Philosophy: the quest for truth
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont, CA [u.a.]
Wadsworth
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 644 S. |
| ISBN: | 0534551874 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127178597597184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PHILOSOPHY
The Quest for Truth
FOURTH EDITION
Louis P Pojman
United States Military Academy
at West Point
Wadsworth Publishing Company
l(T)P An International Thomson Publishing Company
Belmont, CA • Albany, NY • Boston • Cincinnati • Johannesburg • London • Madrid • Melbourne
Mexico City • New York • Pacific Grove, CA • Scottsdale, AZ • Singapore • Tokyo • Toronto
Contents
I What is Philosophy? 1
Introduction 2
1 Plato: Socratic Wisdom 6
2 Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy 18
Excursus: A Little Bit of Logic 23
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 23
Abductive Reasoning 28
Some Applications 30
Fallacies of Reasoning 31
Suggestions for Further Reading 37
II Philosophy of Religion 39
Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the
Existence of God 41
The Cosmological Argument 41
Pro
3 Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways 42
Contra
4 Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument 46
The Teleological Argument 55
Pro
5 William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker 57
Contra
6 David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument 60
The Ontological Argument 67
Pro et contra
7 St Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument 68
Why Is There Evil? 71
8 Fyodor Dostoevski: Why Is There Evil? 73
9BC Johnson: Why Doesn t God Intervene to Prevent Evil? 77
10 John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil 82
Contents ix
If Faith Compatible with Reason ? 87
11 Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith is a Logical Bet 88
12 W K Clifford: The Ethics of Belief 91
13 William James: The Will to Believe 97
14 Antony Flew, R M Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on
the Rationality of Religious Belief 106
15 Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence 113
Suggestions for Further Reading 125
III Knowledge 127
What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge 128
16 Rene Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and die Search for
Foundational Knowledge 129
17 John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge 135
18 George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge 147
19 David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas and Skepticism about
Causal Reasoning 157
Skepticism: Can We Know Anything? 166
Contra
20 Keith Lehrer: Why Not Skepticism? 166
Pro
21 John Hospers: Argument Against Skepticism 172
Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism 180
22 Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth 182
23 William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 187
24 Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity 197
25 Margarita R Levin: Upholding Truth: Objectivity versus
Solidarity 204
Suggestions for Further Reading 216
IV Philosophy of Mind: The Mind-Body Problem 217
What Am I? A Mind or a Body? 218
26 Rene Descartes: Dualist Interactionism 221
27 Gilbert Ryle: Exorcizing Descartes Ghost in the Machine 228
28 J P Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism 234
29 Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism 245
30 Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like To Be a Bat? 261
31 John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers 269
Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity? 277
Pro
32 John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self 281
CONTENTS
Contra
33 David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which
We Are Identical 285
34 Derek Parfit and Godfrey Vesey: Brain Transplants and
Personal Identity: A Dialogue 288
Is there Life After Death? Am I Immortal? 294
Pro
35 Plato: Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul 295
Contra
36 Paul Edwards: An Argument Against Survival:
The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain 300
Pro
37 John Hick: In Defense of Immortality 309
Suggestions for Further Reading 316
V Freedom of the Will and Determinism 319
Determinism (Sometimes called Hard Determinism) 320
Libertarianism 322
Compatibilism (How to Have Your Cake and Eat It Too) 324
Contra
38 Baron d Holbach: We Are Completely Determined 325
Pro
39 William James: The Dilemma of Determinism 331
Pro and contra
40 W T Stace: Compatibilism 341
Contra
41 John Hospers: A Psychoanalytic Defense of Hard Determinism 347
Pro
42 Richard Taylor: A Contemporary Defense of Free Will 356
Suggestions for Further Reading 364
VI Ethics 365
What is Ethics? 366
Are There Any Moral Absolutes or Is Morality
Completely Relative? 369
43 Ruth Benedict: Morality is Relative 370
44 James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative 375
Contents xi
Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral? 384
45 Plato: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges Ring and
Socrates Dilemma 385
46 Ayn Rand: In Defense of Ethical Egoism 391
47 James Rachels: A Critique of Ethical Egoism 398
Which Is the Correct Ethical Theory? 407
48 Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue 407
49 Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law 418
50 John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism 430
51 William Frankena: A Reconciliation of Two Systems of Ethics 437
52 Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics 446
53: Friedrich Nietzsche: The Ethics of Nobility 453
Suggestions for Further Reading 461
VII Political Philosophy 463
Why Should I Obey the Government? What Is the Justification of
Political Authority? 464
54 Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer 465
55 John Locke: The Democratic Answer 476
56 John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer:
Government Must Promote Freedom 482
57 John Hospers: The Libertarian Answer 487
58 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Answer 493
59 John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer 503
Suggestions for Further Reading 513
VIII What Is the Meaning of Life? 515
60 Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism 517
61 Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion 523
62 Albert Camus: Life is Absurd 532
63 Lois Hope Walker: Religion Gives Meaning to Life 537
64 W T Stace: There is Meaning in Absurdity 541
65 Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Suffering 549
Suggestions for Further Reading 551
IX Philosophy in Action 553
Is Abortion Morally Permissible? 554
Contra
66 John T Noonan, Jr : Abortion is Not Morally Permissible 555
Xli CONTENTS
Pro
67 Mary Anne Warren: Abortion is Morally Permissible 560
Pro et Contra
68 Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the
Personhood Argument 566
Is the Death Penalty Morally Permissible? 573
Pro
69 Louis P Pojman: Yes, the Death Penalty Is Morally Permissible 574
Contra
70 Hugo Adam Bedau: No, die Death Penalty Is Not Morally
Permissible 581
Do Animals Have Rights? 591
Pro
71 Peter Singer: The Case for Animal Liberation 593
Contra
72 Carl Cohen: The Case Against Animal Rights 597
Is Affirmative Action Morally Justified? 601
Pro
73 Albert Mosley: The Case for Affirmative Action 604
Contra
74 Louis P Pojman: The Case Against Strong Affirmative Action 615
Suggestions for Further Reading 629
Conclusion 630
75 John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest to Truth 630
Appendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper 637
Glossary 640
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