Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans: first draft
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
1998
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental health criteria
205 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 303 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9241572051 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127226310950912 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR
POLYBROMINATED DIBENZO p DIOXINS
AND DIBENZOFURANS
PREAMBLE x
ABBREVIATIONS xix
1. SUMMARY 1
1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties,
and analytical methods 1
1.2 Formation and sources of human and
environmental exposure 2
1.3 Environmental transport, distribution,
and transformation 7
1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure 8
1.5 Kinetics and metabolism 11
1.6 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro
test systems 13
1.7 Effects on humans 17
1.8 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory
and field 17
2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 18
2.1 Identity 18
2.2 Physical and chemical properties 20
2.2.1 Appearance, melting and boiling
points, water solubility, vapour pressure,
octanol/water partition coefficient,
and sorption coefficient 20
2.2.2 Stability of PBDDs/PBDFs 23
2.2.2.1 Photolysis 23
2.2.2.2 Thermolytic degradation
of PBDDs/PBDFs 23
2.2.3 Chemical reactions 27
2.3 Conversion factors 28
2.4 Analytical methods 28
2.4.1 General aspects 28
2.4.2 Sampling and extraction 29
2.4.2.1 Ambient air, airborne dust,
automobile exhaust, flue gas,
and products of thermolysis 30
2.4.2.2 Water and aqueous samples 31
2.4.2.3 Environmental samples: soil,
sediment, and sewage sludge 31
2.4.2.4 Flame retardants, polymers,
fly ash samples, dust, soot,
and fire residues 32
2.4.2.5 Biological matrices: human
milk, blood/plasma, tissues,
and fish samples 33
2.4.3 Sample clean up 33
2.4.4 Separation 34
2.4.5 Detection, quantification, and confirmation
of PBDDs/PBDFs by MS techniques 37
2.4.6 The need for analysis of
2,3,7,8 substituted congeners 39
2.4.7 Interfering substances 39
2.4.8 Standards 39
3. FORMATION AND SOURCES OF HUMAN AND
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 41
3.1 Synthesis and use 41
3.2 By products of brominated organic chemicals
(including flame retardants) 41
3.3 Formation from the photochemical degradation
of brominated organic chemicals 49
3.4 Formation from the laboratory thermolysis of
bromine containing flame retardants 50
3.5 Formation during production of plastic materials
and presence in consumer products containing
flame retardants 69
3.5.1 Formation during production processes 69
3.5.2 Presence in resins and polymer products 72
3.6 Emissions from flame retarded consumer products 81
3.7 Presence in fire residues, smoke condensates,
and gases after fires 83
3.7.1 Experimental fires 83
3.7.2 Accidental fires 86
3.8 Formation from incineration of fuels 93
3.9 Formation during waste disposal and treatment 93
3.9.1 Incineration 93
3.9.2 Disposal 99
3.9.3 Recycling 102
3.9.3.1 Plastics 102
3.9.3.2 Metals 103
3.10 Presence in automotive exhaust 103
3.11 Formation during textile processing 107
4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION,
AND TRANSFORMATION 108
4.1 Transport and distribution between media 108
4.1.1 Air 108
4.1.2 Water and sediments 108
4.1.3 Soil 109
4.1.4 Biota 109
4.2 Environmental transformation 110
4.2.1 Photochemical degradation 110
4.2.2 Microbial degradation 113
4.3 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification 114
5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN
EXPOSURE 115
5.1 Environmental levels 115
5.1.1 Air 115
5.1.1.1 Ambient air 115
5.1.1.2 Indoor air 129
5.1.2 Water and sediment 133
5.1.3 Soil, sewage sludge, and biocompost 134
5.1.4 Food and feed 136
5.1.5 Other products 137
5.1.6 Terrestrial and aquatic organisms 137
5.1.6.1 Plants 137
5.1.6.2 Animals 137
5.2 General population exposure 139
5.2.1 Exposure data 139
5.2.2 Monitoring of human tissues and fluids 139
5.3 Occupational exposure 141
5.3.1 Workplace monitoring data 141
5.3.1.1 Flame retardant/polymer
industry 141
5.3.1.2 Offices/studios 147
5.3.1.3 Recycling plants 148
5.3.1.4 Other workplaces 149
5.3.2 Monitoring of human tissues and fluids 149
6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 152
6.1 Absorption 152
6.1.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 152
6.1.2 Dibenzofurans 154
6.2 Distribution 154
6.2.1 Levels in organs and blood 154
6.2.1.1 Dibenzo /? dioxins 154
6.2.1.2 Dibenzofurans 159
6.2.2 Transfer to offspring 160
6.3 Metabolic transformation 160
6.3.1 Dibenzo /? dioxins 160
6.3.2 Dibenzofurans 161
6.4 Elimination and excretion 161
6.4.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 163
6.4.2 Dibenzofurans 167
6.5 Retention and turnover 167
6.5.1 Animal studies 167
6.5.2 Human studies 174
7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS
AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 175
7.1 Single exposure 175
7.1.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 175
7.1.2 Dibenzofurans 179
7.1.3 Remarks on the lethality of
PBDDs/PBDFs 179
7.2 Short term exposure 180
7.2.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 180
7.2.2 Dibenzofurans 182
7.3 Long term exposure 183
7.4 Skin and eye irritation, sensitization, dermal
lesions, and acne 183
7.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity 184
7.5.1 Reproductive toxicity 184
7.5.2 Developmental toxicity 184
7.6 Mutagenicity and related end points 189
7.7 Carcinogenicity 190
7.7.1 Short term studies 190
7.7.2 Long term studies 190
7.8 Other special studies 190
7.8.1 Immunotoxicity 190
7.8.1.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 191
7.8.1.2 Dibenzofurans 192
7.8.2 Effects on intermediary metabolism:
Porphyrin effects 193
7.8.3 Effects on vitamin A storage 194
7.8.4 Endocrine interactions 194
7.8.5 Interaction with drugs and toxicants 195
7.8.6 Induction of microsomal enzymes 195
7.8.6.1 Dibenzo p dioxins 196
7.8.6.2 Dibenzofurans 198
7.8.6.3 Combustion products 200
7.9 Mechanisms of toxicity — mode of action 200
7.10 Experimental data on selected PBDDs/PBDFs
and their relevance to the toxicity equivalency
factor (TEF) concept 202
8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 209
8.1 General population exposure 209
8.2 Occupational/accidental exposure 209
8.3 Subpopulations at special risk 211
9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE
LABORATORY AND FIELD 212
10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 215
10.1 Hazard evaluation 215
10.2 Exposure evaluation 217
10.3 Risk evaluation 221
11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH
AND THE ENVIRONMENT 223
11.1 Conclusions 223
11.2 Recommendations 223
12. FURTHER RESEARCH 225
13. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY
INTERNATIONAL BODIES 226
REFERENCES 227
APPENDICES 262
RESUME 266
RESUMEN 285
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| language | English |
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| physical | XXI, 303 S. graph. Darst. |
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| series | Environmental health criteria |
| series2 | Environmental health criteria |
| spelling | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft World Health Organization. Prepared by C. Melber ... Geneva 1998 XXI, 303 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental health criteria 205 Polybromverbindungen (DE-588)4349463-8 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd rswk-swf Dibenzofuran (DE-588)4208654-1 gnd rswk-swf Dibenzodioxine (DE-588)4322923-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf Dibenzodioxine (DE-588)4322923-2 s Polybromverbindungen (DE-588)4349463-8 s Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 s DE-604 Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s Dibenzofuran (DE-588)4208654-1 s Melber, C. Sonstige oth Environmental health criteria 205 (DE-604)BV000011459 205 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008541337&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft Environmental health criteria Polybromverbindungen (DE-588)4349463-8 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Dibenzofuran (DE-588)4208654-1 gnd Dibenzodioxine (DE-588)4322923-2 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4349463-8 (DE-588)4071808-6 (DE-588)4208654-1 (DE-588)4322923-2 (DE-588)4135167-8 |
| title | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft |
| title_auth | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft |
| title_exact_search | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft |
| title_full | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft World Health Organization. Prepared by C. Melber ... |
| title_fullStr | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft World Health Organization. Prepared by C. Melber ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans first draft World Health Organization. Prepared by C. Melber ... |
| title_short | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans |
| title_sort | polybrominated dibenzo p dioxins and dibenzofurans first draft |
| title_sub | first draft |
| topic | Polybromverbindungen (DE-588)4349463-8 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Dibenzofuran (DE-588)4208654-1 gnd Dibenzodioxine (DE-588)4322923-2 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polybromverbindungen Gesundheitsgefährdung Dibenzofuran Dibenzodioxine Ökologische Chemie |
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