Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses: this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
1996
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| Schriftenreihe: | International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans
67 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 424 S. |
| ISBN: | 9283212673 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
NOTE TO THE READER 1
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 3
PREAMBLE
Background 7
Objective and Scope 7
Selection of Topics for Monographs 8
Data for Monographs 9
The Working Group 9
Working Procedures 9
Exposure Data 10
Studies of Cancer in Humans 12
Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals 15
Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and Its Mechanisms 18
Summary of Data Reported 19
Evaluation 21
References 25
THE MONOGRAPHS
Human immunodeficiency viruses 31
1. Exposure data 31
1.1 Structure, taxonomy and biology 31
1.1.1 Structure 31
1.1.2 Taxonomy 32
1.1.3 Phylogeny 33
(a) Phylogenetic relationship of HIV 1 and HIV 2 to other
retroviruses 33
(b) Relationship of HIV 1 and HIV 2 isolates to one another 36
(i) Genotypes 36
(ii) Antigenic diversity 37
1.1.4 Host range 37
1.1.5 Cell tropism 37
1.1.6 Target tissues 38
(a) Lymphoid tissue 38
(b) Central nervous system 38
(c) Gastrointestinal tract 38
iii
iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 67
1.1.7 The HIV 1 and HIV 2 genome and gene products 38
(i) Structural proteins (Gag, Pol, Env) 39
(ii) Regulatory proteins (Tat, Rev) 39
(iii) Accessory proteins (Nef, Vif, Vpr, Vpu) 40
1.1.8 Replication 41
1.2 Methods of detection 41
1.2.1 Antibody tests 41
(a) ELISA 42
(b) Western blot analysis 43
(c) Indeterminate HIV antibody results 43
(d) Undetectable HIV antibody 43
(e) Diagnosis of HIV infection in infants 43
(f) Detection of antibodies in saliva 44
1.2.2 Direct detection of HIV 44
(a) Viral culture 44
(b) p24 Antigen 44
(c) Detection of viral genomes 45
(d) HIV quantification 45
1.3 Epidemiology of HIV infection 46
1.3.1 HIV transmission 46
(a) Sexual contact 46
(b) Blood contact 47
(c) Mother to child transmission 48
(d) Other modes of transmission 48
1.3.2 Geographical distribution 48
(a) Global estimates and projections 49
(b) United States and Canada 51
(c) Caribbean 51
(d) Latin America 52
(e) Sub Saharan Africa 52
(0 Europe 52
(g) Asia 52
(h) Oceania 54
(i) Middle East 54
1.4 Clinical description of non neoplastic disorders 54
1.4.1 Seroconversion syndrome 54
1.4.2 Immunological decline 55
1.4.3 Non AIDS defining manifestations of HIV infection 57
(a) Classification of HIV disease 57
(b) Non AIDS illness 58
(c) Time to AIDS 59
1.4.4 AIDS manifestations 59
1.4.5 Long term non progressors 60
1.4.6 Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV 2) 61
CONTENTS v
1.5 Control and prevention 61
1.5.1 Behavioural prevention 61
1.5.2 Screening 62
1.5.3 Treatment 63
1.5.4 Prospects for vaccines 64
1.5.5 Other approaches 64
2. Studies of cancer in humans 64
2.1 Kaposi s sarcoma 65
2.1.1 Pathology and clinical disease 65
(a) Clinical disease in HIV seronegative individuals 65
(b) Clinical disease in HIV seropositive individuals 65
2.1.2 Descriptive epidemiology of Kaposi s sarcoma 66
(a) Demographic variations: age and sex 66
(b) Geographical variations 66
(c) Temporal changes 68
2.1.3 Descriptive epidemiological studies 68
(a) Studies in men in relation to marital status 68
(b) Linkage studies between AIDS and cancer registries 70
2.1.4 Analytical studies 70
(a) Cohort studies 70
(b) Case control studies 71
(c) Analytical studies of the relationship between degree of
immunosuppression and Kaposi s sarcoma among HIV
infected persons 71
2.1.5 Factors influencing the occurrence of Kaposi s sarcoma in HIV
infected persons 72
(a) Behavioural cofactors 72
(i) Descriptive studies 72
(ii) Analytical studies 78
(b) Infectious cofactors 79
(i) Human herpesvirus 8 79
(ii) Cytomegalovirus 85
(iii) Other infectious agents 86
(c) Genetic susceptibility 86
(d) Miscellaneous factors 87
2.1.6 Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 88
2.2 Non Hodgkin s lymphoma 88
2.2.1 Description of the clinical disease and pathology 88
(a) Classification of AIDS related lymphomas 89
(i) Systemic non Hodgkin s lymphomas 89
(ii) Body cavity based lymphoma 90
(iii) Primary lymphoma of the brain 90
(iv) Multicentric Castleman s disease 91
(b) Phenotypic and genotypic features 91
vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 67
2.2.2 Descriptive epidemiology of non Hodgkin s lymphoma 91
(a) Cancer registry data 92
(b) Cohort data 93
2.2.3 Role of immunosuppression 94
2.2.4 Co factors 95
(a) Demographic 95
(b) Geographic 95
(c) Behavioural 95
(d) Infections 99
(i) Epstein Barr virus 99
(ii) HHV 8 102
(iii) HHV 6 102
(e) Zidovudine and other therapy 103
2.2.5 HIV 2 and non Hodgkin s lymphoma 103
2.3 Cervical, anal and other cancers 103
2.3.1 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer 104
(a) Precancerous lesions 104
(i) Association with HIV 104
(ii) Association with HIV and HPV 108
(iii) HIV, HPV and CD4+ T cell counts 109
(iv) Progression of disease and treatment of CIN lesions 111
(b) Invasive cervical cancer 111
(i) Case series 111
(ii) Prognosis 112
(iii) Descriptive epidemiology 112
(iv) Case control studies 113
2.3.2 Anorectal intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer 114
(a) Precancerous lesions 114
(i) Association with HIV 114
(ii) Association with HIV and HPV 114
(iii) HIV, HPV and CD4+ T cell count 117
(iv) Progression of disease 119
(b) Invasive anal cancer 120
(i) Case reports and series 120
(ii) Prognosis 120
(iii) Descriptive epidemiology 120
2.3.3 Hodgkin s disease 121
(a) Distribution of histological types 122
(i) Hodgkin s disease in HIV uninfected persons 122
(ii) Hodgkin s disease in HIV infected persons 122
(iii) Prognosis 124
(b) Descriptive epidemiology 124
(c) Cohort studies 125
(d) Cofactors 126
CONTENTS vii
2.3.4 Testicular cancer 126
(a) Case reports and series 126
(b) Descriptive and cohort studies 127
2.3.5 Non melanoma cancers of the skin 128
(a) Case reports and series 128
(b) Descriptive and cohort studies 128
2.3.6 Conjunctival tumours 129
(a) Case reports 129
(b) Descriptive study 130
(c) Case control studies 130
2.3.7 Leiomyosarcoma 130
(a) Case reports and series 130
(b) Descriptive studies 131
(c) Cofactors 131
2.3.8 Other cancers 131
3. Studies of cancer in animals 133
3.1 HIV 1 andHIV 2 133
3.2 Lymphomas in non human primates 134
3.2.1 Occurrence of lymphomas in nonhuman primates infected with
simian immunodeficiency virus 134
3.2.2 Pathological and molecular features of lymphoma 135
3.2.3 Other neoplastic conditions 135
3.2.4 Cofactors in SIV oncogenesis 135
3.3 Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats 136
3.3.1 Occurrence of lymphosarcomas in FIV infection 137
3.3.2 Pathological and molecular features of lymphosarcoma 138
4. Other data relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenesis and its mechanisms 138
4.1 Immunity and cancer 138
4.1.1 Types of cancer seen in non HIV associated human
immunodeficiency 139
4.1.2 Time of onset of cancers in non HIV associated
immunodeficiency 146
4.1.3 Similarities and differences between AIDS and transplantation
associated tumours 148
(a) In immunity 148
(b) In cancer types 149
(c) In onset 149
4.1.4 Occurrence of other viruses in malignancies associated with
non HIV immunosuppression 150
; 4.1.5 Mechanisms by which immune dysfunction may contribute to the
genesis of cancer 150
i (a) Activation of oncogenic viruses with immunosuppression 150
j (b) Stimulation and hyperreactivity of remaining cells in
| immunosuppressed persons 150
viii IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 67
4.2 Kaposi s sarcomas 151
4.2.1 Cell biology of Kaposi s sarcoma lesions 151
(a) Origins of Kaposi s sarcoma spindle cells 151
(b) Vascular lesions induced by Kaposi s sarcoma cell cultures
in nude mice 152
(c) Growth factors involved in the proliferation of spindle cells ..153
(i) Fibroblast growth factors 153
(ii) Platelet derived growth factor 154
(d) Clonality of Kaposi s sarcoma and chromosomal
abnormalities 154
4.2.2 The role of HIV 1 Tat in the development of Kaposi s sarcoma
lesions 154
4.2.3 An infectious agent as a cause of Kaposi s sarcoma 156
4.2.4 The role of human herpesvirus 8 157
(a) Genomic organization and relationship to other primate
herpesviruses 157
(b) In vivo tropism and association with Kaposi s sarcoma 157
4.3 Non Hodgkin s lymphomas and other lymphoproliferative disorders 158
4.3.1 Pathological models of lymphomagenesis 158
(a) HIV infection of lymphoid tissues and polyclonal B cell
hyperplasia 160
(i) Pathological changes in HIV infected lymphoid
follicles 161
(ii) Destruction of follicular centres and B cell
hyperplasia 161
(iii) Chronic antigen stimulation 162
(iv) Presence of HIV in tumour cells 162
(b) Oligoclonal B cell proliferation 162
(i) Immunosuppression 163
(ii) Cytokines 163
(c) Genetic abnormalities 165
(i) c myc 165
(ii) BCL 6 166
(iii) ras 166
(iv) p53 166
(v) 6q Deletions 168
(vi) Chromosome lq abnormalities 168
4.3.2 Lymphotropic viruses 168
(a) EBV 168
(b) HHV 6 172
(c) HHV 8 173
4.3.3 Conclusion 173
4.4 Cofactors in anal and cervical carcinomas and other cancers 174
CONTENTS ix
4.4.1 The role of HPV in the molecular pathogenesis of anogenital
cancers in immunocompetent patients 175
(a) Status and level of HPV DNA in the natural history of
infection 175
(b) Expression of HPV proteins in the natural history of
infection 175
(c) Molecular mechanisms of transforming activity of HPV 176
(i) Intrinsic properties of high risk HPV E6 and E7 176
(ii) Regulation of E6 and E7 expression 176
4.4.2 Interactions between HIV and HPV 177
(a) Effects of HIV related immunosuppression on HPV
replication and HPV associated anogenital lesions 178
(b) HIV Tat stimulation of cytokines and their role in genital
lesions 178
(c) Possible effect of HIV 1 Tat on HPV E6/E7 expression 178
5. Summary of data reported and evaluation 179
5.1 Exposure data 179
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data 180
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data 181
5.4 Other relevant data and mechanistic considerations on HIV 1 associated
neoplasms 182
5.5 Evaluation 183
6. References 183
Human T cell lymphotropic viruses 261
1. Exposure data 261
1.1 Structure, taxonomy and biology 261
1.1.1 Structure 261
1.1.2 Taxonomy and phylogeny 261
1.1.3 Host range 263
1.1.4 Related non human primate viruses 264
1.1.5 Target tissue {in vitro and /// vivo) 266
1. 1.6 Genomic structure and properties of gene products 266
1. 1.7 Other genes encoded by the open reading frames I. II and III
in the HTLV I pX region 267
1.2 Methods of detection 268
1.2.1 Serological detection of specific antibodies 268
1.2.2 Detection and characterization of viral nucleic acids 269
1.2.3 Isolation of HTLV I and HTLV II 270
1.2.4 Sero indeterminate HTLV I western blots 270
1.2.5 Seronegative HTLV I infected individuals 271
1.3 Epidemiology of HTLV infection 271
1.3.1 HTLV I transmission 271
(a) Mother to child transmission 271
x IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 67
(b) Sexual transmission 272
(c) Transmission by blood 273
1.3.2 Animal models of HTLV I transmission 274
1.3.3 Geographical distribution of HTLV I 274
1.3.4 HTLV I prevalence and demographic features of HTLV I
infection 277
1.3.5 Epidemiology of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV I associated
myelopathy 277
1.3.6 Natural history of HTLV I primary infection 279
1.3.7 Molecular epidemiology of HTLV I 279
1.3.8 HTLV II epidemiology 280
1.4 Clinical description of non neoplastic disorders 280
1.4.1 HTLV I infection 280
(a) Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV I associated
myelopathy 280
(b) Uveitis 282
(c) Other inflammatory diseases 283
(i) Infective dermatitis 283
(ii) Polymyositis 283
(iii) Alveolitis 284
(iv) Arthritis (HTLV I associated arthropathy) 284
(v) Thyroiditis 285
(vi) Sjogren s syndrome 285
(d) Immune suppression 285
1.4.2 HTLV II infection 285
1.4.3 HTLV/HIV co infection 286
1.5 Control and prevention 286
2. Studies of cancer in humans 287
2.1 T cell malignancies 287
2.1.1 HTLV I infection and adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma 287
(a) Clinical description 287
(i) Distribution by subtype 287
(ii) Laboratory findings 289
(iii) Histological characteristics 290
(iv) Genetic studies 291
(v) Prognosis 292
(vi) Prevention of ATLL 292
(b) Epidemiology 292
(i) Geographical distribution 293
(ii) Age and sex distribution of ATLL 294
(iii) Cohort studies 297
(iv) Case control studies on co factors 297
2.1.2 HTLV I infection and cutaneous T cell lymphomas 300
2.1.3 HTLV II infection 301
CONTENTS xi
2.2 Other malignancies 302
2.2.1 HTLV 1 302
(a) Case reports and case series 302
(b) Cohort studies 303
(c) Case control studies 303
2.2.2 HTLV II 306
3. Studies of cancer in animals 306
3.1 HTLV I in animal models 306
3.1.1 Non human primates 306
3.1.2 Other models 308
3.2 STLV I in non human primates 308
3.2.1 STLV I associated lymphomas 308
3.2.2 Pathological and molecular aspects 310
3.3 Bovine leukaemia virus in sheep and cattle 311
3.3.1 Disorders induced by BLV 313
(a) Cattle 314
(b) Sheep 314
3.3.2 Pathological and molecular aspects 314
(a) Cattle 314
(b) Sheep 315
(c) Mechanistic studies 316
3.3.3 Vaccination trials 316
4. Other data relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenesis and its mechanisms 316
4.1 General observations on retroviral oncogenesis 316
4.2 Host factors 317
4.2.1 The role of the HLA system in HTLV I infection 317
4.2.2 Immune surveillance and escape 318
(a) Antibodies 318
(b) T cells 318
4.2.3 Host genetic factors required during the transition to ATLL 318
4.3 Viral factors 320
4.3.1 Proviral load and clonal integration of HTLV 1 infection 320
4.3.2 The role of Tax in cellular transformation/immortalization 321
(a) Transforming/immortalizing properties of HTLV 1 Tax
in vitro 321
(i) Immortalizing effects on T cells in vitro 321
(ii) Transforming effect of Tax on fibroblasts cultures
in vitro 321
;. (b) Tumorigenic properties of tax in transgenic mice 321
4.3.3 Pathways of Tax mediated transactivation of cellular genes 324
4.3.4 Differences between HTLV I transformed T cells and
ATLL cells 327
4.3.5 The role of other viral and host cell proteins in lymphocyte
stimulation and leukaemogenesis 328
xii IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 67
4.3.6 Differences between HTLV I and HTLV I1 330
5. Summary of data reported and evaluation 330
5.1 Exposure data 330
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data 331
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data 332
5.4 Molecular mechanisms of leukaemogenesis 332
5.5 Evaluation 333
6. References 334
ABBREVIATIONS 391
SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1 66 395
CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPHS SERIES 397
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV012538860 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:29:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)670543-1 |
| isbn | 9283212673 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008514492 |
| oclc_num | 231777919 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XII, 424 S. |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans |
| series2 | International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans |
| spelling | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer Geneva 1996 XII, 424 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 67 Sekundärkrankheit (DE-588)4131705-1 gnd rswk-swf HTLV-I-Infektion (DE-588)4279610-6 gnd rswk-swf HTLV (DE-588)4213324-5 gnd rswk-swf HIV-Infektion (DE-588)4203852-2 gnd rswk-swf HIV (DE-588)4200792-6 gnd rswk-swf Krebs Medizin (DE-588)4073781-0 gnd rswk-swf Carcinogenität (DE-588)4206051-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content HIV (DE-588)4200792-6 s Carcinogenität (DE-588)4206051-5 s DE-604 HIV-Infektion (DE-588)4203852-2 s Sekundärkrankheit (DE-588)4131705-1 s Krebs Medizin (DE-588)4073781-0 s HTLV (DE-588)4213324-5 s HTLV-I-Infektion (DE-588)4279610-6 s International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Sonstige (DE-588)670543-1 oth International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 67 (DE-604)BV000878150 67 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008514492&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Sekundärkrankheit (DE-588)4131705-1 gnd HTLV-I-Infektion (DE-588)4279610-6 gnd HTLV (DE-588)4213324-5 gnd HIV-Infektion (DE-588)4203852-2 gnd HIV (DE-588)4200792-6 gnd Krebs Medizin (DE-588)4073781-0 gnd Carcinogenität (DE-588)4206051-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131705-1 (DE-588)4279610-6 (DE-588)4213324-5 (DE-588)4203852-2 (DE-588)4200792-6 (DE-588)4073781-0 (DE-588)4206051-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 |
| title_auth | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 |
| title_exact_search | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 |
| title_full | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| title_short | Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses |
| title_sort | human immunodeficiency viruses and human t cell lymphotropic viruses this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an iarc working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans which met in lyon 11 18 june 1996 |
| title_sub | this publication represents the view and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11 - 18 June 1996 |
| topic | Sekundärkrankheit (DE-588)4131705-1 gnd HTLV-I-Infektion (DE-588)4279610-6 gnd HTLV (DE-588)4213324-5 gnd HIV-Infektion (DE-588)4203852-2 gnd HIV (DE-588)4200792-6 gnd Krebs Medizin (DE-588)4073781-0 gnd Carcinogenität (DE-588)4206051-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sekundärkrankheit HTLV-I-Infektion HTLV HIV-Infektion HIV Krebs Medizin Carcinogenität Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008514492&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000878150 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT internationalagencyforresearchoncancerworkinggroupontheevaluationofthecarcinogenicriskstohumans humanimmunodeficiencyvirusesandhumantcelllymphotropicvirusesthispublicationrepresentstheviewandexpertopinionsofaniarcworkinggroupontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumanswhichmetinlyon1118june1996 |