Biochemistry:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dubuque, IA [u.a.]
WCB
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0697219003 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biochemistry |c Geoffrey Zubay |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dubuque, IA [u.a.] |b WCB |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126870150578176 |
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| adam_text | BIOCHEMISTRY L ; I) I K I II H L) I I I O GEOFFREY ZUBAY COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE DARMSTADT FACHBEREICH 10 - BIOLOGIE -
BIBLIOTHEK - SCHNITTSPAHNSTRABE 10 D-64287 DARMSTADT MFL WM. C. BROWN
PUBLISHERS DUBUQUE, IA BOGOTA BOSTON BUENOS AIRES CARACAS CHICAGO
GUILFORD, CT LONDON MADRID MEXICO CITY SYDNEY TORONTO BRIEF CONTENTS P
A R T AN OVERVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BLOENERGETICS 1 CELLS,
ORGANELLES, AND BIOMOLECULES 3 THERMODYNAMICS IN BIOCHERHISTRY 27
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 P A R T CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7 P A R T PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 43 THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF WATER 45 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS: AMINO ACIDS,
PEPTIDES, AND POLYPEPTIDES 60 THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF
PROTEINS 79 FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF PROTEINS 115 METHODS FOR
CHARACTERIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF PROTEINS 140 CATALYSIS 157 ENZYME
KINETICS 159 MECHANISMS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS 177 REGULATION OF ENZYME
ACTIVITIES 214 VITAMINS AND COENZYMES 237 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11 P A R T CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER
16 METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES 265 METABOLIC STRATEGIES 267 STRUCTURES
OF SUGARS AND ENERGY- STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES 282 GLYCOLYSIS,
GLUCONEOGENESIS, AND THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 293 THE TRICARBOXYLIC
ACID CYCLE 324 ELECTRON TRANSPORT, PROTON TRANSLOCATION, AND OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION 346 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 P A R T PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND
OTHER PROCESSES INVOLVING LIGHT 371 STRUCTURES AND METABOLISM OF
POLYSACCHARIDES AND GLYCOPROTEINS 402 CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER 23 P A R T METABOLISM OF LIPIDS 441 LIPIDS AND
MEMBRANES 443 MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 462 METABOLISM OF FATTY
ACIDS 479 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL 532
507 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 27 METABOLISM OF
NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS 561 AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS AND NITROGEI ;
FIXATION IN PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS 563 AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN
VERTEBRATES 597 NUCLEOTIDES 629 INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM IN . CHAPTER
CHAPTER P A R 28 29 T VERTEBRATES 666 NEUROTRANSMISSION VISION 717 8 698
CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 31 CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER 3 3 STORAGE AND UTILIZATION OF
GENETIC INFORMATION 731 STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOPROTEINS
733 DNA REPLICATION, REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION 760 DNA MANIPULATION AND
ITS APPLICATIONS 790 RNA SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 818 VI CHAPTER 34
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, TARGETING, AND TURNOVER 849 CHAPTER 35 REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES 883 CHAPTER 36 REGULATION OF GENE
EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES 913 CHAPTER 37 IMMUNOBIOLOGY 944 CHAPTER 38
CANCER AND CARCINOGENESIS 963 CHAPTER 39 THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS (HIV) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) 979 BRIEF
CONTENTS VH CONTENTS P -A R T F- -T-VI FT *% ! AN OVERVIEW OF
BIOCHEMISTRY JP AND BLOENERGETICS 1 CHAPTER CELLS, ORGANELLES, AND
BIOMOLECULES 3 GEOFFREY ZUBAY ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS 3
CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF SMALL MOLECULES, MACROMOLECULES, AND ORGANELLES
_-5 MACROMOLECULES CONCEAL THEIR HYDROPHOBIC PARTS 8 BIOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS FORM A SMALL SUBSET OF ORDINARY CHEMICAL REACTIONS 12
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR UNDER MILD CONDITIONS MANY BIOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS REQUIRE ENERGY 16 BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE LOCALIZED IN THE
CELL 18 BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO PATHWAYS BIOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS ARE REGULATED 19 ORGANISMS ARE BIOCHEMICALLY DEPENDENT ON ONE
ANOTHER 20 INFORMATION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS IS CARRIED BY THE
DNA 20 THE FIRST LIVING SYSTEMS WERE ACELLULAR 21 - ALL LIVING SYSTEMS
ARE RELATED THROUGH A COMMON EVOLUTION 23 16 19 CHAPTER THERMODYNAMICS
IN BIOCHEMISTRY 27 GEOFFREY ZUBAY THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES 28 THE FIRST
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: ANY CHANGE IN THE ENERGY OF A SYSTEM REQUIRES AN
EQUAL AND OPPOSITE . CHANGE IN THE SURROUNDINGS 28 THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS: IN ANY SPONTANEOUS PROCESS THE TOTAL ENTROPY INCREASES
29 FREE ENERGY PROVIDES THE MOST USEFUL CRITERION FOR SPONTANEITY 32
APPLICATIONS OF THE FREE ENERGY FUNCTION 33 VALUES OF FREE ENERGY ARE
KNOWN FOR MANY COMPOUNDS 33 THE STANDARD FREE ENERGY CHANGE IN A
REACTION IS RELATED LOGARITHMICALLY TO THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 33 FREE
ENERGY IS THE MAXIMUM ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR USEFUL WORK 35 BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS PERFORM VARIOUS KINDS OF WORK 35 1, FAVORABLE REACTIONS CAN
DRIVE UNFAVORABLE ; REACTIONS 35 ATP AS THE MAIN CARRIER OF FREE ENERGY
IN BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 36 ; THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP YIELDS A LARGE
AMOUNT OF FREE ENERGY 36 : P A R T PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 43
CHAPTER THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF WATER 45 ! GEOFFREY ZUBAY LIQUID
WATER AND ICE HAVE VERY SIMILAR STRUCTURES 45 A VARIETY OF FORCES AFFECT
THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOMOLECULES AND WATER 48 ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
FAVOR INTERACTION BETWEEN WATER, CHARGED MOLECULES, AND POLAR MOLECULES
48 VAN DER WAALS FORCES ARE OF TWO TYPES 48 HYDROGEN BOND FORCES INVOLVE
INTERACTIONS WITH UNSHIELDED PROTONS 49 HYDROPHOBIC FORCES ARE PRIMARILY
DUE TO ENTROPIC FACTORS 50 SOLUBILITY AND RELATED PHENOMENA ARE BEST
CONSIDERED IN THERMODYNAMIC TERMS 50 THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION HAS
A MAJOR IMPACT ON BIOMOLECULAR REACTIONS . 51 THE HYDROGEN AND HYDROXIDE
ION CONCENTRATIONS IN LIQUID WATER ARE RECIPROCALLY RELATED 51 THE
EXTENT OF IONIZATION OF A WEAK ACID IN WATER IS A FUNCTION OF ITS ACID
DISSOCIATION CONSTANT, K A 52 I BUFFERED SOLUTIONS ARE RESISTANT TO
CHANGES IN PH 5- WEAK ACIDS BUFFER THE PH IN THE FLUID COMPARTMENTS OF
TH ^ 54 THE^INTRACELLULAR PH IS BUFFERED BY MONO AND DIHYDROGEN
PHOSPHATES 55 VUI THE PH OF THE BLOOD PLASMA IS STABILIZED BY A BUFFER ,
SYSTEM INVOLVING BICARBONATE, CARBONIC ACID, AND CARBON DIOXIDE 56 WATER
IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN MANY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 58 CHAPTER THE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND POLYPEPTIDES 60
GEOFFREY ZUBAY AMINO ACIDS 60 AMINO ACIDS HAVE BOTH ACID AND BASE
PROPERTIES 61 ** AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS ABSORB LIGHT IN THE NEAR-
ULTRAVIOLET 64 ALL AMINO ACIDS EXCEPT GLYCINE SHOW ASYMMETRY 64 PEPTIDES
AND POLYPEPTIDES 65 DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS
67 ] DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF PROTEINS 69 CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES AND POLYPEPTIDES 75 CHAPTER THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL
STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS 79 GEOFFREY ZUBAY THE INFORMATION FOR FOLDING IS
CONTAINED IN THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE 80 THE RAMACHANDRAN PLOT PREDICTS
STERICALLY PERMISSIBLE STRUCTURES 81 PROTEIN FOLDING REVEALS AHIERARCHY
OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 83 ~~^J TWO SECONDARY STRUCTURES ARE FOUND IN
MOST PROTEINS 85 THE A HELIX 85 THE (3 SHEET 88 PAULING AND COREY
PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF FIBROUS PROTEIN
STRUCTURES 88 COLLAGEN FORMS A UNIQUE TRIPLE-STRANDED STRUCTURE 90 IN
GLOBULAR PROTEINS, SECONDARY STRUCTURE ELEMENTS ARE CONNECTED IN SIMPLE
MOTIFS 92 THE DOMAIN IS THE BASIC UNIT OF TERTIARY STRUCTURE 95 THE
HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF IS THE BASIC COMPONENT FOUND IN A-DOMAIN
STRUCTURES 96 A/P DOMAINS EXPLOIT THE /3-A-/8 MOTIF 97 ANTIPARALLEL JI
DOMAINS SHOW A GREAT VARIETY OF TOPOLOGIES 98 SOME PROTEINS OR DOMAINS
REQUIRE ADDITIONAL FEATURES T. TO ACCOUNT FOR THEIR STABILITY 99 MANY
PROTEINS CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE DOMAIN 100 QUATERNARY STRUCTURE DEPENDS
ON THE INTERACTION OF TWO OR MORE PROTEINS OR PROTEIN SUBUNITS 101
PREDICTING PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE FROM PROTEIN PRIMARY STRUCTURE 106
METHODS FOR DETERMINING PROTEIN CONFORMATION 107 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
ANALYSIS OF FIBROUS PROTEINS 107 X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN
CRYSTALS 107 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) COMPLEMENTS X-RAY
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 109 OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION (ORD) AND CIRCULAR
DICHROISM (CD) 110 CHAPTER FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF PROTEINS 115 GEOFFREY
ZUBAY TARGETING AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY 115 PROTEINS ARE DIRECTED TO
THE REGIONS WHERE THEY ARE UTILIZED 115 CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
ACCORDING TO LOCATION , EMPHASIZES FUNCTIONALITY 116 PROTEIN STRUCTURE
IS SUITED TO PROTEIN FUNCTION 116 HEMOGLOBIN * AN ALLOSTERIC
OXYGEN-BINDING PROTEIN 118 THE BINDING OF CERTAIN FACTORS TO HEMOGLOBIN
HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON OXYGEN BINDING 119 X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES
REVEAL TWO CONFORMATIONS FOR HEMOGLOBIN 122 CHANGES IN CONFORMATION ARE
INITIATED BY OXYGEN BINDING 122 TWO MODELS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE
WAY * HEMOGLOBINS AND OTHER ALLOSTERIC PROTEINS WORK 128 MUSCLE * AN
AGGREGATE OF PROTEINS INVOLVED IN CONTRACTION 129 PROTEIN
DIVERSIFICATION AS A RESULT OF EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURES 134 GENE SPLICING
RESULTS IN A RESHUFFLING OF DOMAINS IN PROTEINS 135 EVOLUTIONARY
DIVERSIFICATION IS,DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN ANTIBODY FORMATION 136 CHAPTER
METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF PROTEINS 140 GEOFFREY
ZUBAY METHODS OF PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION 140 SOLUBILITY REFLECTS A
BALANCE OF PROTEIN-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS 140 SEVERAL METHODS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR DETERMINATION OF V GROSS SIZE AND SHAPE 141 X
-ELECTROPHORETIC METHODS ARE THE BEST WAY TO ANALYZE * , MIXTURES 145
METHODS OF PROTEIN PURIFICATION 147 DIFFERENTIAL
CENTRIFUGATION^SUBDIVIDES CRUDE EXTRACTS INTD IWO OR MORE FRACTIONS 148
DIFFERENTIAH-PRECIPITATION IS BASED ON SOLUBILITY DIFFERENCES ^148
CONTENTS IX COLUMN PROCEDURES ARE THE MOST VERSATILE PURIFICATION
METHODS 148 ELECTROPHORETIC METHODS ARE USED FOR PREPARATION AND
ANALYSIS 150 PURIFICATION OF SPECIFIC PROTEINS INVOLVES COMBINATIONS OF
DIFFERENT PROCEDURES 150 P A R T CATALYSIS 157 CHAPTER ENZYME KINETICS
159 GEOFFREY ZUBAY THE DISCOVERY OF ENZYMES 159 ENZYME TERMINOLOGY 160
BASIC ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS 160 A CRITICAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS
NEEDED FOR THE REACTANTS TO REACH THE TRANSITION STATE 161 CATALYSTS
SPEED UP REACTIONS BY LOWERING THE FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION 162
KINETICS OF ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS 163 KINETIC PARAMETERS ARE
DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE INITIAL REACTION VELOCITY AS A FUNCTION OF
THE SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION 163 THE HENRI-MICHAELIS-MENTEN TREATMENT
ASSUMES THAT THE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX IS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH FREE
ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE 164 STEADY-STATE KINETIC ANALYSIS ASSUMES THAT THE
CONCENTRATION OF THE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX REMAINS NEARLY CONSTANT
165 KINETICS OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS INVOLVING TWO SUBSTRATES 168 )
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PH ON ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY 169 ENZYME
INHIBITION 169 COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS BIND AT THE ACTIVE SITE 169
NONCOMPETITIVE AND UNCOMPETITIVE INHIBITORS DO NOT COMPETE DIRECTLY WITH
SUBSTRATE BINDING 171 IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS PERMANENTLY ALTER THE
ENZYME STRUCTURE 171 CHAPTER MECHANISMS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS 177 GEOFFREY
ZUBAY FIVE THEMES THAT RECUR IN DISCUSSING ENZYMATIC REACTIONS 177 THE
PROXIMITY EFFECT: ENZYMES BRING REACTING SPECIES CLOSE TOGETHER 178
GENERAL-BASE AND GENERAL-ACID CATALYSIS PROVIDE - WAYS OF AVOIDING THE
NEED FOR EXTREMELY HIGH OR F LOWPH 178 ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS CAN
PROMOTE THE FORMATION) OF THE TRANSITION STATE 180 ;| ENZYMATIC
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS PROVIDE NUCLEOPHILIC AT, ELECTROPHILIC CATALYSTS 181
STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY CAN INCREASE THE SPECIFICITY OF ** ENZYMES 182
DETAILED MECHANISMS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS 183 ;. SERINE PROTEASES ARE A
DIVERSE GROUP OF ENZYMES THF USE A SERINE RESIDUE FOR NUCLEOPHILIC ,
CATALYSIS 184 ZINC PROVIDES AN ELECTROPHILIC CENTER IN SOME PROTEASES
190 RIBONUCLEASE A: AN EXAMPLE OF CONCERTED ACID-BASEI CATALYSIS 194 :
TRIOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASE HAS APPROACHED CATALYTILI PERFECTION 199
LYSOZYME HYDROLYZES COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES CONTAINING FIVE OR MORE
RESIDUES 202 LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE: A BISUBSTRATE ENZYME 206 BINDING OF
COENZYME OCCURS BEFORE BINDING OF SUGAR 207 J KINETIC STUDIES REVEAL
INTERMEDIATES AND SLOW STEP IT THE REACTION 207 REACTION RESULTS FROM
CONCERTED CATALYSIS 209 ISOENZYMES OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE SERVE
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS 209 ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE USES ZINC AS AN
ELECTROPHILI CATALYST 210 CHAPTER REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITIES 214
GEOFFREY ZUBAY PARTIAL PROTEOLYSIS RESULTS IN IRREVERSIBLE COVALENT
MODIFICATIONS 215 PHOSPHORYLATION, ADENYLYLATION, AND DISULFIDE
REDUCTION LEAD TO REVERSIBLE COVALENT MODIFICATIONS 216 ALLOSTERIC
REGULATION ALLOWS AN ENZYME TO BE CONTROLLED RAPIDLY BY MATERIALS THAT
ARE STRUCTURALLY UNRELATED TO THE SUBSTRATE 218 . ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES
TYPICALLY EXHIBIT A SIGMOIDAL DEPENDENCE ON SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION 218
| THE SYMMETRY MODEL PROVIDES A USEFUL FRAMEWORK /IF RELATING
CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITIONS TO ALLOSTERIC I ACTIVATION OR INHIBITION 220
J; ALLOSTERIC CONTROL OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE IS CONSISTENT WI! . THE
SYMMETRY MODEL 221 | REGULATORY SITES ARE LOCATED ON DIFFERENT SUBUNITS
2 THE ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE COOPERATIVITY 229 NEGATIVE COOPERATIVITY
229 CONTEJ GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY IS REGULATED BY ALLOSTERIC
EFFECTORS AND BY PHOSPHORYLATION 229 CALMODULIN REGULATES OTHER
REGULATORY PROTEINS BY PROTEIN- PROTEIN INTERACTION 233 CHAPTER VITAMINS
AND COENZYMES 237 PERRY A. FREY WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND THEIR
COENZYMES 238 THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE IS INVOLVED IN C * C AND C*X BOND
CLEAVAGE 238 PYRIDOXAL-5 -PHOSPHATE IS REQUIRED FOR A VARIETY OF
REACTIONS WITH A-AMINO ACIDS 240 NICOTINAMIDE COENZYMES ARE USED IN
REACTIONS INVOLVING HYDRIDE TRANSFERS 242 FLAVINS ARE USED IN
REACTIONS INVOLVING ONE OR TWO ELECTRON TRANSFERS 244 REACTIONS
REQUIRING ACYL ACTIVATION FREQUENTLY USE PHOSPHOPANTETHEINE COENZYMES
247 A-LIPOIC ACID IS THE COENZYME OF CHOICE FOR REACTIONS REQUIRING
ACYL-GROUP TRANSFERS LINKED TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION 249 BIOTIN MEDIATES
CARBOXYLATIONS 250 FOLATE COENZYMES ARE USED IN REACTIONS FOR ONE-
CARBON TRANSFERS 251 ^ ASCORBIC ACID IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE ENZYME
THAT FORMS HYDROXYPROLINE RESIDUES IN COLLAGEN 251 VITAMIN B]2 COENZYMES
ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REARRANGEMENTS ON ADJACENT CARBON ATOMS 253
IRON-CONTAINING COENZYMES ARE FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN REDOX REACTIONS
255 METAL COFACTORS 258 LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 259 P A R T METABOLISM OF
CARBOHYDRATES 265 CHAPTER METABOLIC STRATEGIES 267 GEOFFREY ZUBAY LIVING
CELLS REQUIRE A STEADY SUPPLY OF STARTING MATERIALS AND ENERGY 267
ORGANISMS DIFFER IN SOURCES OF ENERGY, REDUCING POWER, AND STARTING
MATERIALS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS 267 REACTIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO SEQUENCES
OR PATHWAYS 268 SEQUENTIALLY RELATED ENZYMES ARE FREQUENTLY CLUSTERED
269 PATHWAYS SHOW FUNCTIONAL COUPLING 270 THE ATP-ADP SYSTEM MEDIATES
CONVERSIONS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS 271 CONVERSIONS ARE KINETICALLY REGULATED
271 PATHWAYS ARE REGULATED BY CONTROLLING AMOUNTS AND ACTIVITIES OF
ENZYMES 273 ENZYME ACTIVITY IS REGULATED BY INTERACTION WITH REGULATORY
FACTORS 273 REGULATORY ENZYMES OCCUPY KEY POSITIONS IN PATHWAYS 273 A
REGULATED REACTION IS EFFECTIVE ONLY IF IT IS EXERGONIC 274 REGULATORY
ENZYMES OFTEN SHOW COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR 274 BOTH ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC
PATHWAYS ARE REGULATED BY THE ENERGY STATUS OF THE CELL 275 REGULATION
OF PATHWAYS INVOLVES THE INTERPLAY OF KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC FACTORS
276 STRATEGIES FOR PATHWAY ANALYSIS 276, ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-STEP
PATHWAYS 277 ANALYSIS OF MULTISTEP PATHWAYS 277 RADIOLABELED COMPOUNDS
FACILITATE PATHWAY ANALYSIS 279 PATHWAYS ARE USUALLY STUDIED BOTH IN
VITRO AND IN VIVO 279 CHAPTER STRUCTURES OF SUGARS AND ENERGY-STORAGE
POLYSACCHARIDES 282 PAMELA STANLEY AND GEOFFREY ZUBAY MONOSACCHARIDES
AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 282 FAMILIES OF MONOSACCHARIDES ARE STRUCTURALLY
RELATED 283 MONOSACCHARIDES CYCLIZE TO FORM HEMIACETALS 283
MONOSACCHARIDES ARE LINKED BY GLYCOSIDIC BONDS 286 DISACCHARIDES AND
POLYSACCHARIDES 286 CELLULOSE IS A MAJOR HOMOPOLYMER FOUND IN CELL
WALLS 287 STARCH AND GLYCOGEN ARE MAJOR ENERGY-STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES
289 THE CONFIGURATIONS OF GLYCOGEN AND CELLULOSE DICTATE THEIR ROLES 290
CHAPTER GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS, AND THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
293 GEOFFREY ZUBAY OVERVIEW OF GLYCOLYSIS 294 TRREE HEXOSE PHOSPHATES
CONSTITUTE THE FIRST METABOLIC POOL 294 PHOSPHORYLASE CONVERTS STORAGE
CARBOHYDRATES TO GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE 294 CONTENTS XI HEXOKINASE CONVERTS
FREE SUGARS TO HEXOSE PHOSPHATES 297 PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE INTERCONVERTS
GLUCOSE-1- PHOSPHATE AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 298 PHOSPHOHEXOISOMERASE
INTERCONVERTS GLUCOSES- PHOSPHATE AND FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 298 *
FORMATION OF FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE SIGNALS A COMMITMENT TO
GLYCOLYSIS 298 FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE AND THE TWO TRIOSE PHOSPHATES
CONSTITUTE THE SECOND METABOLIC POOL IN GLYCOLYSIS 300 ALDOLASE CLEAVES
FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE 300 TRIOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE INTERCONVERTS
THE TWO TRIOSES 300 THE CONVERSION OF TRIOSE PHOSPHATES TO A
PHOSPHOGLYCERATES OCCURS IN TWO STEPS 300 THE THREE-CARBON
PHOSPHORYLATED ACIDS CONSTITUTE A THIRD METABOLIC POOL 302 CONVERSION OF
PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE TO PYRUVATE GENERATES ATP 302 THE NAD + REDUCED IN
GLYCOLYSIS MUST BE REGENERATED 304 S SUMMARY OF GLYCOLYSIS 304
CATABOLISM OF OTHER SUGARS 304 FRUCTOSE 305 GALACTOSE 305
GLUCONEOGENESIS 306 R) GLUCONEOGENESIS CONSUMES ATP 306 CONVERSION OF
PYRUVATE TO PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE REQUIRES TWO HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATES 306
CONVERSION OF PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE TO FRUCTOSE-1,6- BISPHOSPHATE USES THE
SAME ENZYMES AS GLYCOLYSIS 309 FRUCTOSE-BISPHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE
CONVERTS FRUCTOSE- 1,6-BISPHOSPHATE TO FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 309 HEXOSE
PHOSPHATES CAN BE CONVERTED TO STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES 309 SUMMARY OF
GLUCONEOGENESIS 311 REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS 311 HOW
DO INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS REGULATE ENERGY METABOLISM? 313 HORMONAL
CONTROLS CAN OVERRIDE INTRACELLULAR CONTROLS 313 HORMONAL EFFECTS OF
GLUE AGON ARE MEDIATED BY CYCLIC AMP 313 THE HORMONE EPINEPHRINE
STIMULATES GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN BOTH LIVER CELLS AND MUSCLE CELLS 314 *
HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE FLUX BETWEEN FRUCTOSE-6- PHOSPHATE AND
FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE IN THE . LIVER IS MEDIATED BY FRUCTOSE-2,6-
BISPHOSPHATE 315 SUMMARY OF THE REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS AND
GLUCONEOGENESIS 316 J THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY,, 316 TWO NADPH
MOLECULES ARE GENERATED BY THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 317
TRANSALDOLASE AND TRANSKETOLASE CATALYZE THE INTERCONVERSION OF MANY
PHOSPHORYLATED SUGARS 317 PRODUCTION OF RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE AND
XYLULOSE-5- PHOSPHATE 318 CHAPTER THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE 324 ,
GEOFFREY ZUBAY I DISCOVERY OF THE TCA CYCLE 325 . J STEPS IN THE TCA
CYCLE 327 : : THE OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE LEADS TO
ACETYL-COA 327 * CITRATE SYNTHASE IS THE GATEWAY TO THE TCA CYCLE 3 I
ACONITASE CATALYZES THE ISOMERIZATION OF CITRATE TO I ISOCITRATE ~330 I
ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE CATALYZES THE FIRST OXIDATIOL IN THE TCA
CYCLE 331 J; A-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE CATALYZES THE ;!
DECARBOXYLATION OF A-KETOGLUTARATE TO SUCCINYL- I I COA 332 F SUCCINATE
THIOKINASE COUPLES THE CONVERSION OF SUCCINYL-COA TO SUCCINATE WITH THE
SYNTHESIS OF GTP 332 SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE CATALYZES THE OXIDATION OF
SUCCINATE TO FUMARATE 332 J FUMARASE CATALYZES THE ADDITION OF WATER TO
FUMARM TO FORM MALATE 333 I MALATE DEHYDROGENASE CATALYZES THE OXIDATION
OF | MALATE TO OXALOACETATE 333 J STEREOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF TCA CYCLE
REACTIONS 333 | ATP STOICHIOMETRY OF THE TCA CYCLE 333 J THERMODYNAMICS
OF THE TCA CYCLE 335 THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE TCA CYCLE 335 THE
GLYOXYLATE CYCLE PERMITS GROWTH OF A TWO-CARBON SOURCE 336 UTILIZATION
OFJHE SUCCINATE REQUIRES PASSAGE FROM TH GLYOXYSOME TO THE MITOCHONDRIA
339 |J OXIDATION OF OTHER SUBSTRATES BY THE TCA CYCLE 340 | THE TCA
CYCLE ACTIVITY IS REGULATED AT METABOLIC S BRANCHPOINTS 340 E THE
PYRUVATE BRANCHPOINT PARTITIONS PYRUVATE BETWEE ACETYL-COA AND
OXALOACETATE 340 J CITRATE SYNTHASE IS NEGATIVELY REGULATED BY NADH AN
THE ENERGY CHARGE 342 | ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE IS REGULATED BY THE
NADH-I ^ TP-NAD + RATIO AND THE ENERGY CHARGE 343 F A-KETOGLUTARATE
DEHYDROGENASE IS NEGATIVELY I? REGULATED BY NADH 343 I| XII CONTE I
CHAPTER CHAPTER ELECTRON TRANSPORT, PROTON TRANSLOCATION, AND OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION 346 GEOFFREY ZUBAY ELECTRON TRANSPORT IS A
MEMBRANE-LOCALIZED PROCESS 347 A BUCKET BRIGADE OF MOLECULES CARRIES
ELECTRONS FROM THE TCA CYCLE TO O 2 347 THE SEQUENCE OF ELECTRON
CARRIERS WAS DEDUCED FROM KINETIC MEASUREMENTS 350 REDOX POTENTIALS GIVE
A MEASURE OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING STRENGTHS OF THE DIFFERENT ELECTRON
CARRIERS 350 MOST OF THE ELECTRON CARRIERS EXIST IN LARGE COMPLEXES 351
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEXES IS
TO TRANSLOCATE PROTONS -353 COMPLEXES I AND II MEDIATE THE TRANSFER OF
ELECTRONS FROM NADH AND FADH 2 TO UBIQUINONE 354 COMPLEX III, THE
CYTOCHROME BCJ COMPLEX, TRANSFERS ELECTRONS FROM QH 2 TO CYTOCHROME
WHILE TRANSLOCATING PROTONS BY A REDOX LOOP 355 COMPLEX IV, THE
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE COMPLEX, TRANSFERS ELECTRONS FROM JCYTOCHROME C TO O
2 WHILE PUMPING PROTONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 355 RECONSTITUTION
EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY ROLES OF UBIQUINONE AND CYTOCHROME R C
AS MOBILE ELECTRON CARRIERS BETWEEN THE GIANT COMPLEXES 356 EXPERIMENTS
ON MITOCHONDRIAL SUSPENSIONS DEMONSTRATE THAT ELECTRON TRANSPORT CREATES
AN ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL GRADIENT FOR PROTONS ACROSS THE INNER
MEMBRANE 357 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 359^ THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN
CONTAINS THREE COUPLING SITES FOR ATP FORMATION 359 ELECTRON TRANSFER IS
TIGHTLY COUPLED TO ATP FORMATION 359 THE CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY PROPOSES
THAT PHOSPHORYLATION IS DRIVEN BY PROTON MOVEMENTS 360 FLOW OF PROTONS
BACK INTO THE MATRIX DRIVES THE FORMATION OF ATP 361 THE
PROTON-CONDUCTING ATP-SYNTHASE OR ATPASE: FJ AND FO 362 THE MECHANISM OF
ACTION OF THE ATP-SYNTHASE 362 TRANSPORT OF SUBSTRATES, PJ, ADP, AND ATP
INTO AND OUT OF MITOCHONDRIA 365 UPTAKE OF P T AND OXIDIZABLE SUBSTRATES
IS COUPLED TO THE RELEASE OF OH~ IONS 365 ^EXPORT OF ATP IS COUPLED TO
ADP UPTAKE 366 ELECTRONS FROM CYTOSOLIC NADH ARE IMPORTED BY SHUTTLE
SYSTEMS 366 COMPLETE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE YIELDS ABOUT 30 MOLECULES OF
ATP 367 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OTHER PROCESSES INVOLVING LIGHT 371 GEOFFREY
ZUBAY- PHOTOSYNTHESIS. ,371 THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKE PLACE IN MEMBRANES 373 PHOTOSYNTHESIS DEPENDS ON THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLL 374 PHOTOOXIDATION OF
CHLOROPHYLL GENERATES A CATIONIC FREE RADICAL 378 THE REACTIVE
CHLOROPHYLL IS BOUND TO PROTEINS IN COMPLEXES CALLED REACTION CENTERS
379 IN PURPLE BACTERIAL REACTION CENTERS, ELECTRONS MOVE FROM P870 TO
BACTERIOPHEOPHYTIN AND THEN TO QUINONES 380 A CYCLIC ELECTRON-TRANSPORT
CHAIN RETURNS ELECTRONS TO P870 AND MOVES PROTONS OUTWARD ACROSS THE
MEMBRANE; FLOW OF PROTONS BACK INTO THE CELL DRIVES THE FORMATION OF ATP
381 AN ANTENNA SYSTEM TRANSFERS ENERGY TO THE REACTION CENTERS 382
CHLOROPLASTS HAVE TWO PHOTOSYSTEMS LINKED IN SERIES 385 - PHOTOSYSTEM I
REDUCES NADP + BY WAY OF IRON-SULFUR PROTEINS 389 02 EVOLUTION REQUIRES
THE ACCUMULATION OF FOUR OXIDIZING EQUIVALENTS IN THE REACTION CENTER OF
PHOTOSYSTEM II 390 FLOW OF ELECTRONS FROM H 2 O TO NADP + DRIVES PROTON
TRANSPORT INTO THE THYLAKOID LUMEN; PROTONS RETURN TO THE STROMA THROUGH
AN ATP-SYNTHASE 391 CARBON FIXATION: THE REDUCTIVE PENTOSE CYCLE 393
RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE, PHOTORESPIRATION, AND THE
C4 CYCLE 393 OTHER BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING LIGHT 397 PHYTOCHROME
SYNCHRONIZES CIRCADIAN AND SEASONAL RHYTHMS IN PLANTS 397
BIOLUMINESCENCE 397 CHAPTER STRUCTURES AND METABOLISM OF POLYSACCHARIDES
AND GLYCOPROTEINS PAMELA STANLEY 402 MONOSACCHARIDES ARE OFTEN FORMED BY
INTERCONVERSIONS BETWEEN HEXOSES 403 THE HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE POOL
INCLUDES MANNOSE AS WELL AS GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE 403 GALACTDSEAS NOT A
MEMBER OF THE HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE POOL 403 CONTENTS XIII HEXOSE
MODIFICATIONS INVOLVE ALTERATIONS OR ADDITIONS OF SMALL SUBSTITUENTS 404
DISACCHARIDE BIOSYNTHESIS 407 ENERGY-STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES ARE SIMPLE
HOMOPOLYMERS 407 STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES INCLUDE HOMOPOLYMERS AND
_HETEROPOLYMERS 408 CHITIN CONTAINS A DIFFERENT BUILDING BLOCK 408 ; V
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE BUILDING BLOCK 409
PROTEOGLYCANS ARE COMPLEXES OF PROTEINS WITH GLYCANS 411 IN
GLYCOPROTEINS, OLIGOSACCHARIDES ARE COVALENTLY LINKED TO N OR O ATOMS IN
PROTEIN AMINO ACID SIDE CHAINS 412 CARBOHYDRATE MODIFICATION IS
IMPORTANT IN TARGETING CERTAIN ENZYMES TO THE LYSOSOMES 413 A
CARBOHYDRATE-LIPID SERVES TO ANCHO/SOME GLYCOPROTEINS TO THE CELL
SURFACE 413 CARBOHYDRATES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ARE IMPORTANT IN CELL
RECOGNITION 414 DETERMINATION OF CARBOHYDRATE PRIMARY STRUCTURE
REQUIRES PURIFICATION BEFORE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 416 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
ARE SYNTHESIZED IN A CONCERTED FASHION BY SPECIFIC GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES
418 BIOSYNTHESIS OF N-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES 421 BIOSYNTHESIS OF
O-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES 426 SPECIFIC INHIBITORS AND MUTANTS ARE USED
TO EXPLORE THE ROLES OF GLYCOPROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES 430 BACTERIAL CELL
WALLS ARE COMPOSED OF POLYSACCHARIDES CROSS-LINKED BY PEPTIDES 430
BACTERIAL CELL WALL BIOSYNTHESIS 431 . SYNTHESIS OF THE
UDP-N-ACETYLMURAMYL-PENTAPEPTIDE MONOMER OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM 432
FORMATION OF LINEAR POLYMERS OF THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN IS MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED
432 CROSS-LINKING OF THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN STRANDS OCCURS ON THE
NONCYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 433 PENICILLIN INHIBITS THE
TRANSPEPTIDATION REACTION 434 P A R T METABOLISM OF LIPIDS 441 CHAPTER
LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 443 DENNIS E. VANCE THE STRUCTURE OF BIOLOGICAL
MEMBRANES 444 DIFFERENT MEMBRANE STRUCTURES CAN BE SEPARATED ACCORDING
TO THEIR DENSITY 444 MEMBRANES CONTAIN COMPLEX MIXTURES OF LIPIDS 445
PHOSPHOLIPIDS SPONTANEOUSLY FORM ORDERED STRUCTURES IN ;! WATER 448
MEMBRANES HAVE BOTH INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL PROTEINS 45(1 INTEGRAL
MEMBRANE PROTEINS CONTAIN TRANSMEMBRANE A HELICES 451 PROTEINS AND
LIPIDS CAN MOVE AROUND WITHIN I MEMBRANES 453 * BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES ARE
ASYMMETRICAL 455 MEMBRANE FLUIDITY IS SENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE AND LIPID
J COMPOSITION 456 I SOME PROTEINS OF EUKARYOTIC PLASMA MEMBRANES ARE
CONNECTED TO THE CYTOSKELETON 459 CHAPTER MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT 462 GARY R. JACOBSON AND GEOFFREY ZUBAY TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
ACROSS MEMBRANES 462 MOST SOLUTES ARE TRANSPORTED BY SPECIFIC CARRIERS
462 SOME TRANSPORTERS FACILITATE DIFFUSION OF A SOLUTE DOWN AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL GRADIENT 464 ACTIVE TRANSPORT AGAINST-AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL GRADIENT REQUIRES ENERGY 464 ISOTOPES,
SUBSTRATE ANALOGS, MEMBRANE VESICLES, AND ;J BACTERIAL MUTANTS ARE USED
TO STUDY TRANSPORT 46. MOLECULAR MODELS OF TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 467 F
THE CATALYTIC CYCLE OF THE NA + -K + PUMP INCLUDES TW { PHOSPHORYLATED
FORMS OF THE ENZYME 468 SOME MEMBRANES HAVE RELATIVELY LARGE PORES 469
VESICULAR TRANSPORT 470 HORMONE RECEPTORS AND ENZYMES IN MEMBRANES
TRANSPORT SIGNALS 471 MANY HORMONE RECEPTORS TRIGGER G PROTEINS TO
ACTIVATE OR INHIBIT ADEHYLATE CYCLASE 471 THE RECEPTORS FOR INSULIN AND
SOME GROWTH FACTORS ARE TYROSINE KINASES 474 OTHER RECEPTORS TRIGGER
BREAKDOWN OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL TO INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE AND
DIACYLGLYCEROL 475 |! CHAPTER METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS 479 I DENNIS E.
VANCE * S FATTY ACID DEGRADATION 479 * FATTY ACIDS ORIGINATE FROM
THREE SOURCES: DIET, I ADIPOCYTES, AND DE NOVO SYNTHESIS 479 S FATTY
ACID BREAKDOWN OCCURS IN BLOCKS OF TWO CARBD. ATOMS 480 : %. THE
OXIDATION OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS OCCURS IN . !:* X^ MITOCHONDRIA 482 F
FATTY. ACID OXIDATION YIELDS LARGE AMOUNTS OF , A7K 482 * * * XIV
CONTEII ADDITIONAL ENZYMES ARE REQUIRED FOR OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED
FATTY ACIDS IN MITOCHONDRIA 484 FATTY ACIDS WITH AN ODD NUMBER OF
CARBONS ARE OXIDIZED TO PROPIONYL-COA 484 FATTY ACIDS CAN ALSO BE
OXIDIZED BY A OR W OXIDATION 486 KETONE BODIES FORMED IN THE LIVER ARE
USED FOR ENERGY IN OTHER TISSUES 487 [3 OXIDATION ALSO OCCURS IN
PEROXISOMES 488 SUMMARY OF FATTY ACID DEGRADATION 488 BIOSYNTHESIS OF
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS 489 THE,FIRST STEP IN FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IS
CATALYZED BY ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE 489 SEVEN REACTIONS ARE CATALYZED BY
THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE 490 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE
IS DIFFERENT IN E. COLI AND ANIMALS 491 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MONOUNSATURATED
FATTY ACIDS FOLLOWS DISTINCT ROUTES IN E. COLI AND ANIMAL CELLS 491
BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS OCCURS MAINLY IN EUKARYOTES
496 SUMMARY OF THE PATHWAYS FOR SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION 497 REGULATION
OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM 497 THE RELEASE OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE
TISSUE IS REGULATED 497 FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEINS AND ACYL-COA-BINDING
PROTEIN MAY BE IMPORTANT IN THE INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING OF FATTY ACIDS
498 TRANSPORT OF FATTY ACIDS INTO MITOCHONDRIA IS REGULATED 500 % FATTY
ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IS LIMITED BY SUBSTRATE SUPPLY 501 * * R R . FATTY
ACID SYNTHESIS IS REGULATED BY THE FIRST STEP IN THE PATHWAY 501 ! THE
CONTROLS FOR FATTY ACID METABOLISM DISCOURAGE SIMULTANEOUS SYNTHESIS AND
BREAKDOWN 503 LONG-TERM DIETARY CHANGES LEAD TO ADJUSTMENTS IN THE LEVEL
OF ENZYMES 503 CHAPTER BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS 507 DENNIS E.
VANCE PHOSPHOLIPIDS 507 IN E. COLI, PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS GENERATES
PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE, PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL, AND
DIPHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL 508 PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS IN EUKARYOTES IS MORE
COMPLEX 511 X DIACYGLYCEROL IS THE KEY INTERMEDIATE IN THE
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE AND PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE 511 .
FATTY ACID SUBSTITUENTS AT SN-1 AND SN-2 POSITIONS ARE REPLACEABLE 513
PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL- 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE, A PRECURSOR OF SECOND
MESSENGERS, IS SYNTHESIZED VIA CDP- DIACYLGLYCEROL 515 THE METABOLISM OF
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE AND PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE IS CLOSELY LINKED 515
BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALKYL AND ALKENYL ETHERS 515 THE FINAL REACTIONS FOR
PHOSPHOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS OCCUR ON THE CYTOSOLIC SURFACE OF THE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 516 IN THE LIVER, REGULATION GIVES PRIORITY TO
FORMATION OF STRUCTURAL LIPIDS OVER ENERGY-STORAGE LIPIDS 51 7
PHOSPHOLIPASES DEGRADE PHOSPHOLIPIDS 520 SPHINGOLIPIDS 521 SPHINGOMYELIN
IS FORMED DIRECTLY FROM CERAMIDE 521 GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID SYNTHESIS ALSO
STARTS FROM CERAMIDE 521 SPHINGOLIPIDS FUNCTION AS STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS, AS SPECIFIC CELL RECEPTORS, AND AS SECOND-MESSENGER
PRECURSORS 523 DEFECTS IN SPHINGOLIPID CATABOLISM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
METABOLIC DISEASES 524 - EICOSANOIDS ARE HORMONES DERIVED FROM
ARACHIDONIC ACID 525 EICOSANOID BIOSYNTHESIS 526 EICOSANOIDS EXERT THEIR
ACTION LOCALLY 527 CHAPTER METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL 532 DENNIS E.
VANCE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL 532 MEVALONATE IS A KEY INTERMEDIATE
IN CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS 534 THE RATE OF MEVALONATE SYNTHESIS
DETERMINES THE RATE OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS 534 IT TAKES SIX
MEVALONATES AND TEN STEPS TO MAKE LANOSTEWL, THE FIRST TETRACYCLIC
INTERMEDIATE 537 FROM LANOSTEWL TO CHOLESTEROL TAKES ANOTHER 20 STEPS
538 SUMMARY OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS 540 LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM 542
THERE ARE FIVE CLASSES OF LIPOPROTEINS IN HUMAN PLASMA 542 LIPOPROTEINS
ARE MADE IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF THE LIVER AND INTESTINE 543
CHYLOMICRONS AND VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL) TRANSPORT
CHOLESTEROL AND TRIACYLGLYCEROL TO OTHER TISSUES 547 LOW-DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) ARE REMOVED FROM THE , PLASMA BY THE LIVER,
ADRENALS, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE 548 SERIOUS DISEASES RESULT FROM
CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITS 549 HIGH-UEHSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) MAY REDUCE
CHOLESTEWLIDEPOSITS 550 CONTENTS XV BILE ACID METABOLISM - 550
METABOLISM OF STEROID HORMONES 551 OVERVIEW OF MAMMALIAN CHOLESTEROL
METABOLISM 555 P A R T METABOLISM OF NITROGEN- CONTAINING COMPOUNDS 561
CHAPTER AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN PLANTS AND
MICROORGANISMS 563 RONALD SOMERVILLE, H. EDWIN UMBARGER, AND GEOFFREY
ZUBAY THE PATHWAYS TO AMINO ACIDS ARE BRANCHPOINTS FROM THE CENTRAL
METABOLIC PATHWAYS 564 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS HAS
RESULTED FROM GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 564 THE NUMBER OF
PROTEINS PARTICIPATING IN A PATHWAY IS ^KNOWN THROUGH GENETIC
COMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS 564 BIOCHEMISTS USE THE AUXOTROPHS ISOLATED BY
Y., . . - GENETICISTS 564 THE GLUTAMATE FAMILY OF AMINO ACIDS AND
NITROGEN FIXATION 564 THE DIRECT AMINATION OF A-KETOGLUTARATE LEADS TO
GLUTAMATE 565 AMIDATION OF GLUTAMATE TO GLUTAMINE IS AN ELABORATELY
REGULATED PROCESS 567 THE NITROGEN CYCLE ENCOMPASSES A SERIES OF
REACTIONS IN. WHICH NITROGEN PASSES THROUGH MANY FORMS. 569 THREE
ENZYMES CONVERT GLUTAMATE TO PROLINE 570 ARGININE BIOSYNTHESIS USES SOME
REACTIONS SEEN IN THE UREA CYCLE 570 THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS OF
THE SERINE FAMILY (L-SERINE, GLYCINE, AND L-CYSTEINE) AND THE FIXATION
OF % SULFUR 570 , THREE ENZYMES CONVERT 3-PHOSPHO-D-GLYCERATE TO SERINE
572 TWO MORE ENZYMES CONVERT L-SERINE TO GLYCINE 572 CYSTEINE
BIOSYNTHESIS INVOLVES SULFHYDRYL TRANSFER TO * ACTIVATED SERINE 572
SULFATE MUST BE REDUCED TO SULFIDE BEFORE INCORPORATION INTO AMINO
ACIDS 574 V THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF SOME AMINO ACIDS OF THE ASPARTATE .
FAMILY: L-ASPARTATE, L-ASPARAGINE, L-METHIONINE, AND ; 1 L-THREONINE
575 ASPARTATE IS FORMED FROM OXALOACETATE IN A TRANSAMINATION REACTION
576 ASPARAGINE BIOSYNTHESIS REQUIRES ATP AND GLUTAMINE 576
L-ASPARTIC-FL-SEMIALDEHYDE IS A COMMON ^ IN L-LYSINE, L-METHIONINE, AND
L-THREONINE : SYNTHESIS 576 , , METHIONINE IS IMPORTANT AS A PROTEIN
CONSTITUTE AS A PRECURSOR OF OTHER CELL COMPONENTS VI
S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE 577 * THE CARBON FLOW IN THE ASPARTATE FAMILY IS RT
AT THE ASPARTOKINASE STEP 577 THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS OF THE
PYRUVATE F; L-ALANINE, L-VALINE, AND L-LEUCINE 581 L-ALANINE IS FORMED
FROM PYRUVATE IN A TRANSAMINATION REACTION 581 ISOLEUCINE AND VALINE
BIOSYNTHESIS SHARE FOUR ENZYMES 581 L-LEUCINE IS FORMED FROM
A-KETOISOVALERATE IN) STEPS 581 I AMINO ACID PATHWAYS ABSENT IN MAMMALS
OFF TARGETS FOR SAFE HERBICIDES 581 | IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE
AROMATIC FAMILY OF AMINJI (L-TRYPTOPHAN, L-PHENYLALANINE, AND
L-TYROSINE), J CHORISMATE IS A KEY INTERMEDIATE 584 | ; PREPHENATE IS A
COMMON INTERMEDIATE IN L- J : PHENYLALANINE AND L-TYROSINE SYNTHESIS 5$
TRYPTOPHAN IS SYNTHESIZED IN FIVE STEPS FROM | CHORISMATE 586 JJ CARBON
FLOW IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC / ACIDS IS REGULATED AT
BRANCHPOINTS 589 HISTIDINE CONSTITUTES A FAMILY OF ONE 589 - NONPROTEIN
AMINO ACIDS ARE DERIVED FROM PROTEIN ! ACIDS 592 J A WIDE VARIETY OF
D-AMINO ACIDS ARE FOUND IN MICROBES 592 J- THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF
NATURALLY OCCURRING A, ACID ANALOGS 592 CHAPTER AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN
VERTEBRATES 597 J RONALD SOMERVILLE, H. EDWIN UMBARGER, AND GEOFFN
HUMANS AND RODENTS SYNTHESIZE LESS THAN HALF OF AMINO ACIDS THEY NEED
FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ! MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE REQUIRED IN THE DIET FOR
GC^ NUTRITION 598 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS MUST BE OBTAINED BY DEGRALJ
INGESTED PROTEINS 599 F AMINO ACIDS MAY BE REUTILIZED OR THEY MAY BE DJ
WHEN PRESENT IN EXCESS 600 TRANSAMINATION IS THE MOST WIDESPREAD FORM
NITROGEN TRANSFER 600 NET DEAMINATION VIA TRANSAMINATION REQUIRES; *
V OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION 600 I I 9 XVI IN MANY VERTEBRATES, AMMONIA
RESULTING FROM DEAMINATION MUST BE DETOXIFIED PRIOR TO ELIMINATION 602
UREA FORMATION IS A COMPLEX AND COSTLY MODE OF AMMONIA DETOXIFICATION
603 THE UREA CYCLE AND THE TCA CYCLE ARE LINKED BY THE KREBS BICYCLE 603
MORE THAN ONE CARRIER EXISTS FOR TRANSPORTING AMMONIA FROM THE MUSCLE TO
THE LIVER 603 AMINO ACID CATABOLISM CAN SERVE AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF
CARBON SKELETONS AND ENERGY 606 FOR MANY GENETIC DISEASES THE DEFECT IS
IN AMINO ACID CATABOLISM 606 MOST HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH
AMINO ACID METABOLISM ARE DUE TO* DEFECTS IN THEIR CATABOLISM 609 AMINO
ACIDS SERVE AS THE PRECURSORS FOR COMPOUNDS OTHER THAN PROTEINS 609
PORPHYRIN BIOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH THE CONDENSATION OF GLYCINE AND
SUCCINYL-COA 609 GLUTATHIONE IS A MULTIPURPOSE REDUCING AGENT 609
PYRIMIDINES ARE CATABOLIZED TO /3-ALANINE, NHJ, AND CO 2 654 REGULATION
OF NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM 655 PURINE BIOSYNTHESIS IS REGULATED AT TWO
LEVELS 655 PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IS REGULATED AT THE LEVEL OF
FORMATION OF CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE (EUKARYOTES) OR CARBAMOYL ASPARTATE
(BACTERIA) 657 DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS IS REGULATED BY BOTH
ACTIVATORS AND INHIBITORS 658 ENZYME SYNTHESIS ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO
REGULATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES DURING THE CELL CYCLE 658 METABOLITES
ARE CHANNELED ALONG THE NUCLEOTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS 658
INTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATIONS OF RIBONUCLEOTIDES ARE MUCH HIGHER THAN
THOSE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES 659 T4 BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTION STIMULATES
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM 660 -* BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDE COENZYMES 661
CHAPTER CHAPTER NUCLEOTIDES 629 RAYMOND BLAKLEY NUCLEOTIDE COMPONENTS: A
PHOSPHORYL GROUP, A PENTOSE, AND A BASE 631 OVERVIEW OF NUCLEOTIDE
METABOLISM 634 SYNTHESIS OF PURINE RIBONUCLEOTIDES DE NOVO 634 INOSINE
MONOPHOSPHATE (IMP) IS THE FIRST PURINE NUCLEOTIDE FORMED 637 IMP IS
CONVERTED INTO AMP AND GMP 637 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE RIBONUCLEOTIDES
DE NOVO 639 UMP IS A PRECURSOR OF OTHER PYRIMIDINE MONONUCLEOTIDES 639
CTP IS FORMED FROM UTP 640 FORMATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES BY
REDUCTION OF RIBONUCLEOTIDES 642 THYMIDYLATE IS FORMED FROM DUMP 643
FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES FROM BASES AND NUCLEOSIDES (SALVAGE PATHWAYS)
645 PURINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASES CONVERT PURINES TO NUCLEOTIDES 645
SALVAGE OF PYRIMIDINES IS LESS IMPORTANT FOR MAMMALS AND GOES THROUGH
NUCLEOSIDES 646 CONVERSION OF NUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES TO TRIPHOSPHATES
GOES THROUGH DIPHOSPHATES 647 INHIBITORS OF NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS AND
THEIR ROLE IN CHEMOTHERAPY 648 CATABOJISM OF NUCLEOTIDES 652
INTRACELLULAR CATABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES IS HIGHLY REGULATED 653 .
PURINES ARE CATABOLIZED TO URIC ACID AND THEN TO OTHER PRODUCTS 654
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM IN VERTEBRATES 666 GEOFFREY ZUBAY TISSUES
STORE BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY IN THREE MAJOR FORMS 666 EACH TISSUE MAKES
CHARACTERISTIC DEMANDS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ENERGY POOL 667 BRAIN
TISSUE MAKES NO CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FUEL NEEDS OF THE ORGANISMS 667
HEART MUSCLE UTILIZES FATTY ACIDS IN PREFERENCE TO GLUCOSE TO FULFILL
ITS ENERGY NEEDS 667 SKELETAL MUSCLE CAN FUNCTION AEROBICALLY OR
ANAEROBICALLY 667 ADIPOSE TISSUE MAINTAINS VAST FUEL RESERVES IN THE
FORM OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS 668 THE LIVER IS THE CENTRAL CLEARING HOUSE FOR
ALL ENERGY-RELATED METABOLISM 668 PANCREATIC HORMONES PLAY A MAJOR ROLE
IN MAINTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS 669 GENERAL ASPECTS OF CELL
SIGNALING 672 HORMONES ARE MAJOR VEHICLES FOR INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION 673 HORMONES ARE SYNTHESIZED AND SECRETED BY SPECIALIZED
ENDOCRINE GLANDS 673 POLYPEPTIDE HORMONES ARE STORED IN SECRETORY
GRANULES AFTER SYNTHESIS 673 THYROID HORMONES AND EPINEPHRINE ARE AMINO
ACID DERIVATIVES 676 STEROID FIORMONES ARE DERIVED FROM CHOLESTEROL 677
THE CIRCULATING^HORMONE CONCENTRATION IS REGULATED 681 HORMONE ACTION IS
MEDIATED BY RECEPTORS 681 CONTENTS XVII MANY PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS
GENERATE A DIFFUSIBLE INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL 682 THE ADENYLATE CYCLASE
PATHWAY IS TRIGGERED BY A MEMBRANE-BOUND RECEPTOR 682 PROTEIN
PHOSPHORYLATION IS THE MOST COMMON WAY IN WHICH REGULATORY PROTEINS
RESPOND TO HORMONAL SIGNALS 682 VARIABILITY IN G PROTEINS ADDS TO THE
VARIABILITY OF THE HORMONE-TRIGGERED RESPONSE 684 MULTICOMPONENT
HORMONAL SYSTEMS FACILITATE A GREAT VARIETY OF RESPONSES 684 THE
GUANYLATE CYCLASE PATHWAY 685 GUANYLYL CYCLASE CAN BE ACTIVATED BY A GAS
685 CALCIUM AND THE INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE PATHWAY 685 STEROID RECEPTORS
MODULATE THE RATE OF TRANSCRIPTION 686 HORMONES ARE ORGANIZED INTO A
HIERARCHY 686 *- DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 689
OVERPRODUCTION OF HORMONES IS COMMONLY CAUSED BY TUMOR FORMATION 689
UNDERPRODUCTION OF HORMONES HAS MULTIPLE CAUSES 689 TARGET-CELL
INSENSITIVITY RESULTS FROM A LACK OF FUNCTIONAL RECEPTORS 690 GROWTH
FACTORS ARE PROTEINS THAT BEHAVE LIKE HORMONES 690 PLANT HORMONES 692 :
CHAPTER NEUROTRANSMISSION 698 GARY R. JACOB SON AND GEOFFREY ZUBAY
NERVE-IMPULSE PROPAGATION 698 AN UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF IONIC SPECIES
RESULTS IN A RESTING TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL 699 AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS
THE TRANSIENT CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OCCURRING DURING NERVE
STIMULATION 700 GATED ION CHANNELS 701 SEPARATE CHANNELS FOR NA + AND K
+ HAVE BEEN FOUND IN EXCITABLE CELL MEMBRANES 702 THE GATING PROPERTIES
OF ION CHANNELS 703 FURTHER EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF ION CHANNELS 704 SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION: A CHEMICAL MECHANISM
FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NERVE CELL AND TARGET CELL -*707 ACETYLCHOLINE
IS A COMMON CHEMICAL NEUROTRANSMITTER 707 A NUMBER OF OTHER COMPOUNDS
ALSO SERVE AS . NEUROTRANSMITTERS 710 THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR IS THE
BEST-UNDERSTOOD NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR 711 SYNAPTIC RECEPTORS COUPLED
TO G PROTEINS PRODUCE SLOW SYNAPTIC RESPONSES 714 SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
AND LEARNING 714 EXCITABILITY IS FOUND IN MANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPES 715
CHAPTER VISION 717 GEOFFREY ZUBAY THE VISUAL PIGMENTS FOUND IN ROD AND
CONE CELLS 1 RHODOPSIN CONSISTS OF 11-CIS-RETINAL BOUND TO 4 PROTEIN,
OPSIN 718 LIGHT ISOMERIZES THE RETINAL OF RHODOPSIN TO ALL- TRANS 719
N TRANSFORMATIONS OF RHODOPSIN CAN BE DETECTED^ CHANGES IN ITS
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM 719 ! ISOMERIZATION OF THE RETINAL CAUSES OTHER
STRUCS CHANGES IN THE PROTEIN 721 ! THE CONDUCTIVITY CHANGE THAT
RESULTS FROM ABSORPTIII PROTON 723 ; THE EFFECT OF LIGHT IS MEDIATED BY
GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES 724 I REGENERATION OF 11-CIS-RETINAL BY WAY OF A
RETINYL ]; ESTER 726 IJ RHODOPSIN MOVEMENT IN THE DISK MEMBRANE 726 J|
BACTERIORHODOPSIN: A BACTERIAL PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPT THAT RESEMBLES
RHODOPSIN 728 J P A R T STORAGE AND UTILIZATION G GENETIC INFORMATION 73
CHAPTER STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOPROTEINS 733 GEOFFREY
ZUBAY THE GENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 733 TRANSFORMATION IS
DNA-MEDIATED 734 JJ STUDIES ON VIRUSES CONFIRM THE GENETIC NATURE DL
NUCLEIC ACID 734 J STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF DNA 736 J, THE POLY
NUCLEOTIDE CHAIN CONTAINS MONONUCLED% LINKED BY PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS 738
I; MOST DNAS EXIST AS DOUBLE-HELIX (DUPLEX) FI , . STRUCTURES 739 [ ^-
HYDROGEN BONDS AND STACKING FORCES STABILIZE TLJ % **.DOUBLE HELIX 740
: XVUL CONFORMATIONAL VARIANTS OF THE DOUBLE-HELIX STRUCTURE 741
HELICAL STRUCTURES THAT USE ADDITIONAL KINDS OF HYDROGEN BONDING 746
DUPLEX STRUCTURES CAN FORM SUPERCOILS 747 DNA DENATURATION INVOLVES
SEPARATION OF COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS 750 DNA RENATURATION INVOLVES DUPLEX
FORMATION FROM SINGLE STRANDS 752 CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 754 PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE OF THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME 754 THE GENETIC MAP OF ESCHERICHIA
COLI 755 EUKARYOTIC DNA IS COMPLEXED WITH HISTONES 755 ORGANIZATION OF
GENES WITHIN EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES 756, CHAPTER DNA REPLICATION,
REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION 760 GEOFFREY ZUBAY 760 THE UNIVERSALITY OF
SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION OVERVIEW OF DNA REPLICATION IN BACTERIA
763 GROWTH DURING REPLICATION IS BIDIRECTIONAL 763 * GROWTH AT THE
REPLICATION FORKS IS DISCONTINUOUS 764 PROTEINS INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION 766 , CHARACTERIZATION OF DNA POLYMERASE I IN VITRO 767
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH GENETICS TO PRODUCE A DETAILED PICTURE OF
DNA POLL FUNCTION 767 ESTABLISHING THE NORMAL ROLES OF DNA POLYMERASES I
AND III 768 OTHER PROTEINS REQUIRED FOR DNA SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA
COLI 769 REPLICATION OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI CHROMOSOME 771 INITIATION
AND TERMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI CHROMOSOMAL REPLICATION 771
SYNTHESIS MAY TAKE PLACE CONCURRENTLY ON BOTH STRANDS 772 DNA
REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS 773 EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMAL DNA 773 SV40
IS SIMILAR TO ITS HOST IN ITS MODE OF REPLICATION 774 INITIATION OF
CHROMOSOMAL REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES 775 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA REPLICATES
CONTINUOUSLY ON BOTH STRANDS 776 SEVERAL SYSTEMS EXIST FOR DNA REPAIR
776 THE MISMATCH REPAIR SYSTEM IS IMPORTANT FOR MAINTAINING GENETIC
STABILITY 778 4 SYNTHESIS OF REPAIR PROTEINS IS REGULATED 779
DNARECOMBINATION 779 ENZYMES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ESCHERICHIA COLI THAT
MEDIATE THE RECOMBINATION PROCESS 780 * OTHER TYPES OF RECOMBINATION 783
RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASES 783 RETROVIRUSES ARE RNA VIRUSES THAT
REPLICATE THROUGH A DNA INTERMEDIATE 783 HEPATITIS B VIRUS IS A DNA
VIRUS THAT REPLICATES THROUGH AN RNA INTERMEDIATE 783 SOME TRANSPOSABLE
GENETIC ELEMENTS ENCODE A REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE THAT IS CRUCIAL TO THE
TRANSPOSITION PROCESS 783 BACTERIAL REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE CATALYZES
SYNTHESIS OF A DNA-RNA MOLECULE 784 TELOMERASE FACILITATES REPLICATION
AT THE ENDS OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES 784 OTHER ENYZMES THAT ACT ON DNA
785 CHAPTER DNA MANIPULATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS 790 GEOFFREY ZUBAY
SEQUENCING DNA 791 METHODS FOR AMPLIFICATION OF SELECT SEGMENTS OF DNA
791 AMPLIFICATION BY THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 791 DNA CLONING 791
RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE USED TO CUT DNA INTO WEIL- DEFINED FRAGMENTS 792
PLASMIDS ARE USED AS VECTORS TO CLONE SMALL PIECES OF DNA 973
BACTERIOPHAGE VECTORS ARE USEFUL FOR CLONING DNA SEGMENTS OF UP TO 24 KB
794 COSMIDS ARE USED TO CLONE SEGMENTS OF DNA BETWEEN 25 KB AND 50 KB IN
LENGTH 795 SHUTTLE VECTORS CAN BE CLONED INTO CELLS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
795 CONSTRUCTING A LIBRARY 796 A GENOMIC DNA LIBRARY CONTAINS CLONES
WITH DIFFERENT GENOMIC FRAGMENTS 797 A CDNA LIBRARY CONTAINS CLONES
REFLECTING THE MRNA SEQUENCES 797 NUMEROUS APPROACHES CAN BE USED TO
PICK THE CORRECT CLONE FROM A LIBRARY 800 CLONING IN SYSTEMS OTHER THAN
ESCHERICHIA COLI 900 YEAST ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES ARE USED FOR CLONING
DNA FRAGMENTS AS LARGE AS 500 KB IN LENGTH 800 STUDIES ON CLONED GENES
IN MAMMALS START WITH TISSUE CULTURE CELLS 801 ONCOGENES CAN BE SELECTED
FROM A GENOMIC LIBRARY BY SUBCULTURE CLONING 803 CLONING IN PLANTS HAS
BEEN ACCOMPLISHED WITH A BACTERIAL PLASMID 803 SITEVDIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
PERMITS THE RESTRUCTURING OF EXISTING GENES 803 ^TARGETED GENE
REPLACEMENT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS 806 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES WERE USED
TO CHARACTERIZE THE GLOB IN GENE FAMILY 807 DNA SEQUENCE DIFFERENCES
WERE USED TO DETECT DEFECTIVE HEMOGLOBIN GENES 807 CONTENTS XIX THE
(3-GLOBIN CDNA PROBE WAS USED TO CHARACTERIZE THE NORMAL (3-GLOBIN GENE
809 CHROMOSOME WALKING PERMITTED IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF THE
REGIONS AROUND THE ADULT [3-GLOBIN GENES 810 WALKING AND JUMPING WERE
BOTH USED TO MAP THE CYSTIC FIBROSIS GENE 811 WILL NUCLEIC ACIDS EVER
BECOME USEFUL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS? 814 CHAPTER RNA SYNTHESIS AND
PROCESSING 818 GEOFFREY ZUBAY THE FIRST RNA POLYMERASE TO BE DISCOVERED
DID NOT REQUIRE A DNA TEMPLATE 819 DNA-RNA HYBRID DUPLEXES SUGGEST THAT
RNA CARRIES THE DNA SEQUENCES 819 THERE ARE THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF RNA
819 MESSENGER RNA CARRIES THE INFORMATION FOR POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS 819
TRANSFER RNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS TO THE TEMPLATE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
819 RIBOSOMAL RNA IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE RIBOSOME 821 THE FINE
STRUCTURE OF THE RIBOSOME IS BEGINNING TO EMERGE 823 OVERVIEW OF THE
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS 824 BACTERIAL RNA POLYMERASE CONTAINS FIVE SUBMITS
824 BINDING AT PROMOTERS 825 INITIATION AT PROMOTERS 827 ALTERNATIVE
SIGMA FACTORS TRIGGER INITIATION OF -, TRANSCRIPTION AT PROMOTERS WITH
DIFFERENT CONSENSUS SEQUENCES 828 ELONGATION OF THE TRANSCRIPT 828
TERMINATION OF TRANSCRIPTION 828 COMPARISON OF ESCHERICHIA COLI RNA
POLYMERASE WITH DNA POLL AND POLLII 828 IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES EXIST
BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION 829 EUKARYOTES HAVE
THREE NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASES 830 EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES ARE NOT
FULLY FUNCTIONAL BY THEMSELVES 830 MESSENGER RNA TRANSCRIPTION BY
POLYMERASE II 830 THE POLL PROMOTER HAS TWO ELEMENTS 832 SOME POLLII
PROMOTERS HAVE DOWNSTREAM ELEMENTS 832 IN EUKARYOTES, PROMOTER
ELEMENTS ARE LOCATED AT A CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE FROM THE
POLYMERASE-BINDING% SITE 832 MANY VIRUSES ENCODE THEIR OWN RNA
POLYMERASES 834 RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASES OF RNA VIRUSES 835 OTHER
TYPES OF RNA SYNTHESIS 836 POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL ALTERATIONS OF
TRANSCRIPTS 836 ! PROCESSING AND MODIFICATION OF TRNA REQUIRE SEV F
ENZYMES 837 J; PROCESSING OF RIBOSOMAL PRECURSOR LEADS TO THRE) RNAS
837 K EUKARYOTIC PRE-MRNA UNDERGOES EXTENSIVE PROCESSING 837 J ;
SOME RNAS ARE SELF-SPLICING 840 DEGRADATION OF RNA BY RIBONUCLEASES
841 ; SOME RIBONUCLEASES ARE RNAS ,841 J C CATALYTIC RNA MAY HAVE
EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE I RNA EDITING INVOLVES CHANGING SOME OF THE
PRIMARY I. SEQUENCE OF A NASCENT TRANSCRIPT 843 F INHIBITORS OF RNA
METABOLISM 845 . ; SOME INHIBITORS ACT BY BINDING TO DNA 845 SOME
INHIBITORS BIND TO RNA POLYMERASE 845 J; SOME INHIBITORS ARE
INCORPORATED INTO THE GROVWF RNA CHAIN 845 R . CHAPTER PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS, TARGETING, AND TURNOVER 849 EMANUEL GOLDMAN AND GEOFFREY
ZUBAY } THE CELLULAR MACHINERY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 851 MESSENGER RNA
IS THE TEMPLATE FOR PROTEIN J 00 SYNTHESIS 851 J TRANSFER RNAS ORDER
ACTIVATED AMINO ACIDS ON MRNA TEMPLATE 852 RIBOSOMES ARE THE SITE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 851 THE GENETIC CODE 853 I; ; THE CODE WAS
DECIPHERED WITH THE HELP OFSYNTT ^ MESSENGERS 854 1 ^ THE CODE IS
HIGHLY DEGENERATE 855 F-* WOBBLE INTRODUCES AMBIGUITY INTO CODON-ANTICOL
, INTERACTIONS 856 | THE CODE IS NOT QUITE UNIVERSAL 857 J J THE RULES
REGARDING CODON-ANTICODON PAIRING I % SPECIES-SPECIFIC 858 K 1 1 THE
STEPS IN TRANSLATION 859 SYNTHASES ATTACH AMINO ACIDS TO TRNAS 859 I
EACH SYNTHASE RECOGNIZES A SPECIFIC AMINO ACIL * SPECIFIC REGIONS ON ITS
COGNATE TRNA 860 | = AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHASES CAN CORRECT ACYLATI **
ERRORS 861. I A UNIQUE TRNA INITIATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 86LL
TRANSLATION BEGINS WITH THE BINDING OF MRNA FQI RIBOSOME 862 , ,
DISSOCIABLE PROTEIN FACTORS PLAY KEY ROLES AT IF ... DIFFERENT STAGES IN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ON THE I * * RIBOSOME 863 |- S ^ W PROTEIN FACTORS AID
INITIATION 863 F ; , XV. THREE ELONGATION REACTIONS ARE REPEATED WITH |
^-^INCORPORATION OF EACH AMINO ACID 864 I XX IN ADDITION TO THE P SITE
AND THE A SITE FOR BINDING TRNAS THE RIBOSOME MAY POSSESS A THIRD SITE,
THE E SITE 866 TWO (OR THREE) GTPS ARE REQUIRED FOR EACH STEP IN
ELONGATION 867 TERMINATION OF TRANSLATION REQUIRES RELEASE FACTORS AND
TERMINATION CODONS 867 RIBOSOMES CAN CHANGE READING FRAME DURING
TRANSLATION 870 PROTEIN FOLDING IS MEDIATED BY PROTEIN CHAPERONES 871
TARGETING AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS 871 PROTEINS
ARE TARGETED TO THEIR DESTINATION BY SIGNAL SEQUENCES 873 SOME
MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS ARE TRANSPORTED AFTER TRANSLATION 874 EUKARYOTIC
PROTEINS TARGETED FOR SECRETION ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM 874 PROTEINS THAT-PASS THROUGH THE GOLGI APPARATUS BECOME
GLYCOSYLATED 875 PROCESSING OF COLLAGEN DOES NOT END WITH SECRETION 876
*;* BACTERIAL PROTEIN TRANSPORT FREQUENTLY OCCURS DURING TRANSLATION 876
PROTEIN TURNOVER 876 THE LIFETIMES OF PROTEINS DIFFER 876 ABNORMAL
PROTEINS ARE SELECTIVELY DEGRADED 878 PROTEOLYTIC HYDROLYSIS OCCURS IN
MAMMALIAN LYSOSOMES 878 UBIQUITIN TAGS PROTEINS FOR PROTEOLYSIS 879 ATP
PLAYS MULTIPLE ROLES IN PROTEIN DEGRADATION 879 CHAPTER REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES 883 GEOFFREY ZUBAY CONTROL OF
TRANSCRIPTION IS THE DOMINANT MODE OF REGULATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI 884
THE INITIATION POINT FOR TRANSCRIPTION IS A MAJOR SITE FOR REGULATING
GENE EXPRESSION 884 REGULATION OF THE THREE-GENE CLUSTER KNOWN AS THE
LAC OPERON OCCURS AT THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL 885 FI-GALACTOSIDASE
SYNTHESIS IS AUGMENTED BY A SMALL- MOLECULE INDUCER 885 A GENE WAS
DISCOVERED THAT LEADS TO REPRESSION OF SYNTHESIS IN THE ABSENCE OF
INDUCER 887 A LOCUS ADJACENT TO THE OPERON IS FOUND TO BE REQUIRED FOR
REPRESSOR ACTION 888 **^ GENETIC STUDIES ON THE REPRESSOR GENE AND THE
OPERATOR LOCUS LEAD TO A MODEL FOR REPRESSOR ACTION 888 BIOCHEMICAL
INVESTIGATIONS VERIFY THE OPERON HYPOTHESIS 889 AN ACTIVATOR PROTEIN IS
DISCOVERED THAT AUGMENTS OPERON EXPRESSION 890 ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE
AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS ARE REGULATED AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION 891 THE TRP OPERON IS ALSO REGULATED AFTER THE INITIATION
POINT FOR TRANSCRIPTION 891 GENES FOR RIBOSOMES ARE COORDINATELY
REGULATED 894 CONTROL OF RRNA AND TRNA SYNTHESIS BY THE REL GENE 894
TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 896 REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION IN BACTERIAL VIRUSES 896 A METABOLISM IS DIRECTED BY SIX
REGULATORY PROTEINS 897 THE DORMANT PROPHAGE STATE OF A IS MAINTAINED BY
A PHAGE-ENCODED REPRESSOR 898 EVENTS THAT FOLLOW INFECTION OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI BY BACTERIOPHAGE A CAN LEAD TO LYSIS OR LYSOGENY 898
THE N PROTEIN IS AN ANTITERMINATOR THAT RESULTS IN EXTENSION OF EARLY
TRANSCRIPTS 899 ANOTHER ANTITERMINATOR, THE Q PROTEIN, IS THE KEY TO
LATE TRANSCRIPTION 900 CM PROTEIN PREVENTS BUILDUP OF CL PROTEIN DURING
THE LYTIC CYCLE 900 LATE EXPRESSION ALONG THE LYSOGENIC PATHWAY REQUIRES
A RAPID BUILDUP OF THE ELL REGULATORY PROTEIN 901 INTERACTION BETWEEN
DNA AND DNA-BINDING PROTEINS 902 RECOGNIZING SPECIFIC REGIONS IN THE DNA
DUPLEX 902 THE HELIX-TURN-HELIX IS THE MOST COMMON MOTIF FOUND IN
PROKARYOTIC REGULATORY PROTEINS 903 HELIX-TURN-HELIX REGULATORY PROTEINS
ARE SYMMETRICAL 903 DNA-PROTEIN COCRYSTALS REVEAL GROSS FEATURES OF THE
COMPLEX 904 FROM COCRYSTAL STUDIES, THE SPECIFIC CONTACTS BETWEEN BASE
PAIRS AND AMINO ACID SIDE CHAINS MAY BE DETERMINED 905 SOME REGULATORY
PROTEINS USE THE FI-SHEET MOTIF 909 INVOLVEMENT OF SMALL MOLECULES IN
REGULATORY PROTEIN INTERACTION 909 RNA CAN ACT AS A REPRESSOR 909
CHAPTER REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES 913 GEOFFREY ZUBAY
GENE^REGULATION IN YEAST: A UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTE 915 GALACTOSE
METABOLISM IS REGULATED BY SPECIFIC POSITIVE DHD^ NEGATIVE CONTROL
FACTORS IN YEAST 915 THE GAI$K : PROTEIN IS SEPARATED INTO DOMAINS WITH
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS 917 CONTENTS XXI MATING TYPE IS DETERMINED BY
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN YEAST 917 GENE REGULATION IN MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTES 919 NUCLEAR DIFFERENTIATION STARTS IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT 919
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE VARIES WITH GENE ACTIVITY 920 GIANT CHROMOSOMES
PERMIT DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF ACTIVE GENES 920 IN SOME CASES, ENTIRE
CHROMOSOMES ARE HETEROCHROMATIC 921 BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ACTIVE AND INACTIVE CHROMATIN- 921 HISTONES MAY PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN
TRANSCRIPTION 922 F ENHANCERS ARE PROMOTER ELEMENTS THAT OPERATE OVER
GREAT DISTANCES 923 DNA-BINDING PROTEINS THAT REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION IN
EUKARYOTES ARE OFTEN ASYMMETRICAL 924 THE HOMEODOMAIN 924 ZINC FINGERS
925 STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS CONSTITUTE A SPECIAL CLASS OF ZINC-FINGER
REGULATORY PROTEINS 927 ~- LEUCINE ZIPPER 929 HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 929
TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATION DOMAINS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ,929
ALTERNATIVE MODES OF MRNA SPLICING PRESENT A POTENT MECHANISM
FOR-POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION 930 GENE EXPRESSION IS ALSO REGULATED
AT THE LEVELS OF TRANSLATION AND POLYPEPTIDE PROCESSING 930 HOW
TRANSLATION CONTROLS TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 932 PATTERNS OF
REGULATION ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES 932 EARLY DEVELOPMENT
IN DROSOPHILA LEADS TO A SEGMENTED STRUCTURE JHAT IS PRESERVED TO
ADULTHOOD 933 EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA INVOLVES A CASCADE OF
REGULATORY EVENTS 933 THREE TYPES OF REGULATORY GENES ARE INVOLVED IN
EARLY SEGMENTATION DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA 933 ANALYSIS OF THE GENES
THAT CONTROL THE EARLY EVENTS OF DROSOPHILA EMBRYOGENESIS 934 CELL-CELL
INTERACTION IS IMPORTANT IN THE ELABORATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN
IN PARASEGMENTS 940 EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA AND VERTEBRATES
SHOWS STRIKING SIMILARITIES 940 CHAPTER IMMUNOBIOLOGY 944 GEOFFREY ZUBAY
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 944 THE HUMORAL RESPONSE: B CELLS AND T
CELLS WORKING TOGETHER 945 IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE EXTREMELY VARIED IN THEIR
SPECIFICITIES 945 ANTIBODY DIVERSITY IS AUGMENTED BY UNIQUE GENETI:
MECHANISMS 947 INTERACTION OF B CELLS AND T CELLS IS REQUIRED FOR ,
ANTIBODY FORMATION 951 T CELL ACTION IS FREQUENTLY AUGMENTED BY THE
SECFY O OF HORMONE-LIKE PROTEINS CALLED INTERLEUKINS ;: THE COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM FACILITATES REMOVAL OF , MICROORGANISMS AND ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY I
COMPLEXES 954 THE CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE: A SEPARATE RESPONSE BY J T
CELLS 955 * TOLERANCE PREVENTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM FROM ATTACL,
SELF-ANTIGENS 955 * , T CELLS RECOGNIZE A COMBINATION OF SELF AND
NONSELF 956 ; MHC MOLECULES ACCOUNT FOR GRAFT REJECTION 956 V THERE
ARE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF MHC PROTEINS: CLI U ; AND CLASS II 956 - J T
CELL RECEPTORS RESEMBLE MEMBRANE-BOUND ** * ANTIBODIES 956 ADDITIONAL
CELL ADHESION PROTEINS ARE REQUIRED TO MEDIATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 957 I
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN ACTION: A BROAD ARSENAL O); WEAPONS ENABLES THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM TO ROUST |I * DESTROY FOREIGN INVADERS 959 JJ * IMMUNE
RECOGNITION MOLECULES ARE EVOLUTIONARY RELATED 960 I CHAPTER CANCER AND
CARCINOGENESIS 963 GEOFFREY ZUBAY CANCERS ARE CELLS OUT OF CONTROL 964
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE THE INCIDENCE OF CANCERS 964 CANCEROUS
CELLS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS GENETICALLY * ABNORMAL 965 TRANSFORMED TISSUE
CULTURE CELLS ARE CLOSELY RETI TO CANCER CELLS 966 I MANY TUMORS ARISE
BY MUTATIONAL EVENTS IN CELLN PROTOONCOGENES 967 I ONCOGENES ARE
FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TUMON CAUSING VIRUSES 967 J THE ROLE OF DNA
VIRAL GENES IN TRANSFORMATION F REFLECTS THEIR ROLE IN THE PERMISSIVE
INFECTIOUL CYCLE 968 RETROVIRAL-ASSOCIATED ONCOGENES THAT ARE INVOLVED
INJ! GROWTH REGULATION 969 J THE SRC GENE PRODUCT 969 I THE SIS GENE
PRODUCT 969 I THE ERBB GENE PRODUCT 970 ; . X THE RAS GENE PRODUCT 970
; THE MYC GENE PRODUCT 971 I| THEJUN AND FOS GENE PRODUCTS 972 * 2
XXII THE TRANSITION FROM PROTOONCOGENE TO ONCOGENE 973 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR
GENES ARE GENES WHOSE PRESENCE IS NEEDED TO BLOCK TRANSFORMATION 973 THE
RETINOBLASTOMA GENE 973 P53 IS THE MOST COMMON GENE ASSOCIATED WITH
HUMAN CANCERS 973 UNDERSTANDING CELL GROWTH ANDCELL DEATH IS CRUCIAL TO
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TRANSITION BETWEEN NORMAL CELLS AND CANCER
CELLS 975 HOW CLOSE ARE WE TO UNDERSTANDING THE MULTISTEP PROCESS THAT
LEADS TO CANCER? 975 IS THERE A CURE FOR CANCER? 976 CHAPTER THE HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
(AIDS) 979 GEOFFREY ZUBAY DISCOVERY AND INCIDENCE OF AIDS 979 AIDS IS
ASSOCIATED WITH A RETROVIRUS 980 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS 981 IS HIV
SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE AIDS? 982 HIV BELONGS TO THE CYTOPATHIC SUBGROUP OF
THE RETROVIRUS FAMILY 982 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE HIV VIRUS 983 TISSUE
SPECIFICITY OF HIV 983 COURSE OF THE HIV INFECTION LEADING TO AIDS 983
THE HIV GENOME 984 . THE HIV VIRUS LIFE CYCLE 984 PRESENT STATUS AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF AIDS 986
IMMUNOTHERAPY 987 DRUG THERAPIES 988 GENE THERAPY 988 APPENDIX A: SOME
LANDMARK DISCOVERIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY A-L APPENDIX B: ANSWERS TO
ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS GLOSSARY G-L CREDITS C-L INDEX 1-1 A-5 CONTENTS X
XXIII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121547981 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012253060 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP514 |
| callnumber-raw | QP514.2 |
| callnumber-search | QP514.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3514.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | WD 4000 WD 4010 |
| classification_tum | CHE 800f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)36785145 (DE-599)BVBBV012253060 |
| dewey-full | 572 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 572 - Biochemistry |
| dewey-raw | 572 |
| dewey-search | 572 |
| dewey-sort | 3572 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Chemie |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV012253060 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:24:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0697219003 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008302755 |
| oclc_num | 36785145 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-188 |
| physical | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | WCB |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Biochemistry Geoffrey Zubay 4. ed. Dubuque, IA [u.a.] WCB 1998 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biochemistry cabt Bioquimica larpcal Biochemistry Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 s 3\p DE-604 Zubay, Geoffrey L. 1931- Sonstige (DE-588)121547981 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008302755&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Biochemistry Biochemistry cabt Bioquimica larpcal Biochemistry Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076124-1 (DE-588)4006777-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Biochemistry |
| title_auth | Biochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Biochemistry |
| title_full | Biochemistry Geoffrey Zubay |
| title_fullStr | Biochemistry Geoffrey Zubay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biochemistry Geoffrey Zubay |
| title_short | Biochemistry |
| title_sort | biochemistry |
| topic | Biochemistry cabt Bioquimica larpcal Biochemistry Physiologische Chemie (DE-588)4076124-1 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biochemistry Bioquimica Physiologische Chemie Biochemie Einführung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008302755&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zubaygeoffreyl biochemistry |