Handbook of radioactivity analysis:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego [u.a.]
Acad. Press
1998
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVIII, 771 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0124362559 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of radioactivity analysis |c ed. by Michael F. L'Annunziata |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Radioactivity analysis |
| 264 | 1 | |a San Diego [u.a.] |b Acad. Press |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVIII, 771 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Isotopes radioactifs - Analyse |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Radioactief verval |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Radioactiviteit |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Radioactivity - Measurement - Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126903784701952 |
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| adam_text | HANDBOOK OF RADIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS WITH A FOREWORD BY DR. MOHAMED M.
ELBARADEI DIRECTOR GENERAL INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY EDITED BY
MICHAEL F. L ANNUNZIATA ACADEMIC PRESS SAN DIEGO LONDON BOSTON NEW
YORK SYDNEY TOKYO TORONTO TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS XXIII ACRONYMS,
ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS XXV FOREWORD XXXIII PREFACE XXXV NUCLEAR
RADIATION, ITS INTERACTION WITH MATTER AND RADIOISOTOPE DECAY MICHAEL F.
L ANNUNZIATA I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. PARTICULATE RADIATION 3 A. ALPHA
PARTICLES 3 B. NEGATRONS 9 C. POSITRONS 12 1. POSITRON EMISSION VERSUS
ELECTRON CAPTURE 14 D. INTERNAL CONVERSION ELECTRONS IS E. AUGER
ELECTRONS 17 F. NEUTRON RADIATION 18 1. NEUTRON CLASSIFICATION 18 2.
SOURCES OF NEUTRONS 20 A. ALPHA PARTICLE-INDUCED NUCLEAR REACTIONS 20 B.
SPONTANEOUS FISSION 21 * NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION 21 D. PHOTONEUTRON
(Y,N) SOURCES 23 E. ACCELERATOR SOURCES 24 F. NUCLEAR FUSION 24 CONTENTS
3. INTERACTIONS OF NEUTRONS WITH MATTER 25 A. ELASTIC SCATTERING 25 B.
INELASTIC SCATTERING 27 C. NEUTRON CAPTURE 28 D. NONELASTIC REACTIONS 29
E. NUCLEAR FISSION 30 4. NEUTRON ATTENUATION AND CROSS SECTIONS 30 5.
NEUTRON DECAY 35 III. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 36 A. GAMMA RADIATION 36
B. ANNIHILATION RADIATION 39 C. CBERENKOV RADIATION 41 D. X-RADIATION 41
E. BREMSSTRAHLUNG 43 IV. INTERACTION OF HIGH-ENERGY ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION WITH MATTER 45 A. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 45 B. COMPTON EFFECT 46
C. PAIR PRODUCTION 48 D. COMBINED PHOTON INTERACTIONS 50 V. RADIOISOTOPE
DECAY 53 A. HALF-LIFE 54 B. GENERAL DECAY EQUATIONS 60 C. SECULAR
EQUILIBRIUM 61 D. TRANSIENT EQUILIBRIUM 64 E. NO EQUILIBRIUM 67 F. MORE
COMPLEX DECAY SCHEMES 68 VI. RADIOACTIVITY UNITS AND RADIONUCLIDE MASS
70 A. UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY 70 B. CORRELATION OF RADIOACTIVITY AND
RADIONUCLIDE MASS 71 C. CARRIER-FREE RADIONUCLIDES 72 REFERENCES 73 2
GAS IONIZATION DETECTORS KARL BUCHTELA I. INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES OF
RADIATION DETECTION BY GAS IONIZATION 75 II. CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS
IONIZATION DETECTORS 77 A. ION CHAMBERS 77 B. PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 78
C. GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS 78 III. DEFINITION OF OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IONIZATION DETECTORS 79 A. COUNTING EFFICIENCY 79
CONTENTS VII B. ENERGY RESOLUTION 79 C. RESOLVING TIME 80 IV. ION
CHAMBERS 80 A. OPERATING MODES OF ION CHAMBERS 81 1. ION CHAMBERS
OPERATING IN THE CURRENT MODE 81 2. CHARGE INTEGRATION IONIZATION
CHAMBERS 81 3. PULSE MODE ION CHAMBERS 81 B. EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS
OF ION CHAMBERS 82 1. CALIBRATION OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 82 2.
MEASUREMENT OF GASES 82 3. FRISCH-GRID ION CHAMBERS 83 4. CHARGED
PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY WITH ION CHAMBERS 84 5. ELECTRET DETECTORS 84 6.
FISSION CHAMBERS 84 V. PROPORTIONAL GAS IONIZATION DETECTORS 85 A.
EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 87 1. GROSS
ALPHA-BETA COUNTING, ALPHA-BETA DISCRIMINATION, AND RADIATION
SPECTROSCOPY 87 2. POSITION SENSITIVE PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 87 A.
SINGLE-WIRE PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 87 B. MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS
88 * MICROSTRIP IONIZATION COUNTERS 89 D. MULTICOUNTING TECHNIQUES IN
RADIOCARBON DATING 92 3. ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOASSAY 93 A. RADON IN WATER
93 B. MEASUREMENT OF PLUTONIUM-241 94 C. MEASUREMENT OF IRON-55 94 D.
TRITIUM IN AIR 95 VI. GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS 96 A. DESIGNS AND
PROPERTIES OF GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS 98 1. FILL GAS 98 2. QUENCHING 98
3. PLATEAU 99 4. APPLICATIONS 99 A. ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOASSAY 99 VII.
SPECIAL TYPES OF IONIZATION DETECTORS 100 A. NEUTRON DETECTORS 100 1. BF
3 TUBE CONSTRUCTION 101 2. DETECTORS FOR FAST NEUTRONS 102 A. LONG
COUNTER 103 3. DELAYED NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 104 B. MULTIPLE
SAMPLE READING SYSTEMS 105 C. SELF-POWERED DETECTORS 106 D.
SELF-QUENCHED STREAMER 107 E. LONG-RANGE ALPHA DETECTORS 108 F. LIQUID
IONIZATION AND PROPORTIONAL DETECTORS 110 REFERENCES 110 SEMICONDUCTOR
DETECTORS PAUL F. FETTWEIS AND HAROLD SCHWENN I. INTRODUCTION 115 A. THE
GAS-FILLED IONIZATION CHAMBER 115 B. THE SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR 116 C.
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GE AND SI DETECTORS 119 1. THE ENERGY
GAP 120 2. THE ATOMIC NUMBER 120 3. THE PURITY OR RESISTIVITY OF THE
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL 122 4. CHARGE CARRIER LIFE TIME * 12 2 II. GE
DETECTORS 123 A. GE(LI) AND HIGH-PURITY GE DETECTORS 123 B. ANALYSIS OF
TYPICAL Y-SPECTRA 123 1. SPECTRUM OF A SOURCE EMITTING A SINGLE Y-RAY
WITH E Y 1022KEV 123 2. SPECTRUM OF A MULTIPLE Y-RAY SOURCE EMITTING AT
LEAST ONE Y-RAY WITH AN ENERGY 1022 KEV 127 3. PEAK SUMMATION 129 4.
GE-ESCAPE PEAKS 130 * STANDARD CHARACTERISTICS OF GE DETECTORS 130 1.
ENERGY RESOLUTION 130 A. THE ELECTRONIC NOISE CONTRIBUTION (FWHM) TKT
AND ITS TIME BEHAVIOR 131 B. OTHER SOURCES OF PEAK DEGRADATION 134 * THE
GAUSSIAN PEAK SHAPE 135 2. THE PEAK-TO-COMPTON RATIO 136 3. THE DETECTOR
EFFICIENCY 136 A. GEOMETRICAL EFFICIENCY FACTOR 136 B. THE INTRINSIC
EFFICIENCY E, AND THE TRANSMISSION T R 136 * RELATIVE EFFICIENCY 138 D.
THE EXPERIMENTAL EFFICIENCY CURVE 139 D. BACKGROUND AND BACKGROUND
REDUCTION 141 1. THE BACKGROUND IN PRESENCE OF A SOURCE 141 2. THE
BACKGROUND IN ABSENCE OF THE SOURCE 141 A. MAN-MADE ISOTOPES 141 B.
NATURAL ISOTOPES 141 3. BACKGROUND OF COSMIC ORIGIN 153 A. PROMPT,
CONTINUOUSLY DISTRIBUTED BACKGROUND 153 B. NEUTRON-INDUCED PROMPT
DESCRETE * RAYS 153 * DELAYED * RAY 153 4. BACKGROUND REDUCTION 154 A.
PASSIVE BACKGROUND REDUCTION 154 B. ACTIVE BACKGROUND REDUCTION 155 E.
THE CHOICE OF A DETECTOR 157 1. GENERAL CRITERIA 157 2. THE WELL-TYPE
DETECTOR 157 III. SI DETECTORS 158 A. SI(LI) X-RAY DETECTORS 158 B. SI
CHARGED PARTICLE DETECTORS 158 1. ALPHA DETECTORS 160 A. FACTORS
INFLUENCING RESOLUTION AND EFFICIENCY 161 B. FACTORS INFLUENCING
CONTAMINATION AND STABILITY 164 * STABILITY OF THE DETECTION SYSTEM 164
D. THE MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITY (MDA) 165 2. ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
AND /3-COUNTING 165 3. CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING 167 A. LIGHT TIGHTNESS
AND RESISTANCE TO HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTS 167 B. EFFICIENCY 170 *
BACKGROUND AND MDA PROBLEMS IN CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING 170 IV.
SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS WITH SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 171 A. SAMPLE
PREPARATION 172 1. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ALPHA SPECTROMETRY 173 A.
SAMPLE MOUNTING 174 B. CHEMICAL SEPARATION 181 * PRELIMINARY TREATMENTS
183 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR GAMMA SPECTROMETRY 186 B. ANALYSIS *
ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 188 1. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ALPHA
SPECTROMETRY 188 2. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GAMMA SPECTROMETRY 190
A. PEAK LOCATION 193 B. PEAK AREA ANALYSIS 195 * PEAK AREA CORRECTIONS
199 D. EFFICIENCY CALCULATION 201 E. NUCLIDE IDENTIFICATION AND ACTIVITY
CALCULATION 202 REFERENCES 205 RADIOTRACER LIQUID SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS
MICHAEL F. L ANNUNZIATA AND MICHAEL J. KESSLER I. INTRODUCTION 210 II.
BASIC THEORY 211 A. BASIC SCINTILLATION PROCESS 211 B. ALPHA-, BETA-,
AND GAMMA-RAY INTERACTIONS IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING 213 C.
CHERENKOV PHOTON COUNTING 216 III. LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER OR
ANALYZER (LSC OR LSA) 216 IV. QUENCH IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING
221 V. METHODS OF QUENCH CORRECTION IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING 225
A. INTERNAL STANDARD METHOD 226 CONTENTS B. SAMPLE SPECTRUM
CHARACTERIZATION METHODS 227 C. PREPARATION OF QUENCH CORRECTION CURVES
227 D. EXTERNAL STANDARD METHOD 231 E. DIRECT DPM METHODS 234 1.
CONVENTIONAL INTEGRAL COUNTING METHOD (CICM) 234 2. MODIFIED INTEGRAL
COUNTING METHOD (MICM) 235 3. EFFICIENCY TRACING WITH ,4 C (ET) 236 4.
DIGITAL OVERLAY TECHNIQUE (DOT) 240 5. MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION 241 6.
OTHER DIRECT DPM METHODS 242 VI. COMMON INTERFERENCES IN LIQUID
SCINTILLATION COUNTING 242 A. BACKGROUND 242 B. QUENCH 243 C.
RADIONUCLIDE MIXTURES 243 D. LUMINESCENCE 244 1. BIOLUMINESCENCE 244 2.
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 245 3. LUMINESCENCE CONTROL,
COMPENSATION, AND ELIMINATION 247 A. CHEMICAL METHODS 247 B. TEMPERATURE
CONTROL 247 * COUNTING REGION SETTINGS 248 D. DELAYED COINCIDENCE
COUNTING 248 E. STATIC 249 F. WALL EFFECT 250 VII. MULTIPLE RADIONUCLIDE
ANALYSIS 250 A. CONVENTIONAL DUAL- AND TRIPLE-RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSIS 251
1. EXCLUSION METHOD 251 2. INCLUSION METHOD 252 B. DIGITAL OVERLAY
TECHNIQUE (DOT) 258 * FULL SPECTRUM DPM (FS-DPM) 259 D. RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR MULTIPLE-RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSIS 261 E. STATISTICAL AND INTERPOLATION
METHODS 262 1. MOST-PROBABLE-VALUE THEORY 263 2. SPECTRAL DECONVOLUTION
AND INTERPOLATION 266 A. SPECTRAL FITTING 266 B. SPECTRUM UNFOLDING 267
C. SPECTRAL INTERPOLATION 268 3. MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION 273 VIII.
RADIONUCLIDE STANDARDIZATION 274 A. CIEMAT/NIST EFFICIENCY TRACING WITH
3 H 274 1. THEORY AND PRINCIPLES 274 2. PROCEDURE 276 3. POTENTIAL
UNIVERSAL APPLICATION 280 B. 4** SS-Y COINCIDENCE COUNTING 282 C.
TRIPLE-TO-DOUBLE COINCIDENCE RATIO (TDCR) EFFICIENCY CALCULATION
TECHNIQUE 284 1. PRINCIPLES 284 2. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 286 CONTENTS
IX. MICROPLATE SCINTILLATION AND LUMINESCENCE COUNTING 288 A. DETECTOR
DESIGN 288 B. OPTICAL CROSSTALK 288 C. BACKGROUND REDUCTION 290 D.
APPLICATIONS 292 1. LIQUID SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS 292 2. SOLID
SCINTILLATOR MICROPLATE COUNTING 293 3. SCINTILLATION PROXIMITY ASSAY
293 4. LUMINESCENCE ASSAYS 293 5. RECEPTOR BINDING AND CELL
PROLIFERATION ASSAYS 294 6. IN-PLATE BINDING REACTIONS 294 . DPM
METHODS 294 F. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 297 X. PERALS SPECTROMETRY
298 XI. SIMULTANEOUS ALSS ANALYSIS 300 A. ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMUM PDD
SETTING 301 B. OPTIMIZING ALSS DISCRIMINATION IN PDA 303 C. QUENCHING
EFFECTS IN ALSS DISCRIMINATION 304 XII. RADIONUCLIDE IDENTIFICATION 305
XIII. AIR LUMINESCENCE COUNTING 308 XIV. LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER
PERFORMANCE 311 A. INSTRUMENT NORMALIZATION AND CALIBRATION 312 B.
ASSESSING LS A PERFORMANCE 312 C. OPTIMIZING LS A PERFORMANCE 314 1.
COUNTING REGION OPTIMIZATION 314 2. VIAL SIZE AND TYPE 316 3. COCKTAIL
CHOICE 317 4. COUNTING TIME 317 5. BACKGROUND REDUCTION 318 A.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 318 B. UNDERGROUND COUNTING LABORATORY 318 *
SHIELDING 319 D. PULSE DISCRIMINATION ELECTRONICS 319 6. CONCLUSIONS 321
REFERENCES 321 5 ENVIRONMENTAL LIQUID SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS GORDON T.
COOK, CHARLES J. PASSO, JR., AND BRIAN D. CARTER I. INTRODUCTION 332 II.
LOW-LEVEL LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING THEORY 333 A. SOURCES OF
BACKGROUND 333 B. BACKGROUND REDUCTION METHODS * INSTRUMENT
CONSIDERATIONS 333 1. ENHANCED PASSIVE AND GRADED SHIELDING 334 2.
ACTIVE GUARD DETECTORS 335 CONTENTS 3. PULSE DISCRIMINATION ELECTRONICS
335 A. PULSE SHAPE ANALYSIS (PSA) 335 B. PULSE AMPLITUDE COMPARISON
(***) 336 C. TIME-RESOLVED LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING (TR-LSC) 337 4.
TR-LSC QUASI-ACTIVE DETECTOR GUARDS 339 A. SLOW SCINTILLATING PLASTIC
339 B. BISMUTH GERMANATE (BGO) 340 5. COUNTING REGION OPTIMIZATION 340
A. REGION OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS UNDER CONSTANT QUENCH
CONDITIONS 341 B. REGION OPTIMIZATION UNDER VARIABLE QUENCH CONDITIONS
341 6. PROCESS OPTIMIZATION 342 C. BACKGROUND REDUCTION METHODS * VIAL,
VIAL HOLDER, AND COCKTAIL CONSIDERATIONS 343 1. VIALS 343 2. VIAL
HOLDERS 343 3. COCKTAIL CHOICE AND OPTIMIZATION 345 D. BACKGROUND
REDUCTION METHODS * ENVIRONMENT 346 III. ALPHA/BETA DISCRIMINATION 347
A. ALPHA/BETA SEPARATION THEORY 347 B. ALPHA/BETA INSTRUMENTATION 349 1.
THE PERALS SPECTROMETER 349 2. CONVENTIONAL LS SPECTROMETERS WITH PULSE
SHAPE DISCRIMINATION 350 A. EG&G/WALLAC 351 B. PACKARD INSTRUMENT CO.
351 * BECKMAN INSTRUMENT INC. 351 C. COCKTAIL AND VIAL CONSIDERATIONS
353 1. COCKTAIL CHOICE 353 A. AQUEOUS-ACCEPTING COCKTAILS 353 B.
EXTRACTIVE SCINTILLATORS 353 1. VIAL CHOICE 354 D. ALPHA/BETA
CALIBRATION 354 1. MISCLASSIFICATION CALCULATIONS 356 2. QUENCHING AND
QUENCH CORRECTION OF PERCENTAGE MISCLASSIFICATION 357 IV. ANALYSIS OF
BETA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES 358 A. TRITIUM (^H) 358 1. ENVIRONMENTAL
OCCURRENCE 358 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 359 A. SAMPLE HANDLING
359 B. SAMPLE PREPARATION 359 * SAMPLE PURIFICATION/EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUES 360 D. REFERENCE BACKGROUND WATER 362 E. STANDARDS 362 F.
QUALITY CONTROL 363 G. QUALITY ASSURANCE 363 B. RADIOCARBON ( U C) 364
1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 364 CONTENTS XIII 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND
ANALYSIS 364 A. C0 2 ABSORPTION 365 B. BENZENE SYNTHESIS 365 C.
NICKEL-63 ( M NI) 366 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 366 2. SAMPLE
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 366 D. STRONTIUM-89 AND STRONTIUM-90/YTTRIUM-90
( S9 SR AND 9O SR /9O Y ) 367 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 367 2. SAMPLE
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 368 A. EARLY LSC METHODS 368 B. RECENT LS A
METHODS 368 C. CHERENKOV COUNTING METHODS 369 E. TECHNETIUM-99 ( TC) 370
1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 370 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 370
F. PLUTONIUM-241 ( 241 PU) 371 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 371 2. SAMPLE
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 371 V. ANALYSIS OF ALPHA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES
USING CONVENTIONAL LS SPECTROMETERS WITH PULSE SHAPE DISCRIMINATION 373
A. GROSS ALPHA MEASUREMENTS 374 B. RADIUM-226 ( 22G RA) 374 1.
ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 374 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 374 *
RADON-222 ( 222 RN) 375 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 375 2. SAMPLE
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 375 A. 222 RN MEASUREMENTS IN AIR 375 B. 222 RN
MEASUREMENTS IN WATER 376 D. URANIUM 377 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 377
2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 377 E. TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS (NP, PU,
AM, CM) 378 1. ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE 378 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND
ANALYSIS 378 REFERENCES 379 6 STATISTICAL COMPUTATIONS IN COUNTING
MICHAELJ. KESSLER I. INTRODUCTION 387 II. STATISTICS OF NUCLEAR COUNTING
387 A. CALCULATION OF COUNTING STATISTICS 389 B. COUNT RATE STATISTICS
390 C. DETERMINATION OF COUNTING TIME TO ACHIEVE A CERTAIN %2S 391 D.
STATISTICS OF NET COUNT RATE 394 1. LOW-LEVEL SINGLE-RADIONUCLIDE
MEASUREMENTS 394 XIV CONTENTS 2. OPTIMIZATION OF NET COUNT RATE
STATISTICS 396 3. DUAL RADIONUCLIDE COUNT RATE (CPM) MEASUREMENTS 397 A.
%2S CALCULATIONS 398 B. CALCULATIONS OF DPM ERROR 401 E. INSTRUMENT
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 404 1. FIGURE OF MERIT (***) 404 2. CHI-SQUARE
TEST 405 REFERENCES 406 7 SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR LIQUID
SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS JAMES THOMSON I. INTRODUCTION 407 II. LSC
COCKTAIL COMPONENTS 408 A. SOLVENTS 409 B. SCINTILLATORS 410 C.
SURFACTANTS 411 1. NONIONICS 412 2. ANIONICS 412 3. CATIONICS 413 4.
AMPHOTERICS 414 D. COCKTAILS 414 III. DISSOLUTION 414 A. ANIONS 415 B.
HOW-IONIC-STRENGTH BUFFERS 415 C. MEDIUM-IONIC-STRENGTH BUFFERS 418 D.
HIGH-IONIC-STRENGTH BUFFERS 419 E. ACIDS 419 F. ALKALIS 420 G. OTHER
TYPES 420 APPENDIX: SELECTION AND SUITABILITY OF A COCKTAIL BASED ON
IONIC STRENGTH 421 IV. SOLUBILIZATION 424 A. SYSTEMS 424 B. SAMPLE
PREPARATION METHODS 425 1. WHOLE TISSUE 425 2. LIVER 426 3. KIDNEY,
HEART, SINEW, BRAIN, AND STOMACH TISSUE 426 4. FECES 427 5. BLOOD 428 6.
PLANT MATERIAL 429 7. ELECTROPHORESIS GELS 431 A. ELUTION 431 B.
DISSOLUTION 432 V. COMBUSTION 434 CONTENTS XV VI. CARBON DIOXIDE
TRAPPING AND COUNTING 435 A. SODIUM HYDROXIDE 435 B. ** AMINE HYDROXIDE
436 C. ETHANOLAMINE 436 D. CARBO-SORBE 437 VII. BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES 437
A. URINE 437 B. PLASMA AND SERUM 439 C. HOMOGENATES 439 D.
SOLUBILIZATION 439 E. COMBUSTION 440 VIII. FILTER AND MEMBRANE COUNTING
440 A. ELUTION SITUATIONS 440 B. SAMPLE COLLECTION ON FILTERS 441 C.
FILTER AND MEMBRANE TYPES 442 D. SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS 442 1. NO
ELUTION 442 2. PARTIAL ELUTION 443 3. COMPLETE ELUTION 443 IX. SAMPLE
STABILITY TROUBLESHOOTING 444 A. DECREASING COUNT RATE 444 B. INCREASING
COUNT RATE 446 C. REDUCED COUNTING EFFICIENCY 446 X. SWIPE ASSAYS 447 A.
WIPE MEDIA AND COCKTAILS 447 B. REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 448 C.
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 448 D. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR WIPE TESTING 449
REFERENCES 450 8 CHERENKOV COUNTING MICHAEL F. L ANNUNZIATA I.
INTRODUCTION 453 II. THEORY 455 III. QUENCHING AND QUENCH CORRECTION 457
A. INTERNAL STANDARDIZATION 457 B. SAMPLE CHANNELS RATIO 457 C. SAMPLE
SPECTRUM QUENCH INDICATING PARAMETERS 460 1. COUNTING REGION 460 2.
QUENCH CORRECTION 461 D. EXTERNAL STANDARD QUENCH CORRECTION 463 IV.
COUNTING PARAMETERS 464 A. SAMPLE VOLUME 464 B. COUNTING VIALS 466 C.
WAVELENGTH SHIFTERS 469 XVI CONTENTS D. REFRACTIVE INDEX 472 E. SAMPLE
PHYSICAL STATE 473 V. CHERENKOV COUNTING IN MICROPLATE FORMAT 473 A.
SAMPLE-TO-SAMPLE CROSSTALK 474 B. SAMPLE VOLUME EFFECTS 475 C. QUENCH
CORRECTION 476 VI. MULTIPLE RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSIS 479 A. SEQUENTIAL
CHERENKOV AND ESA ANALYSIS 479 B. CHERENKOV ANALYSIS WITH WAVELENGTH
SHIFTERS 482 VII. RADIONUCLIDE STANDARDIZATION 484 VIII. APPLICATIONS
488 A. PHOSPHORUS-32 488 B. COMBINED STRONTIUM-89 AND
STRONTIUM-90(YTTRIUM-90) 490 1. EXCLUSIVE CHERENKOV RADIATION COUNTING
491 2. SEQUENTIAL CHERENKOV RADIATION AND LIQUID SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS
493 A. SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS WITHOUT WAVELENGTH SHIFTER 494 B. SEQUENTIAL
ANALYSIS WITH WAVELENGTH SHIFTER 496 C. STRONTIUM-90 (YTTRIUM-90)
EXCLUSIVE OF STRONTIUM-89 497 D. YTTRIUM-90 498 E. OTHER APPLICATIONS
499 IX. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 500 X. RECOMMENDATIONS 500
REFERENCES 501 9 SOLID SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS MICHAEL F. L ANNUNZIATA I.
INTRODUCTION 507 II. PRINCIPLE OF SOLID SCINTILLATION 508 A. SOLID
SCINTILLATORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 508 B. THE SCINTILLATION PROCESS 512
1. GAMMA-AND X-RAY INTERACTIONS 512 2. NEUTRON INTERACTIONS 515 A. GSO
515 B. BAF 2 516 * OTHER EXAMPLES 516 C. CONVERSION OF DETECTOR
SCINTILLATIONS TO VOLTAGE PULSES 516 III. SOLID SCINTILLATION ANALYZER
520 *. SCINTILLATION CRYSTAL DETECTORS 520 1. PLANAR DETECTOR 520 2.
WELL-TYPE DETECTOR 521 3. THROUGH-HOLE DETECTOR 523 B. PHOTOMULTIPLIERS
525 1. DYNODE PHOTOMULTIPLIER OR PMT 525 2. MICROCHANNEL PLATE
PHOTOMULTIPLIER 526 XVII 3. SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOMULTIPLIERS 526 A.
P-I-N-PHOTODIODES 526 B. AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES 528 * HGL 2 PHOTODIODES
529 C. PREAMPLIFIER AND AMPLIFIER 531 D. PULSE HEIGHT DISCRIMINATORS 532
E. SINGLE-CHANNEL ANALYZERS 533 F. MULTICHANNEL ANALYZER 534 G. OTHER
COMPONENTS 536 IV. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SOLID SCINTILLATION
ANALYSIS 536 A. GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA 536 B. COUNTING AND DETECTOR
EFFICIENCIES 538 1. COUNTING EFFICIENCY 538 2. DETECTOR EFFICIENCY 539
A. FULL-ENERGY PEAK EFFICIENCY 539 B. TOTAL OR ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY 540 *
RELATIVE FULL-ENERGY PEAK EFFICIENCY 542 C. SUM-PEAK ACTIVITY
DETERMINATIONS 542 D. SELF-ABSORPTION 545 E. COUNTING GEOMETRY 546 F.
RESOLUTION 546 G. BACKGROUND 547 V. AUTOMATED SOLID SCINTILLATION
ANALYZERS 548 A. AUTOMATED GAMMA ANALYSIS 548 1. MULTIPLE DETECTOR
DESIGN 549 2. MULTIUSER AUTOMATIC GAMMA ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 550 3.
MULTIPLE GAMMA-EMITTING NUCLIDE ANALYSIS 551 A. DUAL NUCLIDE ANALYSIS
551 B. MULTIPLE NUCLIDE ANALYSIS 553 B. MICROPLATE SCINTILLATION
ANALYSIS 554 1. SOLID SCINTILLATION COUNTING IN MICROPLATES 554 2.
SCINTILLATION PROXIMITY ASSAY (SPA) 556 A. BASIC PRINCIPLES 556 B.
IMMUNOASSAY APPLICATIONS 558 * RECEPTOR BINDING ASSAYS 560 D. OTHER
ASSAYS AND SPA KITS 561 E. COLOR QUENCH CORRECTION 562 F. SPA WITH
SCINTILLATING MICROPLATES 564 C. ALPHA- AND BETA-PARTICLE COUNTING 565
VI. SOLID SCINTILLATION IN NONCRYSTALLINE MEDIA 567 A. PLASTIC
SCINTILLATORS 567 1. THE SCINTILLATION PROCESS IN PLASTIC 567 2.
INTEGRAL SCINTILLATORS 568 A. COMPOSITION 568 B. RADIATION DETECTION 569
3. SCINTILLATING FIBER DETECTORS (SFDS) 577 A. BASIC PRINCIPLES 578 B.
TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING DETECTORS 580 XVIII CONTENTS C. MULTILAYER
SCINTILLATOR FIBER RADIOACTIVITY MONITOR 580 D. DIRECTIONAL NEUTRON
SCINTILLATING FIBER DETECTOR 582 B. SCINTILLATING-GLASS-FIBER NEUTRON
DETECTORS 583 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES 583 2. DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND
PROPERTIES 583 3. APPLICATIONS 585 VII. LUCAS CELL 586 VIII. PHOSWICH
DETECTORS 587 IX. SUMMARY OF APPLICATIONS 589 REFERENCES 589 10 FLOW
SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS MICHAEL F. L ANNUNZIATA I. INTRODUCTION 601 II.
BASICS OF FLOW SCINTILLATION ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTATION 603 A. HPLC AND
SCINTILLATION ANALYZER 603 B. LIQUID (HOMOGENEOUS) FLOW CELLS 608 C.
SOLID (HETEROGENEOUS) FLOW CELLS 609 D. GAMMA AND PET FLOW CELLS 611 1.
HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA CELL 611 2. LOW-ENERGY GAMMA CELL 612 3. PET CELL 612
E. CRITERIA FOR FLOW CELL SELECTION 613 III. PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
SCINTILLATION COUNTING 618 A. COUNT RATES 618 B. BACKGROUND AND NET
COUNT RATE 620 C. COUNTING EFFICIENCY AND DISINTEGRATION RATES 621 1.
STATIC EFFICIENCY RUNS 621 A. INDEPENDENT OF THE HPLC SYSTEM 622 B.
DEPENDENT ON THE HPLC SYSTEM 623 2. GRADIENT EFFICIENCY RUN 623 D.
MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITY 624 E. SENSITIVITY, FLOW RATE, AND
RESOLUTION 624 F. PRECISION 625 G. DETECTION OPTIMIZATION 627 1.
MULTICHANNEL ANALYSIS 627 2. CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION AND CORRECTION
628 3. TIME-RESOLVED LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING (TR-LSC) 628 H.
INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT (IPA) 630 IV. FLOW SCINTILLATOR
SELECTION 630 V APPLICATIONS 634 A. SINGLE-RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSIS 634 B.
DUAL-RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSIS 635 C. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 636 1.
ALPHA/BETA DISCRIMINATION 636 CONTENTS XIX 2. TRITIUM EFFLUENT WATER
MONITORS 637 3. RADIOSTRONTIUM MEASUREMENTS 639 REFERENCES 641 I I
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING LORAINE V. UPHAM AND DAVID F. ENGLERT I.
INTRODUCTION 647 II. FILM AUTORADIOGRAPHY 648 A. MICRO/MACRO
AUTORADIOGRAPHY 648 B. PERFORMANCE OF FILM AUTORADIOGRAPHY METHODS 649
1. SENSITIVITY 649 2. RESOLUTION 650 3. LINEAR DYNAMIC RANGE 651 C.
QUANTIFICATION METHODS 652 1. TECHNIQUES FOR OPTIMIZATION 653 A.
INTENSIFYING SCREENS 653 B. FLUOROGRAPHY 653 2. ADVANTAGES OF FILM
AUTORADIOGRAPHY 654 3. DISADVANTAGES OF FILM AUTORADIOGRAPHY 654 III.
STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN IMAGING 655 A. STORAGE PHOSPHOR TECHNOLOGY 655
1. PHOSPHOR SCREEN CHEMISTRY 656 2. SCANNING MECHANISMS AND LIGHT
COLLECTION OPTICS 656 B. COMPARISON OF STORAGE PHOSPHOR SYSTEMS 657 1.
SENSITIVITY 658 2. RESOLUTION 660 3. LINEAR DYNAMIC RANGE 661 *
QUANTIFICATION METHODS 662 1. TECHNIQUES FOR OPTIMIZATION 663 2.
ADVANTAGES OF STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN IMAGING 666 3. DISADVANTAGES OF
STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN IMAGING 667 D. APPLICATIONS OF STORAGE PHOSPHOR
SCREEN IMAGING 668 1. WHOLE-BODY AUTORADIOGRAPHY 668 2. RECEPTOR
AUTORADIOGRAPHY 669 3. HIGH-RESOLUTION PROTEIN GELS 669 IV. ELECTRONIC
AUTORADIOGRAPHY 672 A. TECHNOLOGY 672 1. THE MICAD DETECTOR 673 2.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 674 B. PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC
AUTORADIOGRAPHY 674 1. SENSITIVITY OF ELECTRONIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY 675 2.
LINEAR DYNAMIC RANGE 676 3. RESOLUTION 677 C. QUANTIFICATION METHODS 677
1. TECHNIQUES FOR OPTIMIZATION 677 CONTENTS A. CALIBRATION 677 B. SAMPLE
PRESENTATION 677 2. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY 678 3.
DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY 680 D. APPLICATIONS OF
ELECTRONIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY 680 1. METABOLISM STUDIES 680 2. POSTLABELING
DNA ADDUCT ASSAYS 682 3. GEL MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS 684 4. NORTHERN BLOT
ANALYSIS 685 5. SOUTHERN BLOT ANALYSIS 687 V. THE FUTURE OF RADIONUCLIDE
IMAGING 689 REFERENCES 689 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION IN RADIOCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS TONY J. BEUGELSDIJK AND ROBERT M. HOLLEN I. INTRODUCTION 693
II. MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ROBOT AND
WORKCELL CONSTRUCTION 694 A. GENERAL IRRADIATION EFFECTS IN CRYSTALLINE
AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS WITH A VIEW TO THEIR USE IN ROBOT
CONSTRUCTION 694 B. METAL COMPONENTS 695 1. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY 695
2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 695 3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 696 C. EFFECTS OF
RADIATION ON ORGANIC (POLYMERIC) MATERIALS 696 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
696 2. EFFECT OF DOSE RATE ON POLYMERS 697 3. RADIATION EFFECTS ON
SPECIFIC POLYMERIC COMPONENTS 697 A. COATINGS 697 B. ELECTRICAL
INSULATORS 698 * ELASTOMERS 698 D. PLASTICS AND RESINS 699 E. LAMINATES
699 F. O-RINGS AND SEALS 699 D. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 700 1.
ELECTRONICS REQUIREMENTS 700 2. FAILSAFE MODES 700 3. MAINTAINABILITY
700 III. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS TO RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 701
A. ROBOT-ASSISTED SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM
RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 701 1. ROBOTIC SYSTEM 702 2. SOFTWARE FEATURES
703 3. PRODUCTIVITY CONSIDERATIONS 704 4. RESULTS 704 CONTENTS XXI B.
DISSOLUTION OF PLUTONIUM 70S 1. TASK DESCRIPTION 705 2. ROBOTIC HARDWARE
AND CUSTOM COMPONENTS 706 C. NEVADA TEST SITE SOLUTION-DISPENSING
ROBOTIC SYSTEM 708 1. INTRODUCTION 708 2. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 708 3.
RESULTS 709 IV. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION: BUILDING THE FULLY AUTOMATED METHOD
709 A. INTRODUCTION 709 1. BASIC COMPONENTS 709 2. SYSTEM INTEGRATION
710 3. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE STANDARDS 710 4. PLUG-AND-PLAY CONCEPT 710
5. THE STANDARD LABORATORY MODULE (SLM) 711 6. ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS 711
7. STANDARD ANALYSIS METHODS (SAMS) 712 B. THE PATH TO FULL AUTOMATION
712 1. NEAR-TERM CONCERNS 712 2. THEMINI-SAM 713 C. ATTRIBUTES OFSLMS
AND THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM 713 1. LAYOUT 713 2. SAMPLE TRANSFER 714 3.
CAPPING 714 4. MATERIAL FLOW 715 5. SLM PORTS 715 6. QUEUES AND QUEUING
INTERCHANGES 715 7. EMBEDDED SLM CONTROLLERS 715 8. HARDWARE
COMMUNICATION INTERFACE 716 9. SOFTWARE INTERFACE 716 10. DATA FLOW 716
11. STAND-ALONE OPERATION 717 12. VALIDATION OF THE COMPONENTS AND THE
INTEGRATED SYSTEM 717 V. CONCLUSIONS 718 REFERENCES 718 APPENDIX: TABLE
OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 719 INDEX 757
|
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| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
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| callnumber-raw | QC787.S34 |
| callnumber-search | QC787.S34 |
| callnumber-sort | QC 3787 S34 |
| callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
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| dewey-ones | 539 - Modern physics |
| dewey-raw | 539.7/7 |
| dewey-search | 539.7/7 |
| dewey-sort | 3539.7 17 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV012281040 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:24:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0124362559 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008325331 |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-11 |
| physical | XXXVIII, 771 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Acad. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Handbook of radioactivity analysis ed. by Michael F. L'Annunziata Radioactivity analysis San Diego [u.a.] Acad. Press 1998 XXXVIII, 771 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Comptage à scintillateur liquide ram Detectie gtt Isotopes radioactifs - Analyse ram Radioactief verval gtt Radioactiviteit gtt Radioactivity - Measurement - Handbooks, manuals, etc Radioactivité - Mesure ram Radionucliden gtt Scintillateurs ram Scintillatie gtt Liquid scintillation counting Radioactivity Radioactivity Measurement Scintillation Counting Radiochemische Analyse (DE-588)4176821-8 gnd rswk-swf Aktivität Kernphysik (DE-588)4198348-8 gnd rswk-swf Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd rswk-swf Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd rswk-swf Aktivität Kernphysik (DE-588)4198348-8 s Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 s DE-604 Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 s Radiochemische Analyse (DE-588)4176821-8 s 1\p DE-604 L'Annunziata, Michael F. Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008325331&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of radioactivity analysis Comptage à scintillateur liquide ram Detectie gtt Isotopes radioactifs - Analyse ram Radioactief verval gtt Radioactiviteit gtt Radioactivity - Measurement - Handbooks, manuals, etc Radioactivité - Mesure ram Radionucliden gtt Scintillateurs ram Scintillatie gtt Liquid scintillation counting Radioactivity Radioactivity Measurement Scintillation Counting Radiochemische Analyse (DE-588)4176821-8 gnd Aktivität Kernphysik (DE-588)4198348-8 gnd Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176821-8 (DE-588)4198348-8 (DE-588)4048198-0 (DE-588)4038852-9 |
| title | Handbook of radioactivity analysis |
| title_alt | Radioactivity analysis |
| title_auth | Handbook of radioactivity analysis |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of radioactivity analysis |
| title_full | Handbook of radioactivity analysis ed. by Michael F. L'Annunziata |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of radioactivity analysis ed. by Michael F. L'Annunziata |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of radioactivity analysis ed. by Michael F. L'Annunziata |
| title_short | Handbook of radioactivity analysis |
| title_sort | handbook of radioactivity analysis |
| topic | Comptage à scintillateur liquide ram Detectie gtt Isotopes radioactifs - Analyse ram Radioactief verval gtt Radioactiviteit gtt Radioactivity - Measurement - Handbooks, manuals, etc Radioactivité - Mesure ram Radionucliden gtt Scintillateurs ram Scintillatie gtt Liquid scintillation counting Radioactivity Radioactivity Measurement Scintillation Counting Radiochemische Analyse (DE-588)4176821-8 gnd Aktivität Kernphysik (DE-588)4198348-8 gnd Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Comptage à scintillateur liquide Detectie Isotopes radioactifs - Analyse Radioactief verval Radioactiviteit Radioactivity - Measurement - Handbooks, manuals, etc Radioactivité - Mesure Radionucliden Scintillateurs Scintillatie Liquid scintillation counting Radioactivity Radioactivity Measurement Scintillation Counting Radiochemische Analyse Aktivität Kernphysik Radioaktivität Messung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008325331&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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