Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems: with 57 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1998
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
136 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 447 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 354064475X 9783540644750 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems
Autor: Rundel, Philip W.
Jahr: 1998
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1 Landscape Disturbance in Mediterranean-Type
Ecosystems: An Overview
P.W. Rundel ....................................... 3
1.1 Mediterranean-Climate Regions....................... 3
1.2 Natural Disturbance Regimes ......................... 7
1.3 Anthropogenic Disturbance Regimes................... 8
1.4 Regional Disturbance Regimes ........................ 9
1.4.1 Mediterranean Basin ................................ 9
1.4.2 California ......................................... 11
1.4.3 Central Chile ...................................... 12
1.4.4 Cape Region of South Africa.......................... 14
1.4.5 Southwestern Australia .............................. 15
1.5 Resiliency of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
to Disturbance...................................... 16
References................................................ 18
2 From Biodiversity to Ecodiversity - Holistic Conservation
of the Biological and Cultural Diversity of Mediterranean
Landscapes
Z. Naveh........................................... 23
2.1 Introduction ....................................... 23
2.2 The Neo-Technological Impoverishment
of the Open Mediterranean Landscape.................. 23
2.2.1 Current Trends..................................... 23
2.2.2 Impacts of Global Change ............................ 29
X Contents
2.3 New Hopes for Mediterranean Landscapes.............. 30
2.4 Biodiversity and Ecodiversity in the Mediterranean
Basin.............................................. 31
2.5 Mediterranean Landscapes as Perturbation-Dependent
Non-Equilibrium Systems ............................ 33
2.6 Ecodiversity and Landscape Ecology ................... 40
2.7 Discussion and Conclusions .......................... 47
References................................................ 50
3 Ecological Indicators of Landscape Degradation
R.H. Groves........................................ 55
3.1 Introduction ....................................... 55
3.2 Ecological Indicators of Degradation................... 56
3.2.1 Soil Particle Movement .............................. 56
3.2.2 Changed Phenology (Perennial Towards Annual) ........ 57
3.2.3 Changed Hydrology................................. 59
3.2.4 Increased Fragmentation of Landscape ................. 59
3.3 Concluding Discussion .............................. 60
References................................................ 61
Part II: Land Use Conflicts in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
4 Land Use Conflicts in the Western Cape Region
of South Africa
G. Davis and R. Wynberg............................. 65
4.1 The Gap Between Ecology and Environmental
Policy-Making...................................... 65
4.2 Characteristics of South Africa s MTEs ................. 66
4.3 Historical Land Use Patterns in MTEs of South Africa..... 67
4.4 The Special Case of South Africa in the 1990s - MTEs
and the Reconstruction and Development Programme..... 68
4.5 Areas of Land Use Conflict in the Fynbos Region......... 70
4.5.1 Conservation: Sustainable Land Use and Perceived Future
Options ........................................... 70
Contents XI
4.5.2 Ecosystem Services: The Ecological Relationship
Between Humans and Their Environment............... 72
4.5.3 Recreation and Tourism: Low Impact Land Use
with Opportunity for Income Generation................ 73
4.5.4 Agriculture: Are Transformed Systems Sustainable?....... 74
4.5.5 The Urban and Peri-Urban Environment as a Zone
of Land Degradation................................. 75
4.6 Conclusion: Conflict and Land Degradation ............. 77
References................................................ 78
5 Impacts of Land Use on Biodiversity in Southwestern
Australia
R.J. Hobbs......................................... 81
5.1 Introduction ....................................... 81
5.2 Current Status of the Biota ........................... 81
5.3 Types of Modifications............................... 84
5.4 The Coastal Plain ................................... 85
5.4.1 Perth s Offshore Islands: Vignettes of Ecosystem
Modification ....................................... 86
5.5 The Forests ........................................ 89
5.5.1 Phytophora ........................................ 89
5.5.2 Forest Management Practices ......................... 90
5.6 Agricultural Areas .................................. 92
5.6.1 Impacts on Biota ................................... 93
5.6.2 Impacts on Non-Native Species........................ 94
5.6.3 Ecosystem Impacts.................................. 96
5.7 Management Responses.............................. 98
References................................................ 100
6 Land Use Conflicts in California
H.S. Walter ........................................ 107
6.1 Introduction ....................................... 107
6.2 California: the Diversity State ......................... 107
6.3 Historic Landscape Degradation....................... 109
6.4 Driving Forces of Contemporary Land Use Conflicts...... Ill
6.4.1 Ultimate Driving Forces.............................. 112
6.4.2 Proximate Driving Forces ............................ 114
XII Contents
6.5 Regional Case Studies................................ 116
6.5.1 Northern Spotted Owl and Marbled Murrelet............ 117
6.5.2 Sacramento River and Delta.......................... 117
6.5.3 Desert Tortoise in the Mojave Desert................... 118
6.5.4 Coastal Sage Scrub .................................. 119
6.5.5 The Sierra Nevada Ecosystem......................... 121
6.6 Conclusions........................................ 123
References................................................ 124
7 Abandoned Lands and Land Use Conflicts in Southern
France
M. Etienne, J. Aronson and E. Le Floc h................. 127
7.1 Introduction ....................................... 127
7.2 General Processes Affecting Landscape
Transformation..................................... 128
7.3 Three Responses to Ecosystem Degradation
or Abandonment.................................... 128
7.4 Historical Overview ................................. 130
7.5 Case Studies........................................ 131
7.5.1 The Terraces of Interior Corsica....................... 131
7.5.2 The Township of Puechabon.......................... 132
7.5.3 The La Crau Plain................................... 133
7.5.4 Coastal Forest Remnants in Provence
(the Colle du Rouet)................................. 136
7.6 Discussion......................................... 137
References................................................ 139
8 Land Use Changes and Conflicts in the Mediterranean-
Type Ecosystems of Western Crete
V.P. Papanastasis and A. Kazakh s...................... 141
8.1 Introduction ....................................... 141
8.2 A Representative Area of Western Crete ................ 142
8.3 Mapping and Identifying Land Uses.................... 142
8.4 Land Use Changes .................................. 143
8.5 Land Use Conflicts.................................. 149
8.5.1 Conservation vs Agricultural Development.............. 149
8.5.2 Extensive vs Intensive Livestock Husbandry............. 150
8.5.3 Conservation vs Massive Tourism ..................... 151
Contents XIII
8.6 Conclusions........................................ 152
8.7 Summary.......................................... 153
References................................................ 153
9 Land Use Changes and Conflicts in Central Chile
J. Aronson, A. del Pozo, C. Ovalle, J. Avendano,
A. Lavin and M. Etienne.............................. 155
9.1 Introduction ....................................... 155
9.1.1 Landscape ?....................................... 155
9.2 The Secano Interior of Central Chile ................... 156
9.2.1 Overview .......................................... 156
9.2.2 The Green Tide..................................... 158
9.3 The Three Waves ................................... 158
9.3.1 The First Wave ..................................... 159
9.3.2 The Second Wave................................... 161
9.3.2.1 Changing Land Use ................................. 161
9.3.2.2 Land Tenure ....................................... 162
9.3.2.3 Demographic Trends ................................ 163
9.3.3 The Third Wave .................................... 163
9.3.3.1 Geographical Aspects................................ 163
9.3.3.2 Ecological Impact................................... 164
9.4 Discussion......................................... 164
References ............................................... 167
Part III: Landscape Disturbance and Plant Diversity
10 Local Endemism and Plant Conservation in the Cape
Floristic Region
R.M. Cowling and D.J. McDonald...................... 171
10.1 Introduction ....................................... 171
10.2 Study Sites and Approach ............................ 172
10.3 Geography of Endemism............................. 174
10.3.1 Endemism and Area................................. 174
10.3.2 Habitat Aspects..................................... 175
10.4 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Endemism................ 176
10.5 Biology of Endemism................................ 176
10.5.1 Population Size..................................... 177
10.5.2 Growth Form....................................... 178
XIV Contents
10.5.3 Dispersal Mode..................................... 178
10.5.4 Fire Survival ....................................... 178
10.5.5 Trait Interactions ................................... 180
10.6 Speciation ......................................... 181
10.7 Conservation Implications ........................... 182
10.7.1 Extinctions......................................... 182
10.7.2 Reserve Design ..................................... 184
10.8 Conclusions........................................ 184
References................................................ 185
11 Managing Biodiversity on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa:
A Hotspot Under Pressure
D.M. Richardson, C. Gelderblom, B.W. van Wilgen
and T.H. Trinder-Smith.............................. 189
11.1 Introduction ....................................... 189
11.2 The Cape Peninsula - Physical Features, Biodiversity
and Current Conservation Status ...................... 191
11.3 Assessing the Current Threats to the Cape Peninsula s
Biodiversity........................................ 194
11.4 Considering Future Threats to the Cape Peninsula s
Biodiversity........................................ 195
11.5 Facing the Future ................................... 199
11.6 Conclusions........................................ 203
References................................................ 203
12 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology of Coastal Transition
Zones from Mediterranean to Desert Ecosystems:
An Intercontinental Comparison
K.J. Esler, P.W. Rundel and R.M. Cowling............... 205
12.1 Introduction ....................................... 205
12.2 Selective Regimes ................................... 206
12.2.1 Climate............................................ 206
12.2.2 Geomorphology and Soils ............................ 209
12.3 South Africa........................................ 210
12.3.1 Phytogeography, Community Structure and
Biodiversity........................................ 210
12.3.2 Landscape Disturbance .............................. 213
12.3.3 Protected Areas..................................... 215
Contents XV
12.4 California/Baja California ............................ 216
12.4.1 Phytogeography, Community Structure
and Biodiversity .................................... 216
12.4.2 Landscape Disturbance .............................. 218
12.4.3 Protected Areas..................................... 219
12.5 Chile.............................................. 220
12.5.1 Phytogeography, Community Structure
and Biodiversity .................................... 220
12.5.2 Landscape Disturbance .............................. 223
12.5.3 Protected Areas .................................... 224
12.6 Conclusions........................................ 225
References................................................ 227
13 Distribution and Ecology of Geophytes in Chile.
Conservation Threats to Geophytes in Mediterranean-Type
Regions
A.J. Hoffmann, F. Liberona and A.E. Hoffmann.......... 231
13.1 Introduction ....................................... 231
13.2 Latitudinal Distribution.............................. 232
13.3 Landform Distribution............................... 236
13.4 Soil Type .......................................... 236
13.5 Storage Organ...................................... 238
13.6 Flowering Phenology................................. 239
13.7 Breeding Systems ................................... 241
13.8 Conservation of Geophytes in Mediterranean-Type
Regions ........................................... 242
13.9 What is Known? .................................... 244
13.10 What Can be Done, What Has Been Done?.............. 248
References................................................ 251
Part IV: Demography and Ecophysiology of Succession
14 Coupling Demography, Physiology and Evolution
in Chaparral Shrubs
J.E. Keeley......................................... 257
14.1 Introduction ....................................... 257
14.2 Disturbance-Dependent (Gap) Recruitment ............. 257
XVI Contents
14.3 Disturbance-Free (Gap-Avoiding) Recruitment........... 258
14.4 Morphological and Physiological Correlates............. 258
14.4.1 Root Systems....................................... 258
14.4.2 Water Relations..................................... 259
14.5 Coupling Demography, Physiology and Evolution........ 260
14.6 Conclusions........................................ 263
References................................................ 263
15 Physiological Ecology of Mediterranean Seeds:
Links with Ex Situ Conservation of Plants
C. Vazquez-Yanes and A. Orozco-Segovia............... 265
15.1 Introduction ....................................... 265
15.2 Mediterranean Seed Traits............................ 265
15.2.1 Soil and Canopy Seed Banks.......................... 265
15.2.2 Dormancy Mechanisms .............................. 266
15.3 Seed Longevity ..................................... 267
15.4 Ex Situ Conservation of Seeds......................... 268
15.5 Seed Recollection and Handling....................... 270
15.6 Conclusions........................................ 271
References................................................ 271
16 Aspects of Demography in Post-Fire Mediterranean Plant
Communities of Greece
M. Arianoutsou..................................... 273
16.1 Introduction ....................................... 273
16.2 Mediterranean Ecosystems of Greece................... 274
16.3 Fire Frequency ..................................... 275
16.4 Plant Adaptive Traits................................ 277
16.5 Post-Fire Succession................................. 280
16.6 Plant Demography.................................. 283
16.7 Seed Bank Dynamics ................................ 289
16.8 Life Span and Fecundity of Seedling Plants.............. 290
16.9 Conclusions........................................ 291
References................................................ 291
Contents XVII
17 Ecophysiological Processes and Demographic Patterns
in the Structuring of California Chaparral
S.D. Davis, K.J. Kolb and K.P. Barton................... 297
17.1 Introduction ....................................... 297
17.2 Field Study Area.................................... 299
17.3 Water Stress and Embolism........................... 302
17.4 Conclusions........................................ 307
References................................................ 308
Part V: Landscape Disturbance and Animal Diversity
18 Insect Population Changes and Conservation in the
Disturbed Landscapes of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
M.J. Samways....................................... 313
18.1 Introduction ....................................... 313
18.2 Three Provisos...................................... 314
18.2.1 Landscape Disturbance: Fragmentation or
Variegation ........................................ 314
18.2.2 Are Native Insects in MTEs Under More Threat than
Those in Other Ecosystems?........................... 315
18.2.3 Do the Differences in Geographical Position,
Pre-Historical Climate and Historical Land Use Patterns
Affect the View of Insect Conservation in the Different
MTEs?............................................. 315
18.3 Six Points on Insects and Conservation in MTEs......... 316
18.3.1 Insects as Indicators of Anthropogenic Change .......... 316
18.3.2 Threatened Insects.................................. 318
18.3.3 Threats to Insect Mutualisms ......................... 320
18.3.4 Threatened Plants as Threats to Insects................. 321
18.3.5 Insects as Threatening or Invasive Agents............... 321
18.3.6 Beneficial Insects.................................... 322
18.4 Synergism Between Landscape Disturbance and Other
Factors Causing Changes in Insect Populations .......... 323
18.5 Discussion......................................... 324
18.6 Corollary.......................................... 326
References................................................ 327
XVIII Contents
19 Loss of Vertebrate Diversity Following European
Settlement of Australian Mediterranean Regions
B.J. Fox............................................ 333
19.1 Introduction ....................................... 333
19.2 Pre-European Mammal Fauna......................... 333
19.3 Critical Weight Range................................ 334
19.4 Regional Losses..................................... 335
19.5 Factors Causing Loss of Biodiversity ................... 338
19.5.1 Fragmentation and Loss of Habitat .................... 338
19.5.2 Diversion of Resources and Loss of Vegetative Cover..... 340
19.5.3 Changes to Fire Regimes ............................. 340
19.5.4 Introduced Species.................................. 340
19.6 Time Lines......................................... 341
19.7 Experimental Evidence for Predation................... 343
19.8 Model for the Impact of European Invasion............. 344
19.9 Conclusions........................................ 345
References................................................ 346
20 Bird Diversity in a Changing Landscape (Tuscany, Italy)
A. Farina........................................... 349
20.1 The Landscapes of Tuscany........................... 349
20.1.1 Geomorphology, Climate, and Vegetation............... 349
20.1.2 The Landscape ..................................... 350
20.1.3 The Recent Landscape Changes and the Causes
of Land Degradation................................. 351
20.2 Ongoing Studies .................................... 352
20.2.1 Small-Scale Studies.................................. 352
20.2.2 Large-Scale Studies.................................. 353
20.3 The Importance of the Tuscany Region for Birds......... 355
20.4 The Importance of Coastal Farmlands and Pine
Plantations......................................... 355
20.5 The Importance of Hilly and Submontane
Rural Areas ........................................ 359
20.5.1 Coltura Mista Farmland.............................. 359
20.5.2 Chestnut Orchards .................................. 360
20.6 Evidence of Bird Decline in Lowland Farmlands ......... 361
20.7 The Importance of Forest-Grassland Ecotones........... 362
Contents XIX
20.8 Guidelines to Conserve Mediterranean Landscapes
and Their Fauna.................................... 363
20.9 Summary.......................................... 365
References................................................ 365
21 Patterns of Mammalian Biodiversity, Urbanization,
and Land Use in Southern California
R.D. Quinn......................................... 369
21.1 Introduction ....................................... 369
21.2 Study Area......................................... 370
21.3 Human Population Growth........................... 372
21.4 The Mammals...................................... 373
21.4.1 Extinction and Extirpation............................ 376
21.4.2 Naturalized Species.................................. 377
21.4.3 Range Expansions................................... 378
21.4.4 Direct Conflicts..................................... 379
21.5 Species Richness Changes ............................ 380
21.5.1 Mountains......................................... 380
21.5.2 Valleys............................................ 381
21.5.3 Grasslands......................................... 382
21.6 Multispecies Habitat Conservation Plans................ 382
21.7 Outlook ........................................... 384
21.8 Conclusions........................................ 385
References................................................ 386
22 Biodiversity in Fluctuating Dry-Land Environments:
Basic and Applied Aspects
F.M. Jaksic and P. Feinsinger.......................... 389
22.1 Introduction ....................................... 389
22.2 Methods of Study................................... 391
22.3 Predator and Prey Diversity, Abundance, and Climatic
Variation .......................................... 392
22.4 Interpreting Biodiversity in a Fluctuating Environment.... 399
22.4.1 Biodiversity and Redundant Species ................... 399
22.4.2 Significance for Conservation Biology.................. 400
References................................................ 402
XX Contents
Part VI: The Future
23 Politics and Environment in Mediterranean-Climate
Regions
F. di Castri......................................... 407
23.1 Introduction ....................................... 407
23.2 Global Driving Forces and Shift of Disturbance
Regimes........................................... 408
23.3 A Geopolitical and Environmental Comparison
of the Five Regions.................................. 409
23.4 The Special Case of the Mediterranean Basin ............ 418
23.5 Prospects for Development and Sustainability ........... 422
23.6 Inter-Mediterranean Affinities from Biogeography
to Geopolitics ...................................... 427
23.7 Conclusions........................................ 429
References................................................ 430
Subject Index ............................................. 433
Species Index ............................................. 441
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV012210889 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:23:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 354064475X 9783540644750 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008275435 |
| oclc_num | 231777217 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-739 DE-703 DE-12 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-739 DE-703 DE-12 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 DE-20 |
| physical | XXV, 447 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological studies |
| series2 | Ecological studies |
| spelling | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables P. W. Rundel ... (ed.) Mediterranean-type Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1998 XXV, 447 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 136 Landschaftsschaden (DE-588)4130864-5 gnd rswk-swf Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Etesienklima (DE-588)4153077-9 gnd rswk-swf Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Etesienklima (DE-588)4153077-9 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Landschaftsschaden (DE-588)4130864-5 s Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 s Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 s Rundel, Philip W. 1943- Sonstige (DE-588)120124904 oth Ecological studies 136 (DE-604)BV000004586 136 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008275435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables Ecological studies Landschaftsschaden (DE-588)4130864-5 gnd Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Etesienklima (DE-588)4153077-9 gnd Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130864-5 (DE-588)4327906-5 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4153077-9 (DE-588)4131912-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables |
| title_alt | Mediterranean-type |
| title_auth | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables |
| title_exact_search | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables |
| title_full | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables P. W. Rundel ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables P. W. Rundel ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables P. W. Rundel ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in Mediterranean type ecosystems |
| title_sort | landscape disturbance and biodiversity in mediterranean type ecosystems with 57 tables |
| title_sub | with 57 tables |
| topic | Landschaftsschaden (DE-588)4130864-5 gnd Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Etesienklima (DE-588)4153077-9 gnd Artenreichtum (DE-588)4131912-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landschaftsschaden Anthropogener Einfluss Ökosystem Etesienklima Artenreichtum Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008275435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rundelphilipw landscapedisturbanceandbiodiversityinmediterraneantypeecosystemswith57tables AT rundelphilipw mediterraneantype |