconstruction 159
3.6.1.3. Artifacts in Spiral Imaging 161
Contents XVII
3.6.2 "Rosette" Trajectory 163
3.6.3 Radial Imaging 163
3.6.4 Some Remarks on the Reconstruction of Exotic Scans . 164
3.7 Two Dimensional Excitation Pulses 165
4. Steady State Gradient Echo Imaging 191
4.1 Introduction 191
4.2 On FIDs and ECHOs 193
4.2.1 Spin Echo 195
4.2.2 "Eight Ball" Echo 196
4.2.3 Stimulated Echo 197
4.2.4 RF Phase 199
4.2.5 Response to RF Pulses with a 90° 200
4.2.6 Echos as Result of Many Excitations 201
4.2.7 ECHO Components and RF Phase Cycling 202
4.2.8 Suppressing the Spatial Variation of the Signal 205
4.2.9 Conclusions of the Qualitative Description 206
4.2.9.1. N FFE and T2 FFE 207
4.2.9.2. Ti FFE 207
4.2.9.3. R FFE 207
4.3 Mathematical Model 208
4.3.1 Rotation and Precession Matrix 209
4.3.2 Relaxation Matrix 210
4.4 Steady State 210
4.5 Steady State Gradient Echo Methods (FE and FFE) 217
4.5.1 Sequences with Very Long TR 217
4.5.2 Sequences with Tx TR T2 218
4.5.3 Sequences with Small TR (TR ^ T2) 218
4.5.3.1. Large Net Gradient Surface 218
4.5.3.2. Rephased FFE 222
4.5.3.3. FID Measurement with Spoiling
of M^: Tx FFE (FLASH) 224
4.5.4 FFE with Short TR in Steady State 226
4.5.4.1. N FFE, T2 FFE, and R FFE with TR « T2 . . 227
4.5.4.2. Ti FFE with TR T2 229
4.5.5 Slice Profile 230
5. Transient State Gradient Echo Imaging 243
5.1 Introduction 243
5.2 Signal Level During Transient State 245
5.2.1 Approach to Steady State by Assuming RF Spoiling . . 246
5.2.2 Approach to Steady State Without Spoiling 248
5.3 Magnetization Preparation 251
5.4 Profile Order 253
5.5 Survey of Transient Field Echo Methods 254
XVIII Contents :
6. Contrast and Signal to Noise Ratio 263
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Contrast in MR Images 263
6.3 The Physical Mechanism of Relaxation in Tissue 265
6.3.1 The BPP Theory of Relaxation
in Homogeneous Matter 266
6.3.2 Relaxation Effects in Tissue 268 j
6.3.2.1. Fast Exchange 268 |
6.3.2.2. Compartments and Slow Exchange 268 i
6.3.3 Magnetization Transfer 269 ;
6.3.4 Contrast Agents 273
6.4 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) 275
6.4.1 Fundamental Expression for the SNR 276
6.4.2 Patient Loading of the Receiving Circuit 277
6.4.3 Low Field and High Field Systems 279
6.5 Practical Expression for the SNR 280
6.5.1 Introduction of the Scanning Parameters 281
6.5.2 Influence of the Receiver on the SNR 282
6.5.3 Influence of Relaxation on the SNR 283
6.6 Application to Practical Situations 284
6.7 SNR for Non uniform Sampling of the k Plane 288
6.7.1 One Sided Partial Scans 288
6.7.2 Non uniform Sampling with Non linear Trajectories. . 291
6.7.3 Reduced Matrix Acquisition 291
6.7.4 Other Partial Scan Methods 292
7. Motion and Flow 311
7.1 Introduction 311
7.2 Moving Structures, Artifacts, and Imaging Methods 312
7.2.1 Cardiac Motion 312
7.2.2 Respiratory Motion 314
7.2.2.1. Ordering of Phase Encoding 314
7.2.2.2. Breath Hold 315
7.2.2.3. Respiratory Gating 315
7.2.2.4. Correction of Respiratory Movement
Using Navigator Echoes 315
7.2.3 Tagging 317
7.3 Phase Shift Due to Flow in Gradient Fields 318
7.3.1 Velocity Measurement Using a Bipolar Gradient 320
7.3.2 Velocity Insensitive Gradient Waveform 322
7.3.3 Flow with Acceleration 322
7.3.4 Influence of Field Inhomogeneities and Eddy Currents 324
7.4 Flow Artifacts 325
7.4.1 Ghosting Due to Pulsating Flow 325
7.4.2 Flow Voids 325
Contents XIX
7.4.3 Shift in Phase Encoding Direction Due to Flow 326
7.4.4 Velocity Insensitive Imaging Sequences:
Flow Compensation 327
7.4.4.1. Selection Direction 327
7.4.4.2. Read Out Direction 327
7.4.4.3. Phase Encoding Direction: Correction
for Misregistration 328
7.5 Flow Imaging 329
7.5.1 Phase Contrast Methods 330
7.5.1.1. Phase Contrast Angiography 331
7.5.1.2. Quantitative Flow Based on Phase Contrast . . 331
7.5.2 Modulus Contrast Methods 334
7.5.2.1. Inflow Angiography 334
7.5.2.2. Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography 336
7.5.2.3. MR Angiography Based
on Magnetization Preparation 339
7.5.2.4. Black Blood Angiography 344
7.5.2.5. Artifacts in Modulus Contrast Angiography. . . 344
7.5.2.6. Modulus Contrast Quantitative
Flow Measurements 347
7.6 Perfusion 348
7.6.1 MR Perfusion Imaging with Dynamic Bolus Studies . . 348
7.6.2 Arterial Spin Labelling 351
7.7 Diffusion 354
7.7.1 Measurement with Diffusion Sensitization
in One Direction 356
7.7.2 Diffusion Imaging of the Brain 358
8. Partitioning of the Magnetization into Configurations . 409
8.1 Introduction 409
8.1.1 Configurations and Phase Diagrams 409
8.2 Theory of Configurations 415
8.2.1 Magnetization Expressed in Discrete Fourier Series . 416
8.2.2 Rotation 417
8.2.3 Effect of Rotation and Precession
on the Configurations 420
8.2.4 Use of the Theory of Configurations
to Describe the Examples in Sect. 8.1 422
8.2.4.1. Multiple Spin Echo Example 423
8.2.4.2. Eight Ball Echo
and Stimulated Echo Examples 425
8.3 Multi excitation Pulse Sequences 426
8.3.1 SE BURST Imaging 428
8.3.1.1. Excitation Profile for BURST
with Single Phase Excitation 431
XX Contents
8.3.1.2. Optimized BURST Excitation
Using Phase Modulation 432
8.3.1.3. Combination of BURST with TSE 436
8.3.1.4. Gradient Recalled BURST Sequences 437
8.3.1.5. QUEST and PREVIEW 439
8.4 Theory of Configurations and Weil Known Fast Imaging Se¬
quences 440
8.4.1 Application to TSE 440
8.4.2 Application to FFE 442
8.5 Rotation and Precession Matrices and RF Pulse Design 447
8.5.1 Shinnar le Roux (SLR) Transformation 448
8.5.1.1. The Inverse Shinnar Le Roux Transformation
(ISLR Transformation) 450
Appendix 457
References 461
Index of Abbreviated Terms 475
Index 477
List of Image Sets
II 1 Contrast in Spin Echo Images of the Brain:
Variation of Repetition Time TR 94
II 2 Contrast in Spin Echo Images of the Brain: Influence of TE
and of the Spatial Profile of the Refocussing Pulse 97
II 3 Contrast in Multi slice Field Echo Imaging
of the Cervical Spine: Variation of TR and Flip Angle 100
II 4 Shift Between Water and Fat in FE 102
II 5 Suppression of Fat in Spin Echo and Field Echo Imaging 105
II 6 Distortion in a Phantom 108
II 7 Aliasing and Interference in Coronal Abdomen Images:
SE andFE Ill
II 8 Distortion in the Image of a Phantom with Rods
of Deviating Susceptibility 113
II 9 Phase Distribution in Field Echo Images as a Sign
of a Main Field Inhomogeneity 116
11 10 Susceptibility Influencing FE Images of the Brain
at Three Values of the Main Field Strength 119
11 11 Cross Talk in Multi slice Spin Echo
and Field Echo Imaging 121
11 12 Cross Talk in Multi slice Inversion Recovery Spin Echo 124
11 13 Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) in Receive Coil Arrays
to Reduce the Number of Phase Encode Steps 127
11 14 Scan Time Reduction Through Non uniform Sampling 130
III l Influence of Echo Spacing on the Contrast in TSE Imaging . 170
III 2 Blurring and Ghosts from T2 Decay During the TSE Shot 173
III 3 Multi chunk 3D TSE and Chunk Borders 176
III 4 Contrast in IR TSE 179
III 5 Comparison of Contrast in FE EPI, SE EPI, and GRASE . 181
III 6 Spiral Imaging 183
III 7 Distortion Near the Nasal Sinuses at Three Field Strengths . . 185
III 8 Practical Aspects of 2D Selective Excitation Pulses 188
IV 1 Comparison of Two Fast Field Echo (FFE) Methods
for Imaging of the Brain 232
IV 2 Difference in Contrast for 2D
and 3D TVEnhanced Fast Field Echo Imaging in the Brain . 235
XXII List of Image Sets
IV 3 In Phase and Opposed Phase of Water and Fat
in Gradient Echo Imaging 238
IV 4 Cartilage Delineation in N FFE Combined
with Water Selective Excitation 240
V l Inversion Pulses in Transient Field Echo Imaging:
Different Shot Lengths 258
V 2 Inversion Pulses in Transient Field Echo Imaging:
Different Delay Times 260
VI 1 Measurement of Tx 294
VI 2 Contrast Enhancement in SE
and in Liquor Suppressed TSE 296
VI 3 Dynamic Behavior of Contrast Agent Distribution 298
VI 4 Effects of Multi slice Imaging
on Magnetization Transfer in SE 300
VI 5 Signal to Noise Ratio Depending on Choice of Pixel Size 302
VI 6 Signal to Noise Ratio Depending
on Choice of Surface Coil 304
VI 7 Signal to Noise Ratio and Field Strength 306
VI 8 The Influence of Magnetization Transfer Ti FFE Imaging
of the Brain 308
VII 1 Inflow and Outflow Phenomena
in Multi slice Triggered SE of the Abdomen 362
VII 2 Signal Loss by Spin Dephasing Caused by Flow 366
VII 3 Pulsatile Flow Ghosts in Non triggered SE Imaging
of the Abdomen 368
VII 4 Ringing from Step Like Motion of the Foot 370
VII 5 Flow Related Misregistration of Brain Vessels 372
VII 6 Respiration Artifact in SE Imaging 374
VII 7 Respiration Artifact Level in SE and SE EPI
of the Liver 377
VII 8 Suppression of CSF Flow Voids
in Turbo Spin Echo Images of the Cervical Spine 378
VII 9 Prevention of CSF Flow Artifacts
in Fluid Attenuated IR TSE 380
VII 10 Tagging of Spins in the Cardiac Muscle
by Complementary Spatial Modulation
of Magnetization (C SPAMM) 382
VII 11 Phase Contrast MR Angiography:
Contrast Versus Velocity Sensitivity 385
VII 12 Triggered and Gated Inflow MR Angiography 388
VII 13 Imaging of the Coronary Arteries 392
List of Image Sets XXIII
VII 14 Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography
of the Lower Extremities 394
VII 15 Flow Independent MR Angiography
of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 397
VII 16 Parameter Maps from Dynamic Scans
after Bolus Injection of a Contrast Agent 400
VII 17 Perfusion Imaging by Arterial Spin Labelling
using TILT (Transfer Insensitive Labelling Technique) 402
VII 18 Diffusion Sensitized Imaging of the Brain 405
VII 19 Quantitative Diffusion Sensitized Imaging of the Brain 407
VIII 1 Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography (MRCP)
and Influence of Flip Angle of the Refocussing Pulses 454 |
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| id | DE-604.BV012618052 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-20T00:11:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540648771 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008570960 |
| oclc_num | 443536231 |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29T |
| physical | XXIII, 481 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vlaardingerbroek, Marinus T. 1931- Verfasser (DE-588)121131149 aut Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek ; Jaques A. den Boer 2., rev. and enl. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1999 XXIII, 481 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 461 - 474 Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd rswk-swf Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 s Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s 1\p DE-604 Boer, Jacques A. den 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)12113119X aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008570960&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Vlaardingerbroek, Marinus T. 1931- Boer, Jacques A. den 1938- Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045956-1 (DE-588)4120806-7 |
| title | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice |
| title_auth | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice |
| title_exact_search | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice |
| title_full | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek ; Jaques A. den Boer |
| title_fullStr | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek ; Jaques A. den Boer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek ; Jaques A. den Boer |
| title_short | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_sort | magnetic resonance imaging theory and practice |
| title_sub | theory and practice |
| topic | Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Physik Kernspintomografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008570960&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vlaardingerbroekmarinust magneticresonanceimagingtheoryandpractice AT boerjacquesaden magneticresonanceimagingtheoryandpractice |