Verfügbarkeit: Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology:

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1998
Ausgabe:	1. ed.
Schlagworte:	Isotop Einzugsgebiet Hydrologie Tracer Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIX, 839 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	0444815465 9780444501554

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Table of Contents PART I. BASIC PRINCIPLES Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Small Catchment Hydrology ............. 1 J.M. Buttle 1.1 Introduction to Small Catchments ..................................... 1 1.2 The Catchment Water Balance ........................................ 1 1.2.1 General components of the water balance ....................... 1 1.2.2 Precipitation, interception, net precipitation ..................... 2 1.2.3 Snowmelt ............................................... 10 1.2.4 Infiltration and soil water storage ............................ 11 1.2.5 Evaporation and evapotranspiration ........................... 19 1.2.6 Storage in lakes, wetlands and stream channels ................. 24 1.2.7 Runoff outputs via streamflow ............................... 26 1.2.8 Mechanisms of stormflow generation ......................... 27 1.2.9 Groundwater flow ........................................ 32 1.3 Questions of Spatial and Temporal Scale in Catchment Hydrology .......... 33 1.4 Use of Isotopes in Catchment Research ................................ 35 1.4.1 Evaporation, evapotranspiration, interception ................... 36 1.4.2 Pore-water mixing (the mobile-immobile water issue) ............ 37 1.4.3 Soil and groundwater recharge rates .......................... 38 1.4.4 Soil water, groundwater and surface water residence times ........ 39 1.4.5 Storm runoff components .................................. 40 1.4.6 Water sources versus water flowpaths ......................... 41 1.4.7 Sources of solutes ........................................ 42 1.5 New Research Directions ........................................... 42 1.6 Summary ........................................................ 43 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry ................... 51 С Kendall and E.A. Caldwell 2.1 Introduction ..................................................... 51 2.2 Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry ................................ 53 2.2.1 Definitions .............................................. 53 2.2.2 Terminology ............................................. 55 2.2.3 Standards ............................................... 56 2.3 Stable Isotope Fractionation ......................................... 57 2.3.1 Properties of isotopie molecules ............................. 57 2.3.2 Fractionation accompanying chemical reactions and phase changes . . 57 2.3.3 The Rayleigh equations .................................... 61 2.3.4 Isotopie fractionation in open and closed systems ................ 61 2.3.5 Biological fractionation s ................................... 70 2.4 Sample Collection, Analysis, and Quality Assurance ..................... 72 2.4.1 Sampling guidelines ....................................... 72 2.4.2 Analytical methods and instrumentation ....................... 75 2.4.3 Quality assurance of contract laboratories ...................... 77 2.5 Applications of Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology .................. 78 2.5.1 Water isotope hydrology ................................... 79 2.5.2 Solute isotope biogeochemistry .............................. 79 2.5.3 Mixing ................................................. 80 2.5.4 Isotopically labeled materials ................................ 82 2.5.5 Stable isotopes in geochemical modeling ...................... 82 2.5.6 Use of a multi-isotope approach for the determination of flowpaths . 83 2.6 Summary ........................................................ 84 PART II. PROCESSES AFFECTING ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS Chapter 3: Isotopic Variations in Precipitation ....................... 87 N.Ĺ. Ingraham 3.1 Introduction ..................................................... 87 3.1.1 Global hydrologie cycle .................................... 88 3.2 Natural Fractionation of Isotopes in Precipitation ........................ 91 3.2.1 Co-variance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation ...... 91 3.3 Systematics of Isotope Variations in Precipitation ........................ 94 3.3.1 System fractionation ...................................... 94 3.3.2 Unique types of precipitation ................................ 96 3.3.3 Observed effects ......................................... 100 3.3.4 Temporal variation in precipitation .......................... 103 3.3.5 Geographic variation in precipitation in convective systems ...... 104 3.3.6 Continental effect in precipitation ........................... 104 3.3.7 Dependence of rain on ambient temperature ................... 106 3.3.8 Exchange with atmospheric vapor ........................... 106 3.3.9 Evaporation on the canopy ................................. 108 3.4 Mesoscale Circulation and Storm Trajectories .......................... 108 3.5 Tritium ........................................................ 110 3.5.1 Origin ................................................. 110 3.5.2 Recent elevated levels and decline ........................... Ill 3.5.3 Observed terrestrial and marine distributions .................. 112 3.5.4 Uses of tritium in catchment basin research ................... 112 3.6 Implications for Catchment Basin Research ........................... 113 3.6.1 Scale issues ............................................ 113 3.6.2 Sample collection ........................................ 113 3.7 Summary ....................................................... 115 Chapter 4: Isotopic Fractionation in Snow Cover .................... 119 L.W. Cooper 4.1 Introduction .................................................... 119 4.2 Isotopic Changes to a Snowpack .................................... 120 4.2.1 Changes during snow accumulation ......................... 120 4.2.2 Changes during snowmelt ................................. 123 4.2.3 Isotopic water balance and evaporation ....................... 128 4.2.4 Catchment scale and runoff considerations .................... 129 4.3 Future Directions for Research ...................................... 131 Chapters: Isotopic Exchange in Soil Water ......................... 137 C.J. Barnes and J. V, Turner 5.1 Introduction .................................................... 137 5.1.1 General discussion of isotopes .............................. 137 5.1.2 Analytical considerations .................................. 138 5.1.3 Soil-water extraction techniques ............................ 139 5.2 Processes Leading to Soil Water Concentration Variations: Meteorological Inputs ............................................. 139 5.3 Processes Leading to Soil Water Concentration Variations: Evaporation ..... 141 5.3.1 Introduction ............................................ 141 5.3.2 Saturated soils .......................................... 142 5.3.3 Unsaturated soils ........................................ 147 5.3.4 Unsteady evaporation ..................................... 150 5.3.5 Temperature effects ...................................... 155 5.3.6 Oxygen-le/deuterium relationship .......................... 158 5.3.7 Further modifications due to salinity and transpiration ........... 161 5.4 New Research Directions .......................................... 161 5.5 Summary ....................................................... 162 Chapter 6: Plants, Isotopes and Water Use: a Catchment-Scale Perspective ............................................. 165 Т.Е. Dawson and J.R. Ehleringer 6.1 Introduction .................................................... 165 6.1.1 Plants and catchment-level processes ........................ 165 6.1.2 Working premise concerning plants, isotopes and water use ...... 166 6.2 Water Uptake and Water Transport in Plants ........................... 167 6.2.1 Background ............................................ 167 6.2.2 Measurements of water uptake and transport by plants ........... 169 6.3 Stomatal Regulation of Water Movement in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum ..................................................... 173 6.3.1 Water movement and the regulatory role of plants: the leaf-level ... 173 6.3.2 Water movement and the regulatory role of plants: the stand-level . 175 6.4 Water Sources and Water Use by Plants: Case Studies Using Stable Isotopes . 177 6.4.1 Riparian forest communities ............................... 178 6.4.2 Arid and semi-arid plant communities ........................ 179 6.4.3 Temperate forest communities .............................. 180 6.4.4 Coastal plant communities ................................. 186 6.5 Current Issues Involving Plants and Catchment-Scale Hydrologie Processes .. 188 6.5.1 Invasive plants and site water balance ........................ 188 6.5.2 Stream diversions and riparian manipulations .................. 189 6.5.3 Deforestation, reforestation and desertification ................. 190 6.6 Long-term Record of Water Use by Plants ............................. 192 6.7 Merging the Study of Stable Isotopes in Water with Studies of Water Uptake and Water Use in Plants and the Hydrology of Catchments ............... 194 Chapter 7: Isotopes in Groundwater Hydrology ..................... 203 R. Gonfiantini, K. Fröhlich, L. Araguás-Araguás and K. Rozanski 7.1 Introduction .................................................... 203 7.2 Isotopie Variations in Waters Recharging the Aquifers ................... 204 7.2.1 The isotopie composition of precipitation ..................... 204 7.2.2 The isotopie composition of surface waters .................... 206 7.3 Isotopie Effects in the Unsaturated Zone .............................. 207 7.3.1 Mechanisms of infiltration ................................. 207 7.3.2 Water movement in the unsaturated zone ..................... 207 7.3.3 Dissolution processes ..................................... 209 7.4 Shallow Aquifers ................................................ 211 7.4.1 Recharge by precipitation ................................. 211 7.4.2 Recharge from surface waters .............................. 214 7.4.3 Hydrodynamical models of shallow groundwater systems based on isotopie data .................................... 217 7.5 Deep Groundwater ............................................... 225 7.5.1 Groundwater movement in confined aquifers .................. 225 7.5.2 Groundwater age ........................................ 225 7.5.3 Interconnections between aquifers ........................... 233 7.5.4 Geothermal groundwaters ................................. 234 7.6 Groundwater Studies in Catchments ................................. 234 7.6.1 Present situation and case study examples ..................... 234 7.6.2 Research trends and needs ................................. 238 Chapter 8: Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Tracers in Catchment Hydrology ............................................. 247 G.J. Nimz 8.1 Introduction .................................................... 247 8.2 Processes that Affect Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Isotopie Compositions in Hydrologie Systems ............................................ 248 248 248 262 263 8.2.1 Lithogenic and cosmogenic solutes used in hydrologie analysis . 8.2.2 Origin of lithogenic nuclides in natural waters: mineral reactions .................................... 8.2.3 Origin of lithogenic nuclides in natural waters: trace element exchange ................................... 249 8.2.4 Origin of isotopie variations: radiogenic nuclides ............... 251 8.2.5 Origin of isotopie variations: the mineral weathering sequence .... 253 8.2.6 Origin of isotopie variations: uranium isotopes and alpha recoil ... 255 8.2.7 Origin of isotopie variations: cosmogenic nuclides .............. 257 8.2.8 Origin of isotopie variations: fission products .................. 258 8.2.9 Hydrologie application of cosmogenic nuclides ................ 259 8.3 The Application of Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Nuclides to Catchment Hydrology ................................................. 8.3.1 Input: precipitation, dry deposition, and throughfall ........ 8.3.2 The shallow system: hydrograph separation, weathering, and arid-region infiltration .................................... 266 8.3.3 Evaporation / transpiration ................................. 272 8.3.4 The deep system: groundwater flow ......................... 272 8.3.5 System (basin) closure: mixing of water masses ................ 274 8.3.6 Streatnflow: mass balance within the catchment ................ 276 8.3.7 Lithogenic and cosmogenic nuclides: summary ................ 276 8.4 New Directions in Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Nuclides ................. 277 8.4.1 The other geologic giant: neodymium ........................ 277 8.4.2 Lithogenic elements with fractionating isotopes ................ 278 8.4.3 New directions in catchment hydrology for cosmogenic nuclides ... 280 8.5 Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Concluding Remarks ............................................. 281 Chapter 9: Dissolved Gases in Subsurface Hydrology ................ 291 D.K. Solomon, P.G. Cook and W.E. Sanford 9.1 Introduction .................................................... 291 9.2 Occurrence and Transport of Dissolved Gases .......................... 291 9.3 Shallow Groundwater Dating ....................................... 294 9.3.1 WHe ................................................ 297 9.3.2 Chlorofluorocarbons ..................................... 299 9.3.3 85 Kr .................................................. 302 9.3.4 Radiogenic He .......................................... 303 9.3.5 Field examples of groundwater dating ........................ 305 9.4 Groundwater Surface-Water Interactions .............................. 308 9.4.1 4He ................................................... 308 9.4.2 222Rn .................................................. 309 9.5 Injected Dissolved Gas Tracers ..................................... 309 9.5.1 Field example: noble gas tracer experiment ................... 311 9.6 Future Directions ................................................ 313 PART IH. CASE STUDIES IN ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY Chapter 10: Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Rainfall-Runoff Studies ................................................. 319 D.P. Généreux and R.P . Hooper 10.1 Introduction .................................................... 319 10.2 Hydrograph Separation ............................................ 320 10.2.1 Terminology ............................................ 320 10.2.2 Requirements and assumptions in hydrograph separation ......... 321 10.2.3 Findings and examples .................................... 321 10.2.4 Scale dependence of fpe values ............................. 330 10.2.5 Intra-component variability in tracer concentrations ............. 332 10.2.6 Recommendations for field studies .......................... 338 10.3 New Directions .................................................. 339 10.3.1 Subsurface mixing and residence time ........................ 339 10.3.2 Use of isotopes in model calibration ......................... 341 10.4 Conclusions .................................................... 343 Chapter 11: High Rainfall, Response-Dominated Catchments: A Comparative Study of Experiments in Tropical Northeast Queensland with Temperate New Zealand ................ 347 M. Bonell, C.J. Barnes, C.R. Grant, A. Howard and J . Burns 11.1 Introduction .................................................... 347 11.2 Previous Studies in High Rainfall, Response - Dominated Catchments ...... 348 11.2.1 The Maimai catchments ................................... 348 11.2.2 Linkages between the Maimai and Babinda studies ............. 349 11.3 Physical Background ............................................. 349 11.4 Experimental Methods ............................................ 353 11.4.1 Precipitation ............................................ 353 11.4.2 Streamflow ............................................. 353 11.4.3 Hillslope instrumentation .................................. 354 11.5 Results: Event of February 16, 1991 ................................. 355 11.5.1 Antecedent catchment storage and rainfall-runoff of sample storm . 355 11.5.2 Matric and hydraulic potential changes on sample slope transects . . 360 11.5.3 Hydrograph analysis ...................................... 366 11.6 Stream Hydrograph Analysis and Isotopie Response ..................... 368 11.6.1 Event analysis - general considerations ....................... 368 11.6.2 Soil and groundwater isotopie changes ....................... 370 11.7 How High Rainfall Catchments Work ................................ 379 11.7.1 The Babinda model ...................................... 379 11.7.2 The secondary store issue .................................. 382 11.7.3 New water dominance at Babinda vs old water dominance at Maimai .............................................. 383 11.8 Future Research Directions ........................................ 385 Chapter 12: Snowmelt-Dominated Systems ........................... 391 A. Rodhe 12.1 Introduction .................................................... 391 12.1.1 Basic hydrological processes ............................... 392 12.1.2 Global geographical distribution ............................ 397 12.1.3 Isotopie characteristics of snowmelt ......................... 397 12.2 Hydrograph Separation Studies ..................................... 399 12.2.1 Historical studies ........................................ 399 12.2.2 Recent studies with more complete characterization ............. 401 12.3 Vertical Unsaturated Flow ......................................... 418 12.3.1 Estimates of groundwater recharge and particle velocity ......... 419 12.3.2 Piston flow versus macropore now .......................... 420 12.3.3 Transit times and flow pattern from lysimeter studies ............ 422 12.3.4 Flow pattern in two and three dimensions ..................... 426 12.3.5 Implications for catchment flow studies ...................... 429 12.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions ........................... 429 Chapter 13: Arid Catchments ........................................ 435 ML. lngraham, E.A. Caldwell and B.Th. Verhagen 13.1 Introduction .................................................... 435 13.2 The Use of Isotopes in Arid Catchment Studies ........................ 437 13.2.1 Precipitation ............................................ 437 13.2.2 Lakes ................................................. 440 13.2.3 Rivers ................................................. 441 13.2.4 Rivers displaying isotopie enrichment ........................ 443 13.2.5 Rivers without isotopie enrichment .......................... 446 13.2.6 Soil water .............................................. 446 13.2.7 Infiltration and recharge in arid regions ....................... 447 13.2.8 Groundwater ........................................... 451 13.2.9 The d value in arid groundwater ........................... 452 13.3 Sampling ....................................................... 453 13.3.1 Precipitation ............................................ 454 13.3.2 Surface water ........................................... 454 13.3.3 Soil water .............................................. 455 13.4 Non-Traditional Techniques ........................................ 455 13.4.1 Strontium .............................................. 456 13.4.2 ^/Tritium ............................................ 457 13.4.3 Chlorine-36 ............................................ 458 13.4.4 Noble Gases ............................................ 459 13.4.5 Chlorofluorocarbons ..................................... 460 13.5 Future Directions ................................................ 460 Chapter 14: Groundwater and Surface-Water Interactions in Riparian and Lake-Dominated Systems .................... 467 J.F. Walker and D.P. Krabbenhof t 14.1 Introduction .................................................... 467 14.1.1 Importance of lake-dominated systems ....................... 467 14.1.2 Dominant hydrological processes ........................... 467 14.2 Previous Studies in Lake Systems ................................... 469 14.3 Estimating Groundwater Exchange with Lakes ......................... 470 14.3.1 Stable-isotope mass-balance method ......................... 471 14.3.2 Index-lake method ....................................... 474 14.4 Wisconsin WEBB Case Study ...................................... 478 14.4.1 Study area .............................................. 478 14.4.2 Study design ............................................ 480 14.4.3 Isotopie flow-system progression ........................... 482 14.4.4 Isotopie complexity ...................................... 484 14.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................. 486 PART IV. CASE STUDIES IN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY Chapter 15: Use of Stable Isotopes in Evaluating Sulfur blogeochemistry of forest ecosystems .................. 489 M.J. Mitchell, H.R. Krouse, B. Mayer, A.C. Stam and Y. Zhang 15.1 Introduction: Forest Ecosystem Sulfur Dynamics ....................... 489 15.2 Controls on Sulfur Isotope Composition .............................. 491 15.2.1 Isotope fractionation ..................................... 492 15.2.2 Atmospheric sources of sulfur .............................. 495 15.2.3 Geological sources of sulfur ............................... 495 15.2.4 Sulfur isotopes in the hydrosphere ........................... 497 15.2.5 Sulfur isotopes in soil and terrestrial vegetation ................ 499 15.3 Natural Abundance Studies ........................................ 500 15.3.1 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire ........... 500 15.3.2 Bear Brook Watershed, Maine .............................. 502 15.3.3 Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario, Canada .................... 505 15.3.4 Rocky Mountains, Colorado and Wyoming .................... 505 15.3.5 Black Forest, Germany .................................... 507 15.4 Applied Tracer Studies ............................................ 508 15.4.1 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire ........... 508 15.4.2 Bear Brook Watershed, Maine .............................. 510 15.4.3 West Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada .......................... 511 15.4.4 Bavaria, Germany ....................................... 512 15.4.5 Höglwald, Germany ...................................... 512 15.4.6 Black Forest, Germany .................................... 513 15.4.7 Skjervatjern Catchment, Norway ............................ 514 15.4.8 Lake Gårdsjön Catchment, Sweden .......................... 514 15.5 New Research Directions .......................................... 514 15.6 Summary ....................................................... 515 Chapter 16: Tracing Nitrogen Sources and Cycles in Catchments ..... 519 С Kendall 16.1 Introduction .................................................... 519 16.1.1 Fundamentals of nitrogen isotopes .......................... 520 16.1.2 Methods ............................................... 520 16.2 The Nitrogen Cycle .............................................. 523 16.2.1 Isotopie fractionations .................................... 523 16.2.2 Processes affecting N isotopie compositions ................... 526 16.3 δ 5Ν Values of Nitrogen Sources and Reservoirs ........................ 531 16.3.1 Atmospheric sources ..................................... 532 16.3.2 Fertilizers .............................................. 534 16.3.3 Animal waste ........................................... 534 16.3.4 Plants ................................................. 534 16.3.5 Soils ................................................... 535 16.3.6 Groundwaters ........................................... 537 16.4 δ18θ Values of Nitrate Sources and Reservoirs ......................... 538 16.4.1 Atmospheric nitrate ...................................... 539 16.4.2 Synthetic fertilizers and reagents ............................ 542 16.4.3 Microbial nitrate ......................................... 542 16.4.4 Other processes affecting nitrate δ18θ values .................. 545 16.5 Tracing Sources and Cycling of Nitrate ............................... 545 16.5.1 Mixing ................................................ 547 16.5.2 Denitrification .......................................... 548 16.6 Application Studies .............................................. 552 16.6.1 Agricultural and urban sources of nitrate ...................... 552 16.6.2 Sources of N in acid-rain affected forested catchments ........... 556 16.6.3 Nitrogen-limited systems .................................. 560 16.6.4 Labeled-tracer studies .................................... 560 16.6.5 Food web studies ........................................ 562 16.7 New Frontiers ................................................... 563 16.7.1 Applications of the dual isotope method ...................... 564 16.7.2 Tracing sources and sinks for DOM ......................... 564 16.7.3 Applications of compound-specific isotope ratio mass spectrometry ....................................... 565 16.7.4 Use of isotopie techniques to assess impacts of changes in land-management practices and landuse on water quality ......... 566 16.7.5 Use of a multi-isotope or multi-tracer approach ................ 568 16.7.6 Development of linked hydrologic/geochemical models .......... 568 16.8 Summary ....................................................... 569 Chapter 17: Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Environments ............. 577 Y. Wang, T.G. Huntington, L.J. Osher, L.I. Wassenaar, S.E. Trumbore, R.G. Amundson, J.W. Harden, D.M. McKnight, S.L. Schijf, G.R. Aiken, W.B. Lyons, R.O. Aravena andJ.S. Baron 17.1 Introduction .................................................... 577 17.2 Carbon Isotopes and Terminology ................................... 578 17.3 Carbon Dynamics in Soils ......................................... 580 17.3.1 4C age of soil organic matter ............................... 581 17.3.2 Use of WC to study С turnover in soils ........................ 585 17.3.3 The use of 3C to study С turnover in soils .................... 590 17.3.4 Use of carbon isotopes in understanding carbon dynamics in peatlands .............................................. 593 17.4 Isotope Studies of Dissolved Organic Matter in Groundwater .............. 595 17.4.1 Stable carbon isotopes .................................... 598 17.4.2 Nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen isotopes ....................... 599 17.4.3 Radiocarbon in DOC ..................................... 599 17.5 Isotope Study of DOC in Lacustrine Environments ...................... 600 17.6 Isotope Studies and the Carbon Budget ............................... 602 Chapter 18: Tracing of Weathering Reactions and Water Flowpaths: A Multi-isotope Approach ............................... 611 T.D. Bullen and С Kendall 18.1 Introduction .................................................... 611 18.1.1 Rationale for using water and solute isotopes as tracers in catchments ............................................. 611 18.1.2 Theoretical bases of the strontium, lead and carbon isotope systems 613 18.1.3 Geological/environmental factors leading to successful tracing with solute isotopes ...................................... 618 18.2 Influences on Isotopie Composition of Sr, Pb and С in Catchment Waters .... 619 18.2.1 Lithologie controls on the isotopie composition of strontium and lead ............................................... 619 18.2.2 Atmospheric/anthropogenic inputs of Sr, Pb, and С ............. 624 18.2.3 Effects of organic and inorganic cycling on isotopie composition of carbon .............................................. 625 18.3 Multi-Isotope Studies at Selected Watersheds .......................... 627 18.3.1 The combined use of Ο, Η and Sr isotopes to understand differences in chemical evolution along different flowpaths in a sandy aquifer in northern Wisconsin ...................... 627 18.3.2 Sr, Pb and С isotopes as surrogate tracers of water movement at a catchment nested in calc-silicate rocks, Sleepers River, Vermont . .. 630 18.3.3 С and Sr isotopes as tracers of sources of carbonate alkalinity at Catoctin Mountain, Maryland .............................. 635 18.3.4 Synthesis: an isotopie view of a catchment .................... 638 18.4 Additional Solute Isotope Tracers: Li, B, Fe ........................... 640 18.5 Summary ....................................................... 643 Chapter 19: Erosion, Weathering, and Sedimentation ................. 647 P.R. Bierman, A. Albrecht, M.H. Bothner, E.T. Brown, T.D. Bullen, L.B. Gray and L. Turpin 19.1 Introduction .................................................... 647 19.2 In Situ Produced Cosmogenic Nuclides ............................... 648 19.2.1 Cosmogenic nuclides in exposed outcrops .................... 648 19.2.2 Cosmogenic nuclides in sediments .......................... 650 19.2.3 Case studies ............................................652 19.3 Atmospheric Nuclides: 210Pb ....................................... 655 19.3.1 Methods ............................................... 656 19.3.2 Interpretation ........................................... 658 19.3.3 Applications ............................................ 659 19.4 Combined Approaches To Catchment Landscape Analysis: 137Cs and 2l0Pb ... 659 19.4.1 Lake sediments .......................................... 660 19.4.2 Soils .................................................. 661 19.4.3 Water samples .......................................... 662 19.4.4 Case studies ............................................ 662 19.5 Tracing of Sediment Sources and Identification of Erosion Processes Using Natural and Anthropogenic Radionuclides ....................... 666 19.5.1 Nuclides of importance ................................... 667 19.5.2 Case studies ............................................ 668 19.6 Sr and Weathering ............................................... 670 19.6.1 Weathering and 87Sr/ 86Sr .................................. 670 19.6.2 Typical 87Sr/86Sr ratios .................................... 672 19.6.3 Sr isotopes as tracers of solute sources ....................... 672 Chapter 20: Applications of Uranium- and Thorium-Series Radionuclides in Catchment Hydrology Studies ........................ 679 T.F. Kraemer and D.P. Généreux 20.1 Introduction .................................................... 679 20.2 Review of Fundamental Concepts ................................... 680 20.2.1 Decay chains and radioactive equilibrium ..................... 680 20.2.2 Physical and chemical processes that redistribute U and Th series radionuclides ........................................... 681 20.3 Radon Techniques in Catchment Hydrology ........................... 688 20.3.1 General considerations, mixing models ....................... 688 20.3.2 Mixing model without correction for volatilization .............. 689 20.3.3 Mixing model with degassing correction through stagnant film model ............................................. 691 20.3.4 Mixing model with degassing correction through an injected tracer . 695 20.3.5 Mixing model, with partitioning of water inflow into different sources ......................................... 699 20.4 Radium Isotopie Techniques in Catchment Hydrology ................... 705 20.4.1 General considerations .................................... 705 20.4.2 Radium as a tracer for groundwater input to an estuary system ----- 705 20.4.3 Use of 228Ra and 226Ra in quantifying groundwater input to a stream: conservative mixing ...................................... 709 20.4.4 Use of 228Ra and 226Ra in quantifying groundwater input to a stream: non-conservative mixing .................................. 713 20.4.5 Use of 2MRa and 226Ra in quantifying three end-member conservative mixing ................................................ 714 20.4.6 Using 224Ra and 228Ra to determine residence time of water in short-residence time reservoirs ............................. 716 20.4.7 Using radium isotopes to identify the source of water issuing from springs ................................................ 718 20.5 New Research Directions .......................................... 719 PART V. SYNTHESIS Chapter 21: Modeling of Isotopes and Hydrogeochemical Responses in Catchment Hydrology .................................. 723 J. V. Turner and C.J. Barnes 21.1 Introduction .................................................... 723 21.1.1 Some definitions and terms ................................ 726 21.2 Limitations of the Mass Balance Hydrograph Separation Approach ......... 727 21.2.1 Mass balance hydrograph separation models ................... 727 21.3 Estimation of Transit Times - System Response Functions of Catchments .... 732 21.3.1 System response functions ................................. 732 21.3.2 System response functions based on the ШН .................. 733 21.3.3 Application of system response functions based on the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph ............................. 738 21.3.4 Identifying old and new water in terms of system response functions ....................................... 741 21.3.5 Time series approaches to system response functions ............ 742 21.3.6 Kalman filtering and residence times ......................... 744 21.4 Comparisons of Models of Isotopie and Chemical Hydrograph Separation ... 751 21.5 New Research Directions .......................................... 757 Chapter 22: Isotopes as Indicators of Environmental Change ......... 761 J.B. Shanley, E. Pendall, С. Kendall, LR. Stevens, R.L. Michel, P.J. Phillips, R.M. Forester, D.L. Naflz, B. Liu, L Stern, B.B. Wolfe, C.P. Chamberlain, S.W. Leavitt, T.H.E. Heaton, B. Mayer, Ĺ.D. Cecil, W.B. Lyons, B.G. Katz, J.L. Betancourt, D.M. McKnight, J.D. Blum, T.W.D. Edwards, H.R. House, E. Ito, R.O. Aravena andJ.F. Whelan 22.1 Introduction .................................................... 761 22.1.1 Direct and proxy records of environmental change .............. 762 22.2 Recent Environmental Change Indicators ............................. 763 22.2.1 Groundwater dating ...................................... 763 22.2.2 Direct use of water isotopes to infer recent global change ........ 765 22.2.3 Changes in land use deduced from tracer studies ............... 766 22.2.4 Isotope tracers for tracking migratory patterns of birds ........... 768 22.2.5 Changes in atmospheric deposition .......................... 771 22.3 Paleo-Climatic Indicators .......................................... 776 22.3.1 Groundwater as an archive of paleo-climatic information ......... 776 22.3.2 Continental glaciers ...................................... 778 22.3.3 Clay minerals, oxides, and hydroxides ....................... 780 22.3.4 Pedogenic carbonates ..................................... 782 22.3.5 Paleoenvironmental reconstruction from stable isotopes in tree rings and plant fossils ................................. 785 22.3.6 Lacustrine environments: organics .......................... 792 22.3.7 Lacustrine environments: authigenic carbonates ............... 795 22.3.8 Lacustrine environments: ostracodes ......................... 799 22.4 New Research Directions .......................................... 802 22.5 Summary ....................................................... 803 A web page for this book is located at URL http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/. This page includes copies of the table of contents and the index, colored versions of selected non-copyrighted figures that can be downloaded for teaching purposes, a list of errata, selected portions of the non-copyrighted chapters and other useful isotope-related information. These listings will be searchable on-line.
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spelling	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology ed. by Carol Kendall ... 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1998 XXIX, 839 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Isotop (DE-588)4027801-3 gnd rswk-swf Einzugsgebiet (DE-588)4151469-5 gnd rswk-swf Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd rswk-swf Tracer (DE-588)4185795-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 s Einzugsgebiet (DE-588)4151469-5 s Isotop (DE-588)4027801-3 s Tracer (DE-588)4185795-1 s DE-604 Kendall, Carol Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008466932&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology Isotop (DE-588)4027801-3 gnd Einzugsgebiet (DE-588)4151469-5 gnd Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Tracer (DE-588)4185795-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4027801-3 (DE-588)4151469-5 (DE-588)4026309-5 (DE-588)4185795-1 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology
title_auth	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology
title_exact_search	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology
title_full	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology ed. by Carol Kendall ...
title_fullStr	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology ed. by Carol Kendall ...
title_full_unstemmed	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology ed. by Carol Kendall ...
title_short	Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology
title_sort	isotope tracers in catchment hydrology
topic	Isotop (DE-588)4027801-3 gnd Einzugsgebiet (DE-588)4151469-5 gnd Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd Tracer (DE-588)4185795-1 gnd
topic_facet	Isotop Einzugsgebiet Hydrologie Tracer Aufsatzsammlung
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