Vision science: photons to phenomenology
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]
MIT Press
1999
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| Schriftenreihe: | A Bradford book
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 810 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0262161834 9780262161831 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Palmer, Stephen E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vision science |b photons to phenomenology |c Stephen E. Palmer |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] |b MIT Press |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 810 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Brief Contents
Preface xvii
I Foundations 1
1 An Introduction to Vision Science 3
2 Theoretical Approaches to Vision 45
3 Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision
Science 94
II Spatial Vision 143
4 Processing Image Structure 145
5 Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in
Depth 199
6 Organizing Objects and Scenes 254
7 Perceiving Object Properties and
Parts 311
8 Representing Shape and Structure 362
9 Perceiving Function and Category 408
III Visual Dynamics 463
10 Perceiving Motion and Events 465
11 Visual Selection: Eye Movements and
Attention 519
12 Visual Memory and Imagery 572
13 Visual Awareness 615
Appendix A: Psychophysical
Methods 665
Appendix B: Connectionist Modeling 675
Appendix C: Color Technology 689
Glossary 701
References 737
Name Index 7 71
Subject Index 780
Brief Contents v—
Contents I Foundations 1
1 An Introduction to Vision Science 3
1.1 Visual Perception 5
1.1.1 Defining Visual Perception 5
1.1.2 The Evolutionary Utility of Vision 6
1.1.3 Perception as a Constructive Act 7
Adaptation and Aftereffects 7
Reality and Illusion 7
Ambiguous Figures 9
1.1.4 Perception as Modeling the
Environment 10
Visual Completion 10
Impossible Objects 11
Predicting the Future 12
1.1.5 Perception as Apprehension of Meaning 13
Classification 13
Attention and Consciousness 13
1.2 Optical Information 15
1.2.1 The Behavior of Light 15
Illumination 15
Interaction with Surfaces 16
The Ambient Optic Array 18
1.2.2 The Formation of Images 19
Optical Images 20
Projective Geometry 20
Perspective and Orthographic
Projection 21
1.2.3 Vision as an Inverse Problem 23
1.3 Visual Systems 24
1.3.1 The Human Eye 24
Eye and Brain 24
Anatomy of the Eye 25
Physiological Optics 26
1.3.2 The Retina 28
Neurons 28
Photoreceptors 29
Peculiarities of Retinal Design 33
Pathways to the Brain 35
1.3.3 Visual Cortex 35
Localization of Function 35
Occipital Cortex 37
Parietal and Temporal Cortex 38
Mapping Visual Cortex 39
The Physiological Pathways
Hypothesis 42
2 Theoretical Approaches to Vision 45
2.1 Classical Theories of Vision 47
2.1.1 Structuralism 48
2.1.2 Gestaltism 50
Holism 50
Psychophysiological Isomorphism 51
2.1.3 Ecological Optics 53
Analyzing Stimulus Structure 53
Direct Perception 54
2.1.4 Constructivism 55
Unconscious Inference 56
Heuristic Interpretation 57
2.2 A Brief History of Information Processing 59
2.2.1 Computer Vision 59
The Invention of Computers 59
Blocks World 60
Computational Approaches to Ecological
Optics 61
Connectionism and Neural Networks 62
2.2.2 Information Processing Psychology 63
2.2.3 Biological Information Processing 64
Early Developments 64
Single Cell Recording 64
Autoradiography 66
Brain Imaging Techniques 66
2.3 Information Processing Theory 70
2.3.1 The Computer Metaphor 71
2.3.2 Three Levels of Information Processing 71
The Computational Level 72
The Algorithmic Level 72
The Implementational Level 73
2.3.3 Three Assumptions of Information
Processing 73
Informational Description 73
Recursive Decomposition 74
Physical Embodiment 77
2.3.4 Representation 77
2.3.5 Processes 80
Implicit versus Explicit Information 80
Processing as Inference 80
Hidden Assumptions 81
Heuristic Processes 83
Hidden Assumptions versus Ecological
Validity 83
lop Down versus Bottom Up
Processes 84
2.4 Four Stages of Visual Perception 85
2.4.1 The Retinal Image 85
2.4.2 The Image Based Stage 87
2.4.3 The Surface Based Stage 88
2.4.4 The Object Based Stage 90
2.4.5 1 he Category Based Stage 91
ontents
3 Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision
Science 94
3.1 The Computational Description of Color
Perception 96
3.1.1 The Physical Description of Light 96
3.1.2 The Psychological Description of Color 97
Color Space 97
Hue 98
Saturation 98
Lightness 98
Lightness versus Brightness 99
3.1.3 The Psychophysical Correspondence 99
3.2 Image Based Color Processing 101
3.2.1 Basic Phenomena 101
Light Mixture 101
Color Blindness 104
Color Afterimages 105
Simultaneous Color Contrast 106
Chromatic Adaptation 107
3.2.2 Theories of Color Vision 107
Trichromatic Theory 107
Opponent Process Theory 108
Dual Process Theory 110
3.2.3 Physiological Mechanisms 112
Three Cone Systems 112
Color Opponent Cells 113
Reparameterization in Color
Processing 114
Lateral Inhibition 115
Adaptation and Aftereffects 119
Double Opponent Cells 119
Higher Cortical Mechanisms 120
3.2.4 Development of Color Vision 121
3.3 Surface Based Color Processing 122
3.3.1 Lightness Constancy 125
Adaptation Theories 125
Unconscious Inference versus Relational
Theories 126
The Importance of Edges 128
Retinex Theory 128
The Scaling Problem 129
Illumination versus Reflectance
Edges 130
Distinguishing Illumination from
Reflectance Edges 132
3.3.2 Chromatic Color Constancy 133
Constraining the Problem 133
Illumination versus Reflectance Edges
Revisited 134
Development of Color Constancy 136
3.4 The Category Based Stage 137
3.4.1 Color Naming 137
3.4.2 Focal Colors and Prototypes 139
3.4.3 A Fuzzy Logical Model of Color
Naming 140
Fuzzy Set Theory 140
Primary, Derived, and Composite Color
Categories 141
II Spatial Vision 143
4 Processing Image Structure 145
4.1 Physiological Mechanisms 146
4.1.1 Retinal and Geniculate Cells 147
Ganglion Cells 147
Bipolar Cells 148
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 148
4.1.2 Striate Cortex 151
Hubel and Wiesel s Discovery 151
Simple Cells 151
Complex Cells 153
Hypercomplex Cells 153
4.1.3 Striate Architecture 154
The Retinotopic Map 155
Ocular Dominance Slabs 155
Columnar Structure 156
4.1.4 Development of Receptive Fields 15 7
4.2 Psychophysical Channels 158
4.2.1 Spatial Frequency Theory 159
Fourier Analysis 160
Spatial Frequency Channels 162
Contrast Sensitivity Functions 163
Selective Adaptation of Channels 165
Spatial Frequency Aftereffects 166
Thresholds for Sine Wave versus Square
Wave Gratings 167
Development of Spatial Frequency
Channels 168
4.2.2 Physiology of Spatial Frequency
Channels 169
4.3 Computational Approaches 171
4.3.1 Marr s Primal Sketches 172
4.3.2 Edge Detection 172
Edge Operators and Convolution 173
The Marr Hildreth Zero Crossing
Algorithm 175
Neural Implementation 179
Scale Integration 180
The Raw Primal Sketch 180
4.3.3 Alternative Computational Theories 182
Texture Analysis 184
Structure from Shading 184
4.3.4 A Theoretical Synthesis 186
Local Spatial Frequency Filters 186
Exploiting the Structure of Natural
Images 188
4.4 Visual Pathways 193
4.4.1 Physiological Evidence 193
4.4.2 Perceptual Evidence 195
5 Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in
Depth 199
5.1 The Problem of Depth Perception 201
5.1.1 Heuristic Assumptions 202
5.1.2 Marr s 2.5 D Sketch 202
5.2 Ocular Information 203
5.2.1 Accommodation 203
5.2.2 Convergence 205
5.3 Stereoscopic Information 206
5.3.1 Binocular Disparity 206
Corresponding Retinal Positions 207
The Horopter 208
Stereograms 210
5.3.2 The Correspondence Problem 211
Random Dot Stereograms 212
Autostereograms 214
Binocular Rivalry 216
5.3.3 Computational Theories 216
The First Marr Poggio Algorithm 217
Edge Based Algorithms 220
Filtering Algorithms 221
5.3.4 Physiological Mechanisms 222
5.3.5 Vertical Disparity 224
5.3.6 Da Vinci Stereopsis 224
5.4 Dynamic Information 225
5.4.1 Motion Parallax 225
5.4.2 Optic Flow Caused by a Moving
Observer 226
5.4.3 Optic Flow Caused by Moving
Objects 228
5.4.4 Accretion/Deletion of Texture 229
5.5 Pictorial Information 229
5.5.1 Perspective Projection 230
5.5.2 Convergence of Parallel Lines 231
5.5.3 Position Relative to the Horizon of a
Surface 231
5.5.4 Relative Size 232
5.5.5 Familiar Size 234
5.5.6 Texture Gradients 234
5.5.7 Edge Interpretation 236
Vertex Classification 237
Four Types of Edges 237
Edge Labels 238
Physical Constraints 239
Extensions and Generalizations 241
5.5.8 Shading Information 243
Perceiving Surface Orientation from
Shading 243
Horn s Computational Analysis 245
Cast Shadows 246
5.5.9 Aerial Perspective 246
5.5.10 Integrating Information Sources 247
Dominance 247
Compromise 248
Interaction 249
5.6 Development of Depth Perception 249
5.6.1 Ocular Information 250
5.6.2 Stereoscopic Information 251
5.6.3 Dynamic Information 252
5.6.4 Pictorial Information 252
6 Organizing Objects and Scenes 254
The Problem of Perceptual Organization 255
The Experience Error 257
6.1 Perceptual Grouping 257
6.1.1 The Classical Principles of Grouping 257
6.1.2 New Principles of Grouping 259
6.1.3 Measuring Grouping Effects
Quantitatively 261
6.1.4 Is Grouping an Early or Late Process? 263
6.1.5 Past Experience 266
6.2 Region Analysis 266
6.2.1 Uniform Connectedness 268
6.2.2 Region Segmentation 269
Boundary Based Approaches 270
Region Based Approaches 271
Evidence from Stabilized Images 273
Parts and Parsing 274
6.2.3 Texture Segregation 275
Discovering the Features of Texture 276
Texture Segregation as a Parallel
Process 276
A Theory of Texture Segregation 277
6.3 Figure/Ground Organization 280
6.3.1 Principles of Figure/Ground
Organization 281
6.3.2 Ecological Considerations 283
6.3.3 Effects of Meaningfulness 284
6.3.4 The Problem of Holes 285
6.4 Visual Interpolation 287
6.4.1 Visual Completion 288
Figural Familiarity Theories 289
Figural Simplicity Theories 289
Ecological Constraint Theories 290
6.4.2 Illusory Contours 292
Relation to Visual Completion 293
Physiological Basis of Illusory
Contours 294
6.4.3 Perceived Transparency 296
6.4.4 Figural Scission 298
6.4.5 The Principle of Nonaccidentalness 299
6.5 Multistability 300
6.5.1 Connectionist Network Models 301
6.5.2 Neural Fatigue 302
6.5.3 Eye Fixations 304
Contents
6.5.4 The Role of Instructions 304
6.6 Development of Perceptual Organization 305
6.6.1 The Habituation Paradigm 306
6.6.2 The Development of Grouping 306
7 Perceiving Object Properties and
Parts 311
Constancy and Illusion 312
Modes of Perception: Proximal and Distal 313
7.1 Size 314
7.1.1 Size Constancy 315
The Size Distance Relation 315
Demonstrations of Size Constancy 315
Departures from Constancy 317
Taking Account of Distance 317
Texture Occlusion 318
Relative Size 319
The Horizon Ratio 321
Development of Size Constancy 321
7.1.2 Size Illusions 322
The Moon Illusion 322
The Ponzo Illusion 324
Illusions of Relative Size 325
Occlusion Illusions 326
7.2 Shape 327
7.2.1 Shape Constancy 327
Perspective Changes 327
Two Dimensional Figures 328
Three Dimensional Objects 329
Development of Shape Constancy 331
7.2.2 Shape Illusions 332
7.3 Orientation 333
7.3.1 Orientation Constancy 333
7.3.2 Orientation Illusions 336
Frames of Reference 336
Geometric Illusions 337
7.4 Position 338
7.4.1 Perception of Direction 338
7.4.2 Position Constancy 339
Indirect Theories of Position
Constancy 340
Direct Theories of Position
Constancy 341
7.4.3 Position Illusions 342
7.5 Perceptual Adaptation 343
7.6 Parts 348
7.6.1 Evidence for Perception of Parts 348
Linguistic Evidence 348
Phenomenological Demonstrations 349
Perceptual Experiments 350
7.6.2 Part Segmentation 351
Shape Primitives 351
Boundary Rules 353
7.6.3 Global and Local Processing 354
Global Precedence 355
Configural Orientation Effects 357
Word, Object, and Configural
Superiority Effects 359
8 Representing Shape and Structure 362
8.1 Shape Equivalence 363
8.1.1 Denning Objective Shape 364
8.1.2 Invariant Features 365
8.1.3 Transformational Alignment 367
8.1.4 Object Centered Reference Frames 368
Geometric Coordinate Systems 369
Perceptual Reference Frames 370
Accounting for Failures of Shape
Equivalence 371
Orientation and Shape 373
Heuristics in Reference Frame
Selection 374
8.2 Theories of Shape Representation 377
8.2.1 Templates 377
Strengths 378
Weaknesses 379
8.2.2 Fourier Spectra 383
Strengths 384
Weaknesses 384
8.2.3 Features and Dimensions 385
Multidimensional Representations 387
Multifeatural Representations 390
Strengths 391
Weaknesses 392
8.2.4 Structural Descriptions 394
Shape Primitives 396
Strengths 397
Weaknesses 397
8.3 Figural Goodness and Pragnanz 398
8.3.1 Theories of Figural Goodness 399
Classical Information Theory 399
Rotation and Reflection Subsets 400
Symmetry Subgroups 401
8.3.2 Structural Information Theory 402
Primitive Codes 403
Removing Redundancies 403
Information Load 404
Applications to Perceptual
Organization 405
Strengths 405
Weaknesses 405
9 Perceiving Function and Category 408
9.1 The Perception of Function 409
9.1.1 Direct Perception of Affordances 410
9.1.2 Indirect Perception of Function by
Categorization 413
Four Components of Categorization 413
Comparison Processes 414
Decision Processes 414
9.2 Phenomena of Perceptual Categorization 416
9.2.1 Categorical Hierarchies 416
Prototypes 417
Basic Level Categories 418
Entry Level Categories 419
9.2.2 Perspective Viewing Conditions 420
Canonical Perspective 421
Priming Effects 424
Orientation Effects 426
9.2.3 Part Structure 427
9.2.4 Contextual Effects 428
9.2.5 Visual Agnosia 431
9.3 Theories of Object Categorization 433
9.3.1 Recognition by Components Theory 434
Geons 434
Nonaccidental Features 435
Geon Relations 436
Stages of Object Categorization in
RBC 437
A Neural Network Implementation 438
9.3.2 Accounting for Empirical Phenomena 440
Typicality Effects 440
Entry I/evel Categories 440
Viewing Conditions 441
Part Structures 442
Contextual Effects 442
Visual Agnosia 443
Weaknesses 443
9.3.3 Viewpoint Specific Theories 444
The Case for Multiple Views 444
Aspect Graphs 445
Alignment with 3 D Models 448
Alignment with 2 D View
Combinations 448
Weaknesses 451
9.4 Identifying Letters and Words 453
9.4.1 Identifying Letters 453
9.4.2 Identifying Words and Letters Within
Words 455
9.4.3 The Interactive Activation Model 458
Feature Level 458
Letter Level 458
Word Ix vel 459
Word to Ix tter Feedback 4(50
Problems 460
III Visual Dynamics 463
10 Perceiving Motion and Events 465
10.1 Image Motion 466
10.1.1 The Computational Problem of
Motion 466
10.1.2 Continuous Motion 469
Adaptation and Aftereffects 470
Simultaneous Motion Contrast 470
The Autokinetic Effect 4 71
10.1.3 Apparent Motion 471
Early Gestalt Investigations 472
Motion Picture Technology 473
The Correspondence Problem of
Apparent Motion 474
Short Range versus Long Range
Apparent Motion 477
The Aperture Problem 479
10.1.4 Physiological Mechanisms 481
The Magno and Parvo Systems 481
Cortical Analysis of Motion 482
Neuropsychology of Motion
Perception 483
10.1.5 Computational Theories 484
Delay and Compare Networks 484
Edge Based Models 485
Spatial Frequency Based Models 485
Integrating Local Motion 486
10.2 Object Motion 487
10.2.1 Perceiving Object Velocity 487
10.2.2 Depth and Motion 488
Rigid Motion in Depth 489
The Kinetic Depth Effect 489
The Rigidity Heuristic and the
Correspondence Problem 490
The Stereo Kinetic Effect 491
Perception of Nonrigid Motion 492
10.2.3 Long Range Apparent Motion 493
Apparent Rotation 493
Curved Apparent Motion 495
Conditions for Long Range Apparent
Motion 497
10.2.4 Dynamic Perceptual Organization 498
Grouping by Movement 498
Configural Motion 499
Induced Motion 501
Kinetic Completion and Illusory
Figures 502
Anorthoscopic Perception 502
10.3 Self Motion and Optic Flow 504
10.3.1 Induced Motion of the Self 504
Position and Orientation 504
Balance and Posture 506
10.3.2 Perceiving Self Motion 506
Direction of Self Motion 506
Speed of Self Motion 509
Virtual Reality and Ecological
Perception 510
10.4 Understanding Events 511
10.4.1 Biological Motion 511
10.4.2 Perceiving Causation 513
Launching, Triggering, and Entraining
Events 513
Perceiving Mass Relations 514
10.4.3 Intuitive Physics 515
Recognizing versus Generating
Answers 515
Particle versus Extended Body
Motion 517
11 Visual Selection: Eye Movements and
Attention 519
11.1 Eye Movements 520
11.1.1 Types of Eye Movements 521
Physiological Nystagmus 521
Saccadic Movements 523
Smooth Pursuit Movements 524
Vergence Movements 525
Vestibular Movements 525
Optokinetic Movements 526
11.1.2 The Physiology of the Oculomotor
System 527
11.1.3 Saccadic Exploration of the Visual
Environment 528
Patterns of Fixations 528
Transsaccadic Integration 531
11.2 Visual Attention 531
11.2.1 Early versus Late Selection 533
Auditory Attention 533
The Inattention Paradigm 534
The Attentional Blink 537
Change Blindness 538
Intentionally Ignored Information 539
11.2.2 Costs and Benefits of Attention 541
The Attentional Cuing Paradigm 542
Voluntary versus Involuntary Shifts of
Attention 543
Three Components of Shifting
Attention 544
11.2.3 Theories of Spatial Attention 544
The Spotlight Metaphor 545
The Zoom Lens Metaphor 546
Space Based versus Object Based
Approaches 547
11.2.4 Selective Attention to Properties 549
The Stroop Effect 549
Integral versus Separable
Dimensions 550
11.2.5 Distributed versus Focused
Attention 554
Visual Pop Out 554
Search Asymmetry 556
11.2.6 Feature Integration Theory 556
Conjunction Search 557
Texture Segregation 558
Illusory Conjunctions 558
Problems with Feature Integration
Theory 559
Object Files 561
11.2.7 The Physiology of Attention 563
Unilateral Neglect 563
Balint s Syndrome 565
Brain Imaging Studies 566
Electrophysiological Studies 567
11.2.8 Attention and Eye Movements 568
12 Visual Memory and Imagery 572
12.1 Visual Memory 573
12.1.1 Three Memory Systems 573
12.1.2 Iconic Memory 575
The Partial Report Procedure 575
Duration 576
Content 576
Maintenance 577
Loss 577
Masking 578
Persistence versus Processing 579
12.1.3 Visual Short Term Memory 580
Visual STM versus Iconic Memory 581
Visual STM versus Visual LTM 582
The Visuo Spatial Scratch Pad 584
Transsaccadic Memory 585
Conceptual Short Term Memory 586
12.1.4 Visual Long Term Memory 588
Three Types of LTM 588
Visual Routines 589
Recall versus Recognition 589
How Good Is Episodic Visual
LTM? 590
Visual Imagery as a Mnemonic
Device 591
Dual Coding Theory 592
Photographic Memory 593
Mnemonists 594
Neuropsychology of Visual
Memory 594
12.1.5 Memory Dynamics 596
Tendencies toward Goodness 596
Effects of Verbal Labels 597
The Misinformation Effect 597
Representational Momentum 601
12.2 Visual Imagery 602
12.2.1 The Analog/Propositional Debate 603
The Analog Position 603
The Propositional Position 604
12.2.2 Mental Transformations 605
Mental Rotation 605
Other Transformations 606
12.2.3 Image Inspection 607
Image Scanning 607
Image Size Effects 607
Mental Psychophysics 608
Reinterpreting Images 608
12.2.4 Kosslyn s Model of Imagery 609
12.2.5 The Relation of Imagery to
Perception 61 1
Behavioral Evidence 611
Neuropsychological Evidence 612
Brain Imaging Studies 613
13 Visual Awareness 615
13.1 Philosophical Foundations 618
13.1.1 The Mind Body Problem 618
Dualism 618
Idealism 620
Materialism 621
Behaviorism 621
Functionalism 623
Supervenience 624
13.1.2 The Problem of Other Minds 624
Criteria for Consciousness 624
The Inverted Spectrum Argument 625
Phenomenological Criteria 627
Behavioral Criteria 628
Physiological Criteria 629
Correlational versus Causal
Theories (530
13.2 Neuropsychology of Visual Awareness 630
13.2.1 Split Brain Patients 631
13.2.2 Blindsight 633
The Case History of D.B. 633
Accurate Guessing without Visual
Experience 634
The Two Visual Systems
Hypothesis 635
Methodological Challenges 635
13.2.3 Unconscious Processing in Neglect and
Balint s Syndrome 636
13.2.4 Unconscious Face Recognition in
Prosopagnosia 637
13.3 Visual Awareness in Normal Observers 638
13.3.1 Perceptual Defense 638
13.3.2 Subliminal Perception 639
Marcel s Experiments 639
Objective versus Subjective Thresholds of
Awareness 641
Functional Correlates ol
Consciousness 642
13.3.3 Inattentional Blindsight 643
13.4 Theories of Consciousness 644
13.4.1 Functional Architecture Theories 645
The STM Hypothesis 645
An Activation Based Conception of
STM 646
The Attention Hypothesis 647
Working Memory Theories 648
The 2.5 D Sketch Theory of
Consciousness 649
13.4.2 Biological Theories 649
Activation Thresholds 650
Duration Thresholds 651
The Cortical Hypothesis 651
The Crick/Koch Conjectures 652
ERTAS: The Extended Reticular
Thalamic Activating System 654
Causal Theories of Consciousness: An
Analogy 655
13.4.3 Consciousness and the Limits of
Science 656
Relational Structure 657
The Isomorphism Constraint 658
Relation to Functionalism 659
Biology to the Rescue? 661
Appendix A: Psychophysical Methods 665
A. 1 Measuring Thresholds 665
A. 1.1 Method of Adjustment 666
A. 1.2 Method of Limits 666
A. 1.3 Method of Constant Stimuli 666
A. 1.4 The Theoretical Status of Thresholds 667
A. 2 Signal Detection Theory 668
A.2.1 Response Bias 668
A.2.2 The Signal Detection Paradigm 668
A.2.3 The Theory of Signal Detectability 669
A.3 Difference Thresholds 671
A.3.1 Just Noticeable Differences 671
A.3.2 Weber s Law 671
A.4 Psychophysical Scaling 672
A.4.1 Fechner sLaw 672
A.4.2 Stevens sLaw 673
Appendix B: Connectionist Modeling 675
B.I Network Behavior 676
B.I.I Unit Behavior 677
Combining Input Activation 677
Determining Output Activation 678
B. 1.2 System Architecture 678
Feedforward Networks 678
Feedback Networks 678
Symmetric Networks 679
Winner Take All Networks 679
B.1.3 Systemic Behavior 679
Graceful Degradation 679
Settling into a Stable State 680
Soft Constraint Satisfaction 680
Pattern Completion 680
B.2 Connectionist Learning Algorithms 681
B.2.1 Back Propagation 681
The Delta Rule 682
The Generalized Delta Rule 683
B.2.2 Gradient Descent 683
Input Vector Space 683
Partitioning the Input Vector Space 684
State Space 684
Weight Space 685
Weight Error Space 686
Gradient Descent 686
Local versus Global Minima 686
Appendix C: Color Technology 689
C. 1 Additive versus Subtractive Color Mixture 690
C. 1.1 Adding versus Multiplying Spectra 691
C. 1.2 Maxwell s Color Triangle 691
C. 1.3 C.I.E. Color Space 692
C. 1.4 Subtractive Color Mixture Space? 693
C.2 Color Television 694
C.3 Paints and Dyes 696
C.3.1 Subtractive Combination of Paints 696
C.3.2 Additive Combination of Paints 697
C.4 Color Photography 697
C.5 Color Printing 699
Glossary 701
References 737
Name Index 771
Subject Index 780
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Palmer, Stephen E. |
| author_facet | Palmer, Stephen E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Palmer, Stephen E. |
| author_variant | s e p se sep |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012518964 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246338171 (DE-599)BVBBV012518964 |
| dewey-full | 612.84 |
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| dewey-ones | 612 - Human physiology |
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| dewey-sort | 3612.84 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Psychologie Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV012518964 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:28:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0262161834 9780262161831 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008498548 |
| oclc_num | 246338171 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M347 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-706 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M347 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-706 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 |
| physical | XXII, 810 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | MIT Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | A Bradford book |
| spelling | Palmer, Stephen E. Verfasser aut Vision science photons to phenomenology Stephen E. Palmer Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] MIT Press 1999 XXII, 810 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Bradford book Visuelle Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4078921-4 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Visuelle Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4078921-4 s Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008498548&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Palmer, Stephen E. Vision science photons to phenomenology Visuelle Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4078921-4 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078921-4 (DE-588)4047704-6 |
| title | Vision science photons to phenomenology |
| title_auth | Vision science photons to phenomenology |
| title_exact_search | Vision science photons to phenomenology |
| title_full | Vision science photons to phenomenology Stephen E. Palmer |
| title_fullStr | Vision science photons to phenomenology Stephen E. Palmer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vision science photons to phenomenology Stephen E. Palmer |
| title_short | Vision science |
| title_sort | vision science photons to phenomenology |
| title_sub | photons to phenomenology |
| topic | Visuelle Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4078921-4 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Visuelle Wahrnehmung Psychologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008498548&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT palmerstephene visionsciencephotonstophenomenology |