Memory change in the aged:
Do memory abilities decline with aging? Are changes in memory universal or differential? Do they occur similarly or differentially for all types of memory and to all aging persons? These are some of the principal questions explored in the Victoria Longitudinal Study. This monograph reports recent lo...
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Do memory abilities decline with aging? Are changes in memory universal or differential? Do they occur similarly or differentially for all types of memory and to all aging persons? These are some of the principal questions explored in the Victoria Longitudinal Study. This monograph reports recent longitudinal data following the same individuals over a six-year period. The authors consider a variety of theoretical and methodological issues related to memory and aging. In addition, they report analyses of data to examine questions such as, Are average changes in performance associated with age, cohort, or both? Are there substantial individual differences in memory change in later life or are people changing in similar fashion? What component processes predict changes in complex memory performance in adulthood? |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 338 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521473616 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Do memory abilities decline with aging? Are changes in memory universal or differential? Do they occur similarly or differentially for all types of memory and to all aging persons? These are some of the principal questions explored in the Victoria Longitudinal Study. This monograph reports recent longitudinal data following the same individuals over a six-year period. The authors consider a variety of theoretical and methodological issues related to memory and aging. In addition, they report analyses of data to examine questions such as, Are average changes in performance associated with age, cohort, or both? Are there substantial individual differences in memory change in later life or are people changing in similar fashion? What component processes predict changes in complex memory performance in adulthood? | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127008591970304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of tables and figures page xi
Acknowledgments xv
1. Introduction 1
The Victoria Longitudinal Study 3
Focus on memory change 4
Predictors of memory change 4
Objectives of the VLS 5
Plan of the monograph 6
2. Theoretical issues and perspectives 8
Why is memory aging of interest? 10
Theoretical issues 12
Core developmental issues in memory aging 13
Scope of issues considered in the VLS 19
Major developmental theoretical clusters:
application to memory and aging 19
Application of models to the VLS 21
3. Theory and research on memory and aging 24
General memory systems 24
Aging of memory systems 27
Implicit memory 27
Semantic memory 29
Episodic memory 34
Predictors of memory change in the aged 39
Processing resources 40
Knowledge structures and processes 47
vi Contents
Contextual variables related to memory aging 49
Continuum of predictors 50
4. Method of the Victoria Longitudinal Study 52
Design 52
The longitudinal sequence 52
Retest interval 54
Indexing age and cohort 55
Counterbalancing plan 55
Changes in measures across occasions 57
Participants 58
Sample recruitment 58
Sample size 58
Sample attrition 59
Age/cohort grouping 61
Sample characteristics 62
Measures 66
Memory measures 70
Cognitive predictors 74
Other measures 80
Procedure 80
Data preparation 82
Imputation of missing data 82
Score transformation 83
5. Measurement model and
methodological analyses 84
Cognitive measurement models 84
Measurement model for Time 1 85
Simultaneous factor analysis in two
age/cohort groups 88
Measurement models for Times 2 and 3 92
Conclusions 94
Selective attrition and practice effects 94
Assessment of attrition effects 97
Assessment of practice effects 101
Conclusions 104
6. Age, cohort, and period effects on cognition 105
Age related trajectories of cognitive performance 106
Intelligence 107
Contents vii
Episodic memory 109
Processing resources 111
Age related changes and cohort differences 113
Application of additive effects models to
theVLS 115
Caveats 117
Design 119
Evaluation of models 121
Generic models 122
Goodness of fit for restricted models 123
Basic processing components 128
Verbal abilities 135
Memory tasks 138
Conclusions 144
7. Predicting age differences in memory 148
Mediators of age differences 149
The concept of components 149
Localization of age related effects 150
Processing resource perspectives 151
Moderation of age differences 160
Using structural equation models to evaluate
processing resource hypotheses 163
SEM models a full system of relationships 164
SEM adjusts for measurement error 166
SEM provides a better method for
representing mediation 169
Interaction effects in SEM 170
Differentiating moderation (interaction)
from mediation 171
SEM applications for aging, resources, and
memory performance 174
8. Cross sectional models in the VLS 175
Time 1 models for predicting word and text recall 175
Basic resource models 175
Models with comprehension variables 182
Simultaneous models for young old and
old old groups 188
viii Contents
Basic resource models 189
Models with comprehension variables 192
Replication of models at Time 2 193
Models with sentence construction and
number tracking 193
Models with different working memory measures 199
Conclusions 208
9. Predicting age changes in memory 215
An individual differences perspective 215
The concepts of stability and change 218
The problem of measurement error 221
Methods for modeling individual differences in
cognitive change 223
Longitudinal factor models 223
Latent change models 226
Evidence for individual differences in adult
cognitive change 230
Univariate stability and change 230
Correlations of change across variables 233
10. Longitudinal models in the VLS 236
Longitudinal factor models 237
Initial longitudinal factor analysis model 237
Variability in latent cognitive change 243
Relationships between latent variables over time 246
Longitudinal change models 249
Individual differences in change 250
Relationships among latent change factors 250
Regression of change on age, education,
and gender 253
Structural models for latent cognitive change 256
Common factor models of cognitive change 257
Cognitive resource path models 261
Conclusions 264
11. Conclusions 269
It s aging, not cohort differences 270
Contents ix
Some processes are impaired and some are
spared, but. . . 270
There are substantial individual differences in
cognitive change 272
A general processing model alone is not adequate 274
There are discontinuities in predicting age
differences and age changes in memory 277
Is latent cognitive change neurobiological in origin? 278
Future directions 281
Appendix: Input programs 283
References 285
Author index 319
Subject index 325
Tables and figures
Tables
3.1 Categories of explanations for age related
differences and decline in episodic memory page 37 38
4.1 Number of participants in the sample from each
birth cohort at three times of measurement 60
4.2 Reasons for loss of participants from the sample 61
4.3 Participant status by age/cohort group and gender
for three times of measurement 62
4.4 Comparison of educational and occupational
characteristics of the sample (age 55 86) with the
general population of British Columbia and
Canada (age 55+) in 1986 63
4.5 Demographic and health characteristics of the
sample at Time 1 65
4.6 Demographic and health characteristics of the
sample at Time 2 66
4.7 Demographic and health characteristics of the
sample at Time 3 67
4.8 VLS measurement battery 68 69
4.9 Order of task administration 81
5.1 Standardized factor loadings and communalities
for the confirmatory factor analysis 87
5.2 Standardized factor intercorrelations: entire sample
(N = 459) 89
5.3 Standardized factor intercorrelations: younger (w =
259) and older (n = 180) age/cohort groups 91
xii Tables and figures
5.4 Estimated reliabilities by age/cohort group 92
5.5 Differences in mean score at base assessment for
returning and nonreturning participants:
demographic variables 98
5.6 Differences in mean performance at base
assessment for returning and nonreturning
participants: cognitive variables 99
6.1 Generic age, cohort, period design 120
6.2 Chi square tests for various age, cohort, and
period models 124—25
6.3 Change in chi square tests for various age, cohort,
and period models 126
6.4 Age, cohort, and period parameters and
standard errors (in parentheses) for basic
processing variables 129
6.5 Age, cohort, and period parameters and
standard errors (in parentheses) for working
memory variables 134
6.6 Age, cohort, and period parameters and standard
errors (in parentheses) for verbal ability variables 136
6.7 Age, cohort, and period parameters and standard
errors (in parentheses) for memory variables 140 41
7.1 Results of studies examining age memory relations
before and after statistical control of basic
resource measures (processing speed and/or
working memory) 156 57
8.1 Age related direct, indirect, and total effects for
Basic Resource model 179
8.2 Direct, indirect, and total effects for episodic
memory variables in Basic Resource model 181
8.3 Age related direct, indirect, and total effects for
Comprehension model 184
8.4 Direct, indirect, and total effects for episodic
memory variables in Comprehension model 185
8.5 Rescaled and fitted factor correlations from
measurement model and accepted structural model 186
8.6 Structural regression parameters from Basic
Resource model in young old and old old groups 190 91
Tables and figures xiii
8.7 Structural regression parameters from
Comprehension model in young old and
old old groups 194 95
8.8 Factor loadings and factor correlations for Working
Memory variables in pair wise combinations 201
8.9 Age related direct, indirect, and total effects for
Basic Resource model at Time 2 with Salthouse
Working Memory measures 204
8.10 Direct, indirect, and total effects for episodic
memory variables for Basic Resource model at
Time 2 with Salthouse Working Memory measures 205
10.1 Summary of goodness of fit for longitudinal
factor models 240
10.2 Tests of hypotheses regarding
longitudinal invariance 241
10.3 Factor loadings for accepted Longitudinal
Factor Model 242
10.4 Estimated factor standard deviations and
associated z tests from standardized Longitudinal
Factor Model 244
10.5 Estimated stability coefficients for latent variables 245
10.6 Time 1 and Time 3 factor correlations 248
10.7 Tests of equality of factor correlations over time 249
10.8 Time 1 factor variances and latent change
(Time 1 Time 3) factor variances 250
10.9 Correlations of 6 year latent cognitive
change factors 251
10.10 Standardized regression coefficient of latent
cognitive ability variables (Time 1) on age, gender,
and education 254
10.11 Standardized regression coefficients of ability latent
change variables on age 255
10.12 Factor loadings and unique variances of change
variables in two alternative models 258
10.13 Correlations of Time 1 cognitive factors with a
general cognitive change factor in two
alternative models 260
11.1 Comprehensive sampling plan 280
xiv Tables and figures
Figures
6.1 Age gradients for processing speed variables 131
6.2 Age gradients for working memory variables 133
6.3 Age gradients for verbal ability variables 137
6.4 Age gradients for memory variables 142
6.5 Cohort gradients for memory variables 143
7.1 Hypothetical structural equation models depicting
the predictive relations among age, semantic
processing speed, working memory, and text recall 165
8.1 Basic Resource model 178
8.2 Comprehension model 183
8.3 Time 2 Basic Resource model 197
8.4 Time 2 Comprehension model 198
8.5 Time 2 Basic Resource model with Salthouse
Working Memory measures 203
8.6 Time 2 Comprehension model with Salthouse
Working Memory measures 207
9.1 Hypothetical longitudinal design illustrating
different combinations of mean level stability (or
change) and covariance stability (or individual
differences in change) 219
9.2 Illustrative longitudinal factor analysis model 225
9.3 Illustrative latent change model for a
single variable 227
9.4 Illustrative latent change model for three variables 228
9.5 Illustrative latent change structural equation model
for three variables 229
10.1 Latent change structural equation model for 6 year
longitudinal data 262
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
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| spelling | Memory change in the aged David F. Hultsch ... 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1998 XVI, 338 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Do memory abilities decline with aging? Are changes in memory universal or differential? Do they occur similarly or differentially for all types of memory and to all aging persons? These are some of the principal questions explored in the Victoria Longitudinal Study. This monograph reports recent longitudinal data following the same individuals over a six-year period. The authors consider a variety of theoretical and methodological issues related to memory and aging. In addition, they report analyses of data to examine questions such as, Are average changes in performance associated with age, cohort, or both? Are there substantial individual differences in memory change in later life or are people changing in similar fashion? What component processes predict changes in complex memory performance in adulthood? Geheugen gtt Longitudinaal onderzoek gtt Mémoire - Facteurs liés à l'âge - Études longitudinales Mémoire chez la personne âgée - Études longitudinales Ouderen gtt Veroudering (biologie, psychologie) gtt Vieillissement - Aspect psychologique - Études longitudinales Psychologie Aged Aging Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies Aging physiology Cognition physiology Longitudinal Studies Memory in old age Longitudinal studies Memory Age factors Longitudinal studies Memory physiology Krankheitsverlauf (DE-588)4208496-9 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnisstörung (DE-588)4156190-9 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnisleistung (DE-588)4123259-8 gnd rswk-swf Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd rswk-swf Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gedächtnisleistung (DE-588)4123259-8 s Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 s DE-604 Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 s Gedächtnisstörung (DE-588)4156190-9 s Krankheitsverlauf (DE-588)4208496-9 s Hultsch, David F. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008394975&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Memory change in the aged Geheugen gtt Longitudinaal onderzoek gtt Mémoire - Facteurs liés à l'âge - Études longitudinales Mémoire chez la personne âgée - Études longitudinales Ouderen gtt Veroudering (biologie, psychologie) gtt Vieillissement - Aspect psychologique - Études longitudinales Psychologie Aged Aging Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies Aging physiology Cognition physiology Longitudinal Studies Memory in old age Longitudinal studies Memory Age factors Longitudinal studies Memory physiology Krankheitsverlauf (DE-588)4208496-9 gnd Gedächtnisstörung (DE-588)4156190-9 gnd Gedächtnisleistung (DE-588)4123259-8 gnd Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4208496-9 (DE-588)4156190-9 (DE-588)4123259-8 (DE-588)4001446-0 (DE-588)4068596-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Memory change in the aged |
| title_auth | Memory change in the aged |
| title_exact_search | Memory change in the aged |
| title_full | Memory change in the aged David F. Hultsch ... |
| title_fullStr | Memory change in the aged David F. Hultsch ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Memory change in the aged David F. Hultsch ... |
| title_short | Memory change in the aged |
| title_sort | memory change in the aged |
| topic | Geheugen gtt Longitudinaal onderzoek gtt Mémoire - Facteurs liés à l'âge - Études longitudinales Mémoire chez la personne âgée - Études longitudinales Ouderen gtt Veroudering (biologie, psychologie) gtt Vieillissement - Aspect psychologique - Études longitudinales Psychologie Aged Aging Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies Aging physiology Cognition physiology Longitudinal Studies Memory in old age Longitudinal studies Memory Age factors Longitudinal studies Memory physiology Krankheitsverlauf (DE-588)4208496-9 gnd Gedächtnisstörung (DE-588)4156190-9 gnd Gedächtnisleistung (DE-588)4123259-8 gnd Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geheugen Longitudinaal onderzoek Mémoire - Facteurs liés à l'âge - Études longitudinales Mémoire chez la personne âgée - Études longitudinales Ouderen Veroudering (biologie, psychologie) Vieillissement - Aspect psychologique - Études longitudinales Psychologie Aged Aging Psychological aspects Longitudinal studies Aging physiology Cognition physiology Longitudinal Studies Memory in old age Longitudinal studies Memory Age factors Longitudinal studies Memory physiology Krankheitsverlauf Gedächtnisstörung Gedächtnisleistung Alter Altern Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008394975&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hultschdavidf memorychangeintheaged |