Plant physiology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 792 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0878938311 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Taiz, Lincoln |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant physiology |c Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 792 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126904335204352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SECONDEDITION Physiology
Lincoln Taiz Eduardo Zeiger
University of California, Santa Cruz University of California, Los Angeles
Plant
Sinauer Associates, Inc , Publishers
Sunderland, Massachusetts
I
I I
II
Contents in Brief
Overview of Essential Concepts 1
Plant and Cell Architecture 3
Energy and Enzymes 35
Transport and Translocation of Water and Solutes 59
Water and Plant Cells 61
Water Balance of the Plant 81
Mineral Nutrition 103
Solute Transport 125
Biochemistry and Metabolism 153
Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions 155
Photosynthesis: Carbon Reactions 195
Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations 227
Translocation in the Phloem 251
Respiration and Lipid Metabolism 287
Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients 323
Plant Defenses: Surface Protection and Secondary Metabolites 347
Growth and Development 377
Gene Expression and Signal Transduction 379
Cell Walls: Structure, Biogenesis, and Expansion 409
Growth, Development, and Differentiation 445
Phytochrome 483
Blue-Light Responses: Stomatal Movements and Morphogenesis 517
Auxins 543
Gibberellins 591
Cytokinins 621
Ethylene 651
AbscisicAcid 671
The Control of Flowering 691
Stress Physiology 725
Table of Contents
Preface - v
Authors and Contributors vii
Overview of Essential Concepts 1
Plant and Cell Architecture 3
Plant Life: Unifying Principles 3
The Plant Kingdom 4
The Plant: An Overview of Structure 9
New Cells Are Produced by Dividing
Tissues Called Meristems 9
Plants Are Composed of Three Major
Tissues 10
The Plant Cell 12
Biological Membranes Are Phospholipid
Bilayers That Contain Proteins 13
The Nucleus Contains Most of the
Genetic Material of the Cell 15
Protein Synthesis Involves Transcription
and Translation 17
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a
Network of Internal Membranes 17
Proteins and Polysaccharides for Secretion
Are Processed in the Golgi Apparatus
The Central Vacuole Contains Water and
Solutes 20
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Sites
of Energy Conversion 21
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are
Semiautonomous Organelles 23
Different Plastid Types Are
Interconvertible 24
Microbodies Play Specialized Metabolic
Roles in Leaves and Seeds 25
Oleosomes Store Lipids 25
The Cytoskeleton 26
Plant Cells Contain Microtubules,
Microfilaments, and Intermediate
Xii PLANT PHYSIOLOGY xii
Filaments 26
Microtubules and Microfilaments Can Assemble and
Disassemble 26
Microtubules Function in Mitosis and Cytokinesis 27
Cytoskeletal Components Determine the Plane of Cell
Division 28
Microfilaments Are Involved in Cytoplasmic
2 Energy and Enzymes 35
Energy Flow through Living Systems 35
Energy and Work 36
The First Law: The Total Energy Is Always
Conserved 36
The Change in the Internal Energy of a System
Represents the Maximum Work It Can Do 37
Each Type of Energy Is Characterized by a Capacity
Factor and a Potential Factor 37
The Direction of Spontaneous Processes 38
The Second Law: The Total Entropy Always
Increases 38
A Process Is Spontaneous If AS for the System and
Its Surroundings Is Positive 39
Free Energy and Chemical Potential 39
AG Is Negative for a Spontaneous Process at Constant
Temperature and Pressure 40
The Standard Free-Energy Change, AG0, Is the Change
in Free Energy When the Concentration of Reactants
and Products Is 1 M 40
The Value of AG Is a Function of the Displacement of
the Reaction from Equilibrium 40
The Enthalpy Change Measures the Energy
Transferred as Heat 41~~ —
Redox Reactions 41
The Free-Energy Change of an Oxidation-Reduction
Reaction Is Expressed as the Standard Redox
Potential in Electrochemical Units 42
3 Water and Plant Cells 61
The Structure and Properties of Water 62
The Polarity of Water Molecules Gives Rise to
Hydrogen Bonds 63
The Polarity of Water Makes It an Excellent Solvent 63
The Thermal, Cohesive, and Adhesive Properties of
Water Result from Hydrogen Bonding 64
Water Has a High Tensile Strength 64
Streaming and in Tip Growth 30
Intermediate Filaments Occur in the Cytosol and the
Nucleus of Plant Cells 30
The Cell Cycle Consists of Four Phases 30
The Cell Cycle Is Regulated by Protein Kinases 31
Plasmodesmata Interconnect Living Plant Cells 32
Summary 33
The Electrochemical Potential 42
Transport of an Uncharged Solute against Its
Concentration Gradient Decreases the Entropy of
the System 42
The Membrane Potential Is the Work That Must Be
Done to Move an Ion from One Side of the
Membrane to the Other 43
The Electrochemical-Potential Difference, Ap, Includes
Both Concentration and Electric Potentials 43
Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life 44
Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids Joined by Peptide
Bonds 45
Protein Structure Is Hierarchical 47
Enzymes Are Highly Specific Protein Catalysts 49
Enzymes Lower the Free-Energy Barrier between
Substrates and Products 49
Catalysis Occurs at the Active Site 50
A Simple Kinetic Equation Describes an Enzyme-
Catalyzed Reaction 50
Enzymes Are Subject to Various Kinds of Inhibition 52
pH and Temperature Affect the Rate of Enzyme-
Catalyzed Reactions 53
Cooperative Systems Increase the Sensitivity to
Substrates and Are Usually Allosteric 54
The Kinetics of Some Membrane Transport Processes
Can Be Described by the Michaelis-Menten
Equation 54
Enzyme Activity Is Often Regulated 55
Summary 56
Water Transport Processes 65
Diffusion Is the Movement of Molecules by Random
Thermal Agitation 65
Diffusion Is Rapid over Short Distances but Extremely
Slow over Long Distances 65
Pressure-Driven Bulk Flow Drives Long-Distance
Water Transport 66
UNIT I
Transport and Translocation of Water and Solutes 59
Table of Contents xiii
Osmosis Is Driven by a Water Potential Gradient 67
The Chemical Potential of Water Represents the
Free-Energy Status of Water 68
Three Major Factors Contribute to Cell Water
Potential 69
Water Enters the Cell along a Water Potential
Gradient 71
Water Can Also Leave the Cell in Response to a Water
Potential Gradient 75
Small Changes in Plant Cell Volume Cause Large
Changes in Turgor Pressure 76
The Rate of Water Transport Depends on Driving
Force and Hydraulic Conductivity 77
The Water Potential Concept Helps Us Evaluate the
Water Status of a Plant 78
The Components of Water Potential Vary with Growth
Conditions and Location within the Plant 78
Summary 79
BOX 3 1 ALTERNATIVE CONVENTIONS FOR COMPONENTS OF
WATER POTENTIAL 70
BOX 3 2 MEASURING WATER POTENTIAL 72
4 Water Balance of the Plant 81
Water in the Soil 82
A Negative Hydrostatic Pressure in Soil Water Lowers
Soil Water Potential 82
Water Moves through the Soil by Bulk Flow 84
Water Absorption by the Root 85
Water Moves in the Root via the Apoplast,
Transmembrane, and Symplast Pathways 85
Solute Accumulation in the Xylem Can Generate Root
Pressure 86
Water Is Transported through tracheids and
Xylem 87
Water Movement through the Xylem Requires Less
Pressure than Movement through Living Cells 89
The Pressure Difference Needed to Lift Water to the
Top of a 100-Meter Tree Is About 3 MPa 89
The Conducting Cells of the Xylem Are Adapted for
the Transport of Water under Tension 90
Water Evaporation iri~the Leaf Generates a Negative
Pressure in the Xylem 91
Water Vapor Moves from the Leaf to the
Atmosphere by Diffusion through Stomata 92
Diffusion of Water Vapor in Air Is Fast 93
The Driving Force for Water Loss Is the Difference in
Water Vapor Concentration 94
Water Loss Is Also Regulated by the Pathway
Resistances 95
Stomatal Control Couples Leaf Transpiration to Leaf
Photosynthesis 96
Cell Walls of Guard Cells Have Unique Structures 98
An Increase in Guard Cell Turgor Pressure Opens the
Stomata 98
The Transpiration Ratio Is a Measure of the
Relationship between Water Loss and Carbon
Gain 99
Overview: The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere
Continuum 99
Summary 100
BOX 4 1 IRRIGATION 83
5 Mineral Nutrition 103
Essential Nutrients, Deficiencies, and Plant
Disorders 104
Special Techniques Are Used in Nutritional
Studies 106
Nutrient Solutions Can Sustain Rapid Plant
Growth 107
Mineral Deficiencies Disrupt Plant Metabolism and
Function 108
Analysis of Plant Tissues Reveals Mineral
Deficiencies 111
Treating Nutritional Deficiencies 112
Crop Yields Can Be Improved by Addition of
Fertilizers 112
Some Mineral Nutrients Can Be Absorbed by
Leaves 113
Soil, Roots, and Microbes 114
Negatively Charged Soil Particles Affect the
Adsorption of Mineral Nutrients 114
Soil pH Affects Nutrient Availability, Soil Microbes,
and Root Growth 115
Excessive Minerals in the Soil Limit Plant Growth 115
Plants Develop Extensive Root Systems 116
Root Systems Differ in Form but Are Based on
Common Structures 117
Different Areas of the Root Absorb Different Mineral
Ions 119
Mycorrhizal Fungi Facilitate Nutrient Uptake by
Roots 120
Nutrients Move from the Mycorrhizal Fungi to the
Root Cells 122
Summary 122
BOX 5 1 HEAVY-METAL STRESS AND HOMEOSTASIS 116
BOX 5 2 OBSERVING ROOTS BELOW GROUND 117
xiv PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Solute Transport 125
Passive and Active Transport 126
Transport of Solutes across a Membrane Barrier 127
Diffusion Potentials Develop When Oppositely
Charged Ions Move across a Membrane at Different
Rates 128
The Nernst Equation Relates the Membrane Potential
and the Distribution of an Ion at Equilibrium 128
The Nernst Equation Can Be Used to Distinguish
between Active and Passive Transport 130
The Goldman Equation Relates Diffusion Potential and
Prevailing Ion Gradients across a Membrane 130
Proton Transport Is the Major Determinant of the
Membrane Potential 131
Membrane Transport Proteins 132
Two Types of Transporters Enhance Solute Diffusion
across Membranes 133
Primary Active Transport Is Directly Coupled to
Metabolic or Light Energy 136
Secondary Active Transport Processes Use the Energy
Stored in the Proton Motive Force 137
Kinetic Analyses Can Elucidate Transport
Mechanisms 139
The Genes for Many Protein Transporters Have Been
Cloned 139
The Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Has Several
Functional Domains 142
The Vacuolar H+-ATPase Drives Solute Accumulation
into Vacuoles 143
Plant Vacuoles Are Energized by a Second Proton
Pump, the H+-Pyrophosphatase 147
Vacuolar ABC Transporters Pump Large Organic
Molecules 147
Calcium Pumps, Antiports, and Channels Regulate
Intracellular Calcium 147
Ion Transport in Roots 148
Solutes Move through Both Apoplast and Symplast 148
Ions Moving through the Root Cross Both Symplastic
and Apoplastic Spaces 148
Xylem Parenchyma Cells Participate in Xylem
Loading 149
Summary 150
BOX 6 1 PATCH CLAMP STUDIES IN PLANT CELLS 134
BOX 6 2 CHEMIOSMOSIS IN ACTION 136
BOX 6 3 TRANSPORT STUDIES WITH ISOLATED VACUOLES AND
MEMBRANE VESICLES 144
UNIT II
Biochemistry and Metabolism 153
Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions 155
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 155
General Concepts and Historical Background 156
Light Has Characteristics of Both a Particle and a
Wave 156
When Molecules Absorb or Emit Light, They Change
Their Electronic State 157
The Quantum Yield Gives Information about the Fate
of the Excited State 160
Photosynthetic Pigments Absorb the Light That
Powers Photosynthesis 160
Photosynthesis Takes Place in Complexes Containing
Light-Gathering Antennas and Photochemical
Reaction Centers 160
The Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis Is Driven by
Light 163
Photosynthesis Is a Light-Driven Redox Process 164
Oxygen-Evolving Organisms Have Two Photosystems
That Operate in Series 164
Structure of the Photosynthetic Apparatus 166
The Chloroplast Is the Site of Photosynthesis 166
Thylakoids Contain Integral Membrane Proteins 167
Photosystems I and II Are Spatially Separated in the
Thylakoid Membrane 167
The Structures of Two Bacterial Reaction Centers Have
Been Determined at Very High Resolution 169
Organization of Light-Absorbing Antenna
Systems 170
The Antenna Funnels Energy to the Reaction
Center 171
Many Antenna Complexes Have a Common Structural
Motif 171
Mechanisms of Electron and Proton Transport 173
Four Thylakoid Protein Complexes Carry Out Electron
and Proton Transport 173
Energy Is Captured When an Excited Chlorophyll
Reduces an Electron Acceptor Molecule 173
Table of Contents xv
The Reaction Center Chlorophylls of the Two
Photosystems Absorb at Different Wavelengths 174
The Photosystem II Reaction Center Is a Multisubunit
Pigment-Protein Complex 175
Water Is Oxidized to Oxygen by Photosystem II 176
Pheophytin and Two Quinones Are Early Electron
Acceptors of Photosystem II 178
Electron Flow through the Cytochrome b6f Complex
Transports Protons to the Thylakoid Lumen 178
Plastoquinone and Plastocyanin Are Putative Electron
Carriers between Photosystems II and I 180
The Photosystem I Reaction Center Reduces
NADP+ 180
A Chemiosmotic Mechanism Converts the Energy
Stored in Chemical and Electric Potentials to ATP 181
Regulation and Repair of the Photosynthetic
Apparatus 183
Carotenoids Serve as Both Accessory Pigments and
Photoprotective Agents 184
Thylakoid Stacking Permits Energy Partitioning
between the Photosystems 184
Some Xanthophylls Also Participate in Energy
Dissipation 185
The Photosystem II Reaction Center Is Easily
Damaged 185
Photosystem I Is Protected from Active Oxygen
Species 186
Genetics, Assembly, and Evolution of
Photosynthetic Systems 186
The Entire Chloroplast Genome Has Been
Sequenced 186
Chloroplast Genes Exhibit Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance 186
Many Chloroplast Proteins Are Imported from the
Cytoplasm 186
The Biosynthesis and Breakdown of Chlorophyll Are
Complex Pathways 188
Complex Photosynthetic Organisms Have Evolved
from Simpler Forms 189
Summary 190
BOX 7 1 PRINCIPLES OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 158
BOX 7 2 MIDPOINT POTENTIALS AND REDOX REACTIONS 175
BOX 7 3 SOME HERBICIDES KILL PLANTS BY BLOCKING
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON FLOW 187
Q Photosynthesis: Carbon Reactions
The Calvin Cycle 196
The Calvin Cycle Includes Carboxylation, Reduction,
and Regeneration 196
The Carboxylation of Ribulose Bisphosphate Is
Catalyzed by the Enzyme Rubisco 196
Triose Phosphates Are Formed in the Reduction Step
of the Calvin Cycle 200
Activity of the Calvin Cycle Requires the Regeneration
of Ribulose-l,5-Bisphosphate 200
The Calvin Cycle Was Elucidated by the Use of
Radioactive Isotopes 202
The Calvin Cycle Regenerates Its Own Biochemical
Components 203
The Calvin Cycle Is Regulated by Several
Mechanisms 204
Light-Dependent Enzyme Activation Regulates the
Calvin Cycle 204
Light-Dependent Ion Movements Regulate Calvin
Cycle Enzymes 207
Light-Dependent Membrane Transport Regulates the
Calvin Cycle 207
The Photorespiratory Carbon Oxidation Cycle 207
Photosynthetic COz Fixation and Photorespiratory
Oxygenation Are Competing Reactions 207
Competition between Carboxylation and Oxygenation
Decreases the Efficiency of Photosynthesis 210
Carboxylation and Oxygenation Are Closely
Interlocked in the Intact Leaf 210
The Biological Function of Photorespiration Is
Unknown 210
C02 Concentrating Mechanisms I: Algal and
Cyanobacterial Pumps 211
COz Concentrating Mechanisms II: The C4 Carbon
Cycle 211
Malate and Aspartate Are Carboxylation Products of
the C4 Cycle 211
The C4 Cycle Concentrates C02 in Bundle Sheath
Cells 213
The Concentration of C02 in Bundle Sheath Cells Has
an Energy Cost 216
Light Regulates the Activity of Key C4 Enzymes 216
In Hot, Dry Climates, the C4 Cycle Reduces
Photorespiration and Water Loss 216
C02 Concentrating Mechanisms III: Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism 216
The Stomata of CAM Plants Open at Night and Close
during the Day 217
CAM Is Regulated by Phosphorylation of PEP
Carboxylase 218
Synthesis of Starch and Sucrose 218
Starch Is Synthesized in the Chloroplast, Sucrose in the
Cytosol 218
The Syntheses of Sucrose and Starch Are Competing
Reactions 222
Summary 224
BOX 8 1 CARBON DIOXIDE: SOME IMPORTANT
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 197
BOX 8 2 THIOREDOXINS 205
xvi PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
y Photosynthesis: Physiological,
Light, Leaves, and Photosynthesis 228
Leaf Anatomy Maximizes Light Absorption 228
Chloroplast Movement and Leaf Movement Can
Control Light Absorption 231
Plants, Leaves, and Cells Adapt to Their Light
Environment 233
Plants Compete for Sunlight 233
Photosynthetic Responses to Light by the Intact
Leaf 234
Leaves Must Dissipate Excess Light Energy 236
Leaves Must Dissipate Vast Quantities of Heat 237
Isoprene Synthesis Is a Mechanism to Cope with
Heat 238
Absorption of Too Much Light Can Lead to
Photoinhibition 238
Ecological Considerations 227
Photosynthetic Responses to Carbon Dioxide 239
Atmospheric COz Concentration Keeps Rising 239
For Photosynthesis to Occur, COz Must Diffuse into
the Leaf 240
C02 Imposes Limitations on Photosynthesis 242
C02 Concentrating Mechanisms Affect Photosynthetic
Responses of Leaves 243
Discrimination of Carbon Isotopes Unravels Different
Photosynthetic Pathways 244
Photosynthetic Responses to Temperature 245
Summary 247
BOX 9 1 WORKING WITH LIGHT 230
BOX 9 2 WORKING WITH GASES 240
BOX 9 3 CALCULATING IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN LEAF GAS
EXCHANGE 242
10 Translocation in the Phloem 251
Pathways of Translocation 252
Labeling Studies Have Shown That Sugar Is
Translocated in Phloem Sieve Elements 252
Mature Sieve Elements Are Living Cells Highly
Specialized for Translocation 254
Sieve Areas Are the Prominent Feature of Sieve
Elements 254
Deposition of P Protein and Callose Seals Off
Damaged Sieve Elements 255
Companion-Cells Aid the Highly Specialized Sieve
Elements 256 ~ —-
Patterns of Translocation: Source to Sink 257
Source-to-Sink Pathways Follow Anatomical and
Developmental Patterns 258
Materials Translocated in the Phloem: Sucrose,
Amino Acids, Hormones, and Some Inorganic
Ions 259
Phloem Sap Can Be Collected and Analyzed 259
Sugars Are Translocated in Nonreducing Form 260
Phloem and Xylem Interact to Transport Nitrogenous
Compounds 260
Rates of Movement 262
Velocities of Phloem Transport Exceed the Rate of
Diffusion 262
Phloem Loading: From Chloroplasts to Sieve
Elements 263
Photosynthate Moves from Mesophyll Cells to the Sieve
Elements via the Apoplast or the Symplast 263
In the Apoplastic Pathway, Sucrose Uptake Requires
Metabolic Energy 265
In the Apoplastic Pathway, Sieve Element Loading
Uses a Sucrose-H+ Symport 265
Phloem Loading Appears to Be Symplastic in Plants
with Intermediary Cells 267
Phloem Loading Is Specific and Selective 267
The Type of Phloem Loading Is Correlated with Plant
Family and with Climate 268
Some Substances Enter the Phloem by Diffusion 269
Phloem Unloading and Sink-to-Source
Transition 269
Phloem Unloading Can Be Symplastic or Apoplastic 269
In the Apoplast, Transport Sugar May Be
Hydrolyzed 270
Transport into Sink Tissues Depends on Metabolic
Activity 271
The Transition of a Leaf from Sink to Source Is
Gradual 271
The Mechanism of Translocation in the Phloem:
The Pressure-Flow Model 272
Active and Passive Mechanisms Have Been Proposed
to Explain Phloem Translocation 273
According to the Pressure-Flow Model, a Pressure
Gradient Drives Translocation 273
The Predictions of the Pressure-Flow Model Have
Been Confirmed 273
Sieve Plate Pores Are Open Channels 274
Simultaneous Bidirectional Transport in a Single Sieve
Element Has Not Been Demonstrated 275
Translocation Rate Is Relatively Insensitive to the
Energy Supply of the Path Tissues 276
Pressure Gradients Are Sufficient to Drive a Mass Flow
of Solution 276
The Mechanism of Phloem Transport in Gymnosperms
May Be Different from That in Angiosperms 277
Table of Contents xvii
Assimilate Allocation and Partitioning 277
Allocation Includes the Storage, Utilization, and
Transport of Fixed Carbon 277
Transport Sugars Are Partitioned among the Various
Sink Tissues 277
Allocation in Source Leaves Is Regulated by Key
Enzymes 278
Sink Tissues Compete for Available Translocated
Assimilate 279
Sink Strength Is a Function of Sink Size and Sink
Activity 280
Changes in the Source-to-Sink Ratio Cause Long-Term
Alterations in the Source 281
Long-Distance Signals May Coordinate the Activities
of Sources and Sinks 281
Plasmodesmata May Control Sites for Whole-Plant
Translocation 282
Summary 282
BOX 10 1 MONITORING TRAFFIC ON THE SUGAR FREEWAY 262
22 Respiration and Lipid Metabolism 287
Overview of Plant Respiration 287
Glycolysis: A Cytosolic Process 289
Glycolysis Converts Glucose into Pyruvate, Capturing
Released NADH and ATP 289
Fermentation Regenerates the NAD+ Needed for
Glycolysis in the Absence of Oz 292
Plants Have Alternative Glycolytic Reactions 292
Fermentation Does Not Liberate All the Energy
Available in Each Sugar Molecule 293
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: A Mitochondrial
Matrix Process 293
Mitochondria Are Semiautonomous Organelles 293
Plant Mitochondrial DNA Has Special
Characteristics 294
Pyruvate Enters the Mitochondrion and Is Oxidized
via the TCA Cycle 295
In Plants, the TCA Cycle Has Unique Features 297
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis:
Mitochondrial Membrane Processes 298
The Electron Transport ChairrGatalyzes an Electron
Flow from NADH to 02 298
Some Plant Electron Carriers Are Absent from Animal
Mitochondria 299
ATP Synthesis in the Mitochondrion Is Coupled to
Electron Transport 300
Aerobic Respiration Yields 32 to 36 Molecules of ATP
per Molecule of Hexose 304
Plants Have Cyanide-Resistant Respiration 304
Respiration Is Regulated by Key Metabolites 305
Respiration Is Tightly Coupled to Other Pathways 307
The Pentose-Phosphate Pathway Oxidizes Glucoses-
Phosphate and Produces NADPH 308
Whole-Plant Respiration 308
Respiration Operates Simultaneously with
Photosynthesis 308
Different Tissues and Organs Respire at Different
Rates 310
Environmental Factors Alter Respiration Rates 310
Lipid Metabolism 312
Fats and Oils Store Large Amounts of Energy 312
Triacylglycerols Are Stored in Oleosomes 312
Polar Glycerolipids Are the Main Structural Lipids in
Membranes 313
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Consists of Cycles of
Two-Carbon Addition 313
Glycerolipids Are Synthesized in the Plastids and the
ER 316
Lipid Composition Influences Membrane Function 316
In Germinating Seeds, Storage Lipids Are Converted
into Carbohydrates 317
Summary 320
BOX 11 1 F0FJ-ATPASES: THE WORLD S SMALLEST ROTARY
MOTORS 302
BOX 11 2 DOES RESPIRATION REDUCE CROP YIELDS? 310
12 Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients 323
Nitrogen in the Environment 324
Nitrogen Passes through Several Forms in a
Biogeochemical Cycle 324
Stored Ammonium or Nitrate Can Be Toxic 325
Nitrate Assimilation 326
Nitrate, Light, and Carbohydrates Regulate Nitrate
Reductase 326
Nitrite Reductase Converts Nitrite to Ammonium 327
Plants Can Assimilate Nitrate in Both Roots and
Shoots 327
Ammonium Assimilation 328
Multiple Forms of Two Enzymes Convert Ammonium
to Amino Acids 328
Ammonium Can Be Assimilated via an Alternative
Pathway 328
Transamination Reactions Transfer Nitrogen 329
Asparagine and Glutamine Link Carbon and Nitrogen
Metabolism 330
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 330
Nitrogen Fixation Requires Anaerobic Conditions 330
xviii PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Occurs in Specialized
Structures 332
Establishing Symbiosis Requires an Exchange of
Signals 333
Nod Factors Produced by Bacteria Act as Signals for
Symbiosis 333
Nodule Formation Involves Several
Phytohormones 334
The Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Fixes N2 334
Nitrogen-Fixing Plants Export Amides and Ureides 336
Sulfur Assimilation 336
Sulfate Is the Absorbed Form of Sulfur in Plants 337
Sulfate Assimilation Requires the Reduction of Sulfate
to Cysteine 337
Sulfate Assimilation Occurs Mostly in Leaves 337
Methionine Is Synthesized from Cysteine 339
Phosphate Assimilation 339
Cation Assimilation 339
Cations Form Coordination Bonds or Electrostatic
Bonds with Carbon Compounds 339
Roots Modify the Rhizosphere to Acquire Iron 340
Iron Forms Complexes with Carbon and Phosphate 341
Oxygen Assimilation 341
The Energetics of Nutrient Assimilation 342
Summary 343
23 Plant Defenses: Surface Protection and Secondary Metabolites 347
Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes 348
Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes Are Made Up of
Hydrophobic Compounds 348
Cutin, Waxes, and Suberin Help Reduce Transpiration
and Pathogen Invasion 349
Secondary Metabolites 349
Secondary Metabolites Defend Plants against
Herbivores and Pathogens 350
Plant Defenses Evolved to Maintain Reproductive
Fitness 350
There Are Three Principal Groups of Secondary
Metabolites 350
Terpenes 350
Terpenes Are Formed by the Fusion of Five-Carbon
• Isoprene Units 350
There Are Two Pathways for Jerpene Biosynthesis 350
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate and Its Isomer Combine to
Form Larger Terpenes 351
Terpenes Serve as Antiherbivore Defense Compounds
in Many Plants 353
Some Herbivores Can Circumvent the Toxic Effects of
Secondary Metabolites 357
Phenolic Compounds 357
Phenylalanine Is an Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of
Most Plant Phenolics 358
Some Simple Phenolics Are Activated by Ultraviolet
Light 360
The Release of Simple Phenolics May Affect the
Growth of Other Plants 361
Lignin Is a Highly Complex Phenolic
Macromolecule 361
Flavonoids Are Formed by Two Different Biosynthetic
Pathways 363
Anthocyanins Are Colored Flavonoids That Attract
Animals for Pollination and Seed Dispersal 363
Flavonoids May Protect against Damage by Ultraviolet
Light 364
Isoflavonoid Defense Compounds Are Synthesized
Immediately Following Infection by Fungi or
Bacteria 365
Tannins Deter Feeding by Herbivores 365
Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 367
Alkaloids Have Marked Physiological Effects on
Animals 367
Cyanogenic Glycosides Release the Poison Hydrogen
Cyanide 368
Glucosinolates Also Release Volatile Toxins 369
Nonprotein Amino Acids Function as Antiherbivore
Defenses 370
Some Plant Proteins Inhibit Herbivore Digestive
Processes 370
Some Damaged Cells Release a Protein That Serves as
a Wound Signal 371
Plant Defense against Pathogens 372
Some Antimicrobial Compounds Are Synthesized
before Pathogen Attack 372
Other Antipathogen Defenses Are Induced by
Infection 372
To Initiate Defenses Rapidly, Some Plants Recognize
Specific Substances from Pathogens 373
A Single Episode of Infection May Increase Resistance
to Future Pathogen Attack 374
Summary 375
BOX 13 1 A BEE S-EYE VIEW OF A GOLDEN-EYE S BULL S-
EYE 365
Table of Contents xix
UNIT III
Growth and Development 377
14 Gene Expression and Signal Transduction 379
Genome Size, Organization, and Complexity 380
Most Plant Haploid Genomes Contain 20,000 to 30,000
Genes 380
Prokaryotic Gene Expression 380
DNA-Binding Proteins Regulate Transcription in
Prokaryotes 381
Eukaryotic Gene Expression 383
Eukaryotic Nuclear Transcripts Require Extensive
Processing 383
Various Posttranscriptional Regulatory Mechanisms
Have Been Identified 385
Transcription in Eukaryotes Is Modulated by a Variety
of cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences 386
Transcription Factors Contain Specific Structural
Motifs 388
Homeodomain Proteins Are a Special Class of Helix-
Turn-Helix Proteins 388
Eukaryotic Genes Can Be Coordinately Regulated 389
The Ubiquitin Pathway Regulates Protein
Turnover 389
Signal Transduction in Prokaryotes 391
Bacteria Employ Two-Component Regulatory
Systems 391 -
Osmolarity Is Detected by a Two-Component
System 392
Related Two-Component Systems Have Been
Identified in Eukaryotes 392
Signal Transduction in Eukaryotes 393
Two Classes of Signals Define Two Classes of
Receptors 393
Most Steroid Receptors Act as Transcription Factors 393
Cell Surface Receptors Can Interact with
G Proteins 394
Heterotrimeric G Proteins Cycle between Active and
Inactive Forms 395
Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase Increases the Level of
Cyclic AMP 395
Activation of Phospholipase C Initiates the IP3
Pathway 396
IP3 Opens Calcium Channels on the ER and on the
Tonoplast 397
Some Protein Kinases Are Activated by
Calcium-Calmodulin Complexes 398
Plants Contain Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases 399
Diacylglycerol Activates Protein Kinase C 399
Phospholipase A2 Generates Other Membrane-Derived
Signaling Agents 399
In Vertebrate Vision, a Heterotrimeric G Protein
Activates Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase 400
Cell Surface Receptors May Have Catalytic Activity 401
Ligand Binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Induces
Autophosphorylation 402
Intracellular Signaling Proteins That Bind to RTKs Are
Activated by Phosphorylation 402
Ras Recruits Raf to the Plasma Membrane 403
The Activated MAP Kinase Enters the Nucleus 404
Plant Receptorlike Kinases Are Structurally Similar to
Animal Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 404
Summary 405
2 5 Ce// Walls: Structure, Biogenesis , and Expansion 409
The Structure of Plant Cell Walls: A Functional
Overview 410
Plant Cell Walls Have Varied Architecture 410
The Primary Cell Wall Is Composed of Cellulose
Microfibrils Embedded in a Polysaccharide
Matrix 412
Cellulose Microfibrils Are Synthesized at the Plasma
Membrane 413
Matrix Polymers Are Synthesized in the Golgi and
Secreted in Vesicles 419
Hemicelluloses Are Matrix Polysaccharides That Bind
to Cellulose 419
Pectins Are Gel-Forming Components of the Matrix 420
Structural Proteins Become Cross-Linked in the
Wall 422
New Primary Walls Are Assembled during
Cytokinesis 423
Secondary Walls Form in Some Cells after Expansion
Ceases 424
The Polarity of Diffuse Growth 424
Microfibril Orientation Determines Polarity in Diffuse-
Growing Cells 425
Cortical Microtubules Determine the Orientation of
Newly Deposited Microfibrils 426
XX PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Polarity in Diffuse-Growing Cells Is Regulated 430
Control of the Rate of Cell Elongation 430
Stress Relaxation of the Cell Wall Drives Water Uptake
and Cell Elongation 431
Acid-Induced Growth Is Mediated by Expansins 431
Glucanases and Other Hydrolytic Enzymes May
Modify the Matrix 434
Many Structural Changes Accompany the Cessation of
Wall Expansion 434
The Polarity of Tip Growth 434
Calcium Channel Redistribution Leads to a
Transcellular Current 435
The Actin Cytoskeleton Becomes Polarized 436
Secretion of Golgi-Derived Vesicles Is Localized 438
Wall Degradation and Plant Defense 439
Enzymes Mediate Wall Hydrolysis and Degradation 439
Oxidative Bursts Accompany Pathogen Attack 439
Wall Fragments Can Act as Signaling Molecules 439
Summary 441
BOX 15 1 TERMINOLOGY FOR POLYSACCHARIDE CHEMISTRY 414
BOX 15 2 USING NITELLA TO STUDY THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF CELL WALLS 427
BOX 15 3 THE BIOPHYSICS OF PLANT CELL ENLARGEMENT 432
BOX 15 4 CALCIUM GRADIENTS AND OSCILLATIONS IN
GROWING POLLEN TUBES 437
J Growth, Development and Differentiation 445
The Analysis of Plant Growth 446
Plant Growth Can Be Measured in Different Ways 446
Kinematics Can Be Used to Analyze Plant Growth 447
Plant Growth Can Be Described in Both Spatial and
Material Terms 448
Tissue Elements Are Displaced during Expansion 448
A Growth Trajectory Shows the Displacement of a
Tissue Element from the Apex versus Time 449
The Growth Velocity Profile Is a Spatial Description of
Growth 449
The Relative Elemental Growth Rate Characterizes the
Expansion Pattern in the Growth Zone 450
Embryogenesis 450
Three Essential Features of the Mature Plant Are
-Established during Embryogenesis 450
Arabidopsis Embryos Pass, through Three Distinct
Stages of Development 452
The Axial Pattern of the Embryo Is Established during
the First Cell Division 452
The Apical-Basal Pattern of the Axis Requires Specific
Gene Expression 453
The Radial Pattern of Tissue Differentiation Is First
Visible at the Globular Stage 455
Cells Acquire Tissue Identities as the Result of Specific
Gene Expression 455
A Specific Gene Is Required for the Formation of the
Shoot Protomeristem 455
Meristems in Plant Development 457
Different Meristems Produce Different Kinds of
Tissues or Organs 457
Root Development 457
The Root Hp Has Four Developmental Zones 458
Root Initials Generate Longitudinal Files of Cells 459
Fern Meristems Have a Single Apical Initial Cell 459
Root Apical Meristems of Seed Plants Have Multiple
Initial Cells 461
The Fate of a Cell Is Determined by Its Position Rather
Than by Its Clonal Ancestry 462
Control of the Plane of Cell Division 463
A Band of Microtubules May Determine the
Orientation of the Mitotic Spindle 463
Arabidopsis Mutants Lacking Preprophase Bands and
Ordered Cell Divisions Have Been Isolated 464
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo |
| author_facet | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Taiz, Lincoln |
| author_variant | l t lt e z ez |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012281468 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QK711 |
| callnumber-raw | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-search | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QK 3711.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| classification_rvk | WN 1000 ZC 19540 |
| classification_tum | BIO 480f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)245724905 (DE-599)BVBBV012281468 |
| dewey-full | 571.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.2 |
| dewey-search | 571.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.2 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV012281468 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:24:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0878938311 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008325715 |
| oclc_num | 245724905 |
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| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-188 DE-11 |
| physical | XXVI, 792 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Sinauer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Taiz, Lincoln Verfasser aut Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger 2. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 1998 XXVI, 792 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 s DE-604 Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 s 2\p DE-604 Zeiger, Eduardo Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008325715&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Taiz, Lincoln Zeiger, Eduardo Plant physiology Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4152449-4 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4045580-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Plant physiology |
| title_auth | Plant physiology |
| title_exact_search | Plant physiology |
| title_full | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_fullStr | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant physiology Lincoln Taiz ; Eduardo Zeiger |
| title_short | Plant physiology |
| title_sort | plant physiology |
| topic | Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plant physiology Entwicklungsphysiologie Pflanzen Pflanzenphysiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008325715&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT taizlincoln plantphysiology AT zeigereduardo plantphysiology |