Verfügbarkeit: Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 1998
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagworte:	Evolutie Évolution (Biologie) Evolution (Biology) Artbildung Vererbung Biologie Evolutionsbiologie Evolution Genetik Population Auslese Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVIII, 763 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0878931899

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804126823726972928
adam_text	DOUGLAS J. FUTUYMA STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY THIRD EDITION TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT DARMSTADT FACHBEREICH 10 * BIOLOGIE * BIBLIOTHEK * SCHNITTSPAHNSTRABE 10 D-64287 DARMSTADT INV.-NR. SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. * PUBLISHERS SUNDERLAND, MASSACHUSETTS CONTENTS IN BRIEF PREFACE XV TO THE STUDENT XVII PART I BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION 1 CHAPTER 1 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 3 CHAPTER 2 A SHORT HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 17 CHAPTER 3 GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT 31 CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGY: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF EVOLUTIONARY . CHANGE 59 PART II PATTERNS AND HISTORY 85 CHAPTER 5 THE TREE OF LIFE: CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY 87 CHAPTER 6 EVOLVING LINEAGES IN THE FOSSIL RECORD 127 CHAPTER 7 A HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH 165 CHAPTER 8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF EVOLUTION 201 PA RT I I I EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES IN POPULATIONS AND SPECIES 227 CHAPTER9 VARIATION 231 CHAPTER10 THE ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIATION 267 CHAPTER 1 1 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DRIFT 297 CHAPTER 12 NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION 337 CHAPTER 13 THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION 365 CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE GENES AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS CHAPTER 1 5 SPECIES 447 CHAPTER 16 SPECIATION 481 397 PART IV CHARACTER EVOLUTION 517 CHAPTER 17 FORM AND FUNCTION 519 CHAPTER18 THE EVOLUTION OF INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES 539 CHAPTER 19 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES 561 CHAPTER 20 THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR 579 CHAPTER 21 THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC SYSTEMS 605 CHAPTER 22 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 625 PART V MACROEVOLUTION: EVOLUTION ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL 647 CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 651 CHAPTER 24 PATTERN AND PROCESS IN MACROEVOLUTION 677 CHAPTER 25 THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 703 CHAPTER 26 HUMAN EVOLUTION AND VARIATION 727 EPILOGUE: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 753 APPENDIX I: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 755 APPENDIX II: CONTENDING WITH CREATIONISM 759 GLOSSARY G-L LITERATURE CITED L-L INDEX 1-1 CONTENTS PREFACE XV TO THE STUDENT XVII FETF PART I BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION 1 V CHAPTER 1 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 3 WHAT IS EVOLUTION? V 4 THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE 4 WHY IS EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IMPORTANT? 6 PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES 8 :: ETHICS, RELIGIONJ.AND EVOLUTION 8 HYPOTHESES, FACTS, AND THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 9 EVOLUTION AS FACT AND THEORY 11 THE STRUCTURE OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 12 AN EVOLVING SCIENCE 14 SUMMARY 15 MAJOR REFERENCES 15 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 16 CHAPTER 2 A SHORT HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 1 7 EVOLUTION BEFORE DARWIN 17 , EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT PRIOR TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 17 LAMARCK S CONTRIBUTION 18 DARWIN S CONTRIBUTION 19 THE LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN 19 DARWIN S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY 21 EVOLUTION AFTER DARWIN 23 ANTI-DARWINIAN THEORIES 23 THE EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS 24 MAJOR TENETS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS 26 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY SINCE THE SYNTHESIS 28 CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES 28 SUMMARY 29 MAJOR REFERENCES 29 Y PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 30 CHAPTER 3 GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT 31 CHROMOSOMES AND CELL DIVISION 31 MEIOSIS 31 MENDELIAN GENETICS 33 THE RELATION BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE 37 DOMINANCE 37 GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT 39 MULTIPLE LOCI 41 THRESHOLD TRAITS 43 THE GENETIC MATERIAL AND ITS FUNCTIONS 43 ORGANIZATION OF THE GENOME 45 GENE EXPRESSION 47 HIERARCHICAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN DEVELOPMENT 48 MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT 49 CONTROL OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 49 MECHANISMS OF MORPHOGENESIS 54 OVERVIEW OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT 55 SUMMARY 56 MAJOR REFERENCES 56 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 56 BOX 3.A SOME VARIANT PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION AND MEIOSIS IN EUKARYOTES 34 BOX3.B ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY 37 BOX3.C MENDELIAN RATIOS 38 BOX 3.D A THUMBNAIL SKETCH OF SOME IMPORTANT METHODS IN MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSES 50 CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGY: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 59 ENVIRONMENTS 59 .GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS 59 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES 60 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 63 FRESHWATER SYSTEMS 63 MARINE SYSTEMS 64 BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALMS 65 COMMUNITIES 65 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 66 MICROHABITATS 67 ECOLOGICAL NICHES 68 RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION 69 * » POPULATIONS 71 ** * POPULATION STRUCTURE 71 POPULATION GROWTH 71 FACTORS LIMITING POPULATION GROWTH 73 INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES 75 COMPETITION 75 , COEXISTENCE OF SPECIES, AT THE SAME TROPHIC LEVEL 76 ^ PREDATION, PARASITISM, AND HERBIVORY 77 MUTUALISM 80 OTH ER INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES 81 THE UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENT 82 SUMMARY 82 MAJOR REFERENCES 83 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 83 BOX4.A MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF POPULATION GROWTH 72 FE* PA RT I I W PATTERNS AND HISTORY 85 CHAPTER 5 THE TREE OF LIFE: CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY 87 THE LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 87 EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION 88 PHENETICS AND CLADISTICS 92 PHENETICS 92 CLADISTICS 94 EXAMPLES OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 100 PHYLOGENY OF ORDERS OF INSECTS 100 RELATIONSHIPS OF APES AND HUMANS 103 EVALUATING PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES 105 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND EXTINCT ORGANISMS 105 ESTIMATING THE HISTORY OF CHARACTER EVOLUTION 107 SOME PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, INFERRED FROM SYSTEMATICS 108 PRINCIPLE 1: HOMOLOGOUS FEATURES, ARE DERIVED FROM COMMON ANCESTORS 108 PRINCIPLE 2: HOMOPLASY IS COMMON IN EVOLUTION 110 PRINCIPLE 3: RATES OF CHARACTER EVOLUTION DIFFER 111 PRINCIPLE 4: EVOLUTION IS OFTEN GRADUAL 114 PRINCIPLE 5: CHARACTERISTICS OFTEN OWE THEIR CHANGE IN FORM TO CHANGE IN FUNCTION 115 PRINCIPLE 6: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS 116 PRINCIPLE 7: MOST CLADES DISPLAY EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION 117 MOLECULAR DATA IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 118 KINDS OF MOLECULAR DATA USED IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 119 MOLECULAR CLOCKS 120 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION 122 SUMMARY 123 MAJOR REFERENCES 124 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 124 BOX 5.A TAXONOMIC PRACTICE AND NOMENCLATURE 90 BOX5.B ISSUES IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 98 CHAPTER 6 EVOLVING LINEAGES IN THE FOSSIL RECORD 127 SOME GEOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS 127 * K HOW GOOD IS THE FOSSIL RECORD? 129 TAXONOMY IN THE FOSSIL RECORD 132 EVOLUTION IN THE FOSSIL RECORD 132 CHARACTER CHANGE WITHIN SPECIES 133 SPECIATION 135 PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM 137 EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITIONS AMONG GENERA 138 CLASSES OF TETRAPOD VERTEBRATES 143 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PHYLOGENY AND THE FOSSIL RECORD 154 TRENDS 155 PARALLEL TRENDS 156 RATES OF EVOLUTION 157 SUMMARY 162 MAJOR REFERENCES 163 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 163 BO X 6.A CORRECTING FOR SIZE IN DESCRIBING EVOLUTIONARY RATES 159 CHAPTER 7 A HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH 165 BEFORE LIFE BEGAN 165 THE EMERGENCE OF LIFE 166 PRECAMBRIAN LIFE 169 PROKARYOTES 169 EUKARYOTES 170 THE TREE OF LIFE 171 THE PROTEROZOIC EON 171 PALEOZOIC LIFE: THE CAMBRIAN REVOLUTION 172 THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION OF ANIMAL PHYLA 172 METAZOAN PHYLOGENY 175 PALEOZOIC LIFE: ORDOVICIAN TO DEVONIAN 176 ORDOVICIAN DIVERSIFICATION 176 MARINE LIFE IN THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN 176 - TERRESTRIAL LIFE: PLANTS 178 TERRESTRIAL LIFE: ANIMALS 179 PALEOZOIC LIFE: CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN 180 TERRESTRIAL LIFE 180 AQUATIC LIFE 182 MESOZOIC LIFE 182 MARINE LIFE 185 TERRESTRIAL PLANTS AND ARTHROPODS 185 TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES 187 THE CENOZOIC ERA 190 AQUATIC LIFE 191 TERRESTRIAL LIFE 191 THE ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF MAMMALS 191 PLEISTOCENE EVEN TS 197 SUMMARY 199 MAJOR REFERENCES 199 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 200 CHAPTER 8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF EVOLUTION 201 BIOGEOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION 201 MAJOR PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION 203 FACTORS AFFECTING GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS 205 GUIDELINES IN HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY 207 COMPETING EXPLANATIONS FOR DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTIONS 208 EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES 209 THE COMPOSITION OF REGIONAL BIOTAS 214 ^ ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BIOGEOGRAPHY 216 ^ VIN THE THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY 216 MORE ABOUT ISLANDS: INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS 218 EFFECTS OF COMPETITION ON DISTRIBUTIONS 219 COMMUNITY CONVERGENCE 220 GRADIENTS IN SPECIES DIVERSITY * 222 - SUMMARY 225 MAJOR REFERENCES 226 L PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 226 FC* PART III EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES IN POPULATIONS AND SPECIES 227 CHAPTER 9 VARIATION 231 DEFINITIONS 231 DISTINGUISHING SOURCES OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATION 233 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC VARIATION IN POPULATIONS 234 FREQUENCIES OF ALLELES AND GENOTYPES 234 THE HARDY- WEINBERG PRINCIPLE 235 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE: FACTORS IN EVOLUTION 236 GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS 239 ESTIMATING THE PROPORTION OF POLYMORPHIC LOCI: PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS 242 VARIATION AT THE DNA LEVEL 244 MULTIPLE LOCI 245 VARIATION IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 247 VARIATION AMONG POPULATIONS 253 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION 253 GENETIC DISTANCE 256 PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION 257 KINDS OF GEOGRAPHICALLY VARIABLE CHARACTERS 259 SPECIES AND HIGHER TAXA 263 SUMMARY - 263 MAJOR REFERENCES 264 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 264 BOX 9.A THEORIES OF EVOLUTION, AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDELISM 232 BOX9.B DERIVATION OF THE HARDY-WEINBERG DISTRIBUTION 235 BOX9.C MEAN.VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION 250 BOX9.D GENETIC IDENTITY AND DISTANCE 260 CHAPTER 10 THE ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIATION 267 GENE MUTATIONS 267 POINT MUTATIONS 268 RATES OF MUTATION 271 PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS 276 EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS ON FITNESS 278 MUTATION AS A RANDOM PROCESS 281 RECOMBINATION AS A SOURCE OF VARIATION 283 RELEASE OF GENETIC VARIATION 283 SOME EVIDENCE 284 EROSION OF VARIATION BY RECOMBINATION 285 ALTERATIONS OF THE KARYOTYPE 286 POLYPLOIDY 286 CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS 288 EXTERNAL SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION 292 HYBRIDIZATION 292 HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER 293 SUMMARY 294 MAJOR REFERENCES 295 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 295 BOX10.A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF MUTATION 268 BO X 10.B ESTIMATING MUTATION RATES FROM COMPARISONS AMONG SPECIES 273 BOX IO.C ACCUMULATION OF RECESSIVE MUTATIONS 275. BOX IO.D DIRECTED MUTATION? 285 T CHAPTER 1 1 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DRIFT 297 THE THEORY OF GENETIC DRIFT 297 EVOLUTION BY GENETIC DRIFT 300 GENETIC DRIFT IN REAL POPULATIONS 304 INBREEDING 307 INBREEDING IN NATURAL POPULATIONS 309 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INBREEDING AND GENETIC DRIFT 314 GENE FLOW 314 MODELS OF GENE FLOW 315 GENE FLOW AND GENETIC DRIFT 316 EXTINCTION AND RECOLONIZATION 316 ESTIMATES OF GENE FLOW 317 CONCLUSIONS ABOUT GENE FLOW 319 THE NEUTRAL THEORY OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 320 PRINCIPLES OF THE NEUTRAL THEORY 321 ,- VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG SPECIES 323 RATES OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION: DO THEY SUPPORT THE NEUTRAL THEORY? 323 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENE TREES 327 HAPLOTYPE DIVERSITY AND EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE 327 GENE TREES AND POPULATION STRUCTURE 329 THE HISTORY OF POPULATION STRUCTURE 330 GENE TREES AND SPECIES TREES 332 SUMMARY 333 MAJOR REFERENCES 333 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 334 BOX 11.A VARIATION IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES UNDER GENETIC DRIFT 303 BOX 11 ,B THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE 309 BOX 11 .C CALCULATION OF INBREEDING COEFFICIENTS FROM PEDIGREES 313 BOX11.D INBREEDING, MUTATION, AND GENE FLOW 315 CHAPTER 12 NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION 337 - EXAMPLES OF ADAPTATIONS 337 EXPLANATIONS OF ADAPTATIONS 341 WHAT EVOLUTIONARY THEORY NEEDS TO EXPLAIN 342 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NATURAL SELECTION 343 THE NATURE OF NATURAL SELECTION 349 DEFINITIONS OF NATURAL SELECTION 349 LEVELS OF SELECTION 350 RECOGNIZING ADAPTATIONS 354 DEFINITIONS OF ADAPTATION 354 NONADAPTIVE TRAITS 355 METHODS FOR RECOGNIZING ADAPTATIONS 356 II X IX WHAT NOT TO EXPECT OF NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION 360 SUMMARY 362 MAJOR REFERENCES 362 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 363- C H A P T E R 1 3 THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION 365 EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION 365 FITNESS 366 MODES OF SELECTION 366 DEFINING FITNESS 366 RELATIVE FITNESS AND THE RATE OF CHANGE 367 COMPONENTS OF FITNESS 368 COMPONENTS OF FITNESS: AN EXAMPLE 369 DEPENDENCE OF FITNESS ON ENVIRONMENT 370 METHODS OF STUDYING NATURAL SELECTION 371 CORRELATIONS ACROSS POPULATIONS 371 DEVIATIONS FROM EXPECTED GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES 372 TEMPORAL PATTERNS 372 _ RESPONSE OF POPULATIONS TO-PERTURBATIONS 372 GENETIC DEMOGRAPHY 373 FUNCTIONAL STUDIES 373 MOLECULAR VARIATION 375 MODELS OF SELECTION 375 DIRECTIONAL SELECTION 375 PERSISTENCE OF DELETERIOUS ALLELES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS 381 SELECTION AND GENE FLOW 381 POLYMORPHISM MAINTAINED BY SELECTION 384 HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE 384 ANTAGONISTIC SELECTION 385 VARYING SELECTION 385 FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION 389 ALTERNATIVE EQUILIBRIA 390 INTERACTION OF SELECTION AND GENETIC DRIFT 392 THE STRENGTH OF NATURAL SELECTION 393 SUMMARY 395 MAJOR REFERENCE 395 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 395 BOX 13.A SELECTION MODELS WITH CONSTANT FITNESSES 376 R -* BOX 13.B SELECTION IN A VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT 387 BOX 13.C THE PROBABILITY OF FIXATION WHEN SELECTION AND GENETIC DRIFT INTERACT 393 CHAPTER 14 . * MULTIPLE GENES AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 397 EVOLUTION AT TWO LOCI 397 BASIC PRINCIPLES 397 DIRECTIONAL SELECTION AT TWO LOCI 398 GENE INTERACTIONS 399 LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM 400 MULTIPLE LOCI IN ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPES 402 QUANTITATIVE GENETICS 409 GENETIC DISSECTION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 409 RESPONSE TO SELECTION 409 COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATION 413 ESTIMATING GENETIC VARIANCE AND HERITABILITY 417 EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS 418 RESPONSES TO DIRECTIONAL SELECTION 418 RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION 418 * RESPONSES TO STABILIZING AND DISRUPTIVE SELECTION 421 MEASURING NATURAL ^ELECTION ON QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS 422 SELECTION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS 422 DARWIN S FINCHES 422 VESTIGIAL FEATURES IN CAVE ORGANISMS 423 EVIDENCE OF STABILIZING SELECTION 424 THE INTENSITY OF NATURAL SELECTION 424 RAPID EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 425 CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 428 V CORRELATED SELECTION 428 GENETIC CORRELATION 429 GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON EVOLUTION 436 SPECIAL TOPICS IN PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION 437 EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS BY GENETIC DRIFT 437 * WHAT MAINTAINS GENETIC VARIATION IN QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS? 438 * GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 439 * * THRESHOLD TRAITS 440 * THE EPISTATIC COMPONENT OF GENETIC VARIANCE 442 SUMMARY 444 MAJOR REFERENCES 445 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 445 BOX 14.A AN EXAMPLE OF GENETIC CHANGE IN A TRAIT UNDER DIRECTIONAL SELECTION 399 BOX14.B GENETIC DISSECTION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 410 1/ BOX14.C NONADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE 415 CHAPTER 15 SPECIES 447 WHAT ARE SPECIES? 447 A BRIEF HISTORY OF SPECIES CONCEPTS 448 THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT 449 ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS OF SPECIES 452 THE USEFULNESS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT 453 LIMITATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT 453 BARRIERS TO GENE FLOW 457 PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS 457 POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS 460 DIFFERENCES AMONG SPECIES 460 THE TEMPORAL COURSE OF DIVERGENCE 461 HOW SPECIES ARE DIAGNOSED 462 HYBRIDIZATION 464 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HYBRID ZONES 464 GENETIC DYNAMICS IN A HYBRID ZONE 465 OTHER ASPECTS OF HYBRID ZONES 467 THE FATE OF HYBRID ZONES 468 * THE GENETIC BASIS OF SPECIES DIFFERENCES 468 MOLECULAR DIFFERENCES 468 GENE TREES AND SPECIES TREES 468 DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND ITS RELATIVES 469 PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES 470 THE GENETIC BASIS OF REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS 471 THE GENETICS OF POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATION 471 THE GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION 476 THE GENETICS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION: SUMMARY AND SIGNIFICANCE 477 X SUMMARY 478 MAJOR REFERENCES 479 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 479 BOX 15.A SOME TERMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE LITERATURE ON SPECIES 450 BOX15.B DIAGNOSIS OF A NEW SPECIES 464 CHAPTER 16 SPECIATION 481 MODES OF SPECIATION 481 ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION 482 KINDS OF ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION 482 EVIDENCE FOR ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION 484 GENETIC MODELS OF ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION 485 THE ROLE OF GENETIC DRIFT 487 THE ROLE OF NATURAL SELECTION 488 ECOLOGICAL SELECTION AND SPECIATION 488 SEXUAL SELECTION AND SPECIATION 489 NATURAL SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION 491 PERIPATRIC SPECIATION 493 ALTERNATIVES TO ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION 498 PARAPATRIC SPECIATION 498 SYMPATRIC SPECIATION 499 POLYPLOIDY AND HYBRID SPECIATION 504 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANT SPECIATION 504 POLYPLOIDY 504 ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY HYBRIDIZATION 508 RATES OF SPECIATION 510 CONSEQUENCES OF.SPECIATION 512 SUMMARY 515 -- ~ MAJOR REFERENCES 516 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 516 W PART IV FT CHARACTER EVOLUTION 517 CHAPTER 17 FORM AND FUNCTION 519 MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 519 MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS 519 FLIGHT IN BIRDS 520 ANIMALS IN HOT DESERTS 520 PLANTS IN WARM, DRY ENVIRONMENTS 521 BODY SIZE 523 SELECTION ON SIZE 524 ALLOMETRY AND ISOMETRY 524 ALLOMETRY AND ADAPTATION 525 ADAPTATION AND CONSTRAINT 528 OPTIMAL DESIGN AND CONSTRAINTS ^528 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF DESIGN 529 THE EVOLUTION OF TOLERANCE 531 RESPONSES TO STRESS 531 ^ ADAPTATION TO VARYING ENVIRONMENTS 531 WHAT LIMITS THE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF A SPECIES? 535 SUMMARY 536 MAJOR REFERENCES 537 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 537 CHAPTER18 THE EVOLUTION OF INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES 539 KINDS OF INTERACTIONS 539 CQEVOLUTION 539 PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS 541 COEVOLUTION OF ENEMIES AND VICTIMS 542 THEORY OF ENEMY-VICTIM COEVOLUTION 543 COSTS OF ADAPTATION 544 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF COEVOLUTION BETWEEN ENEMIES AND VICTIMS 545 R INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITE VIRULENCE 548 THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE 549 MUTUALISMS 551 ORIGINS OF MUTUALISMS 552 CONFLICT AND STABILITY 553 EVOLUTION OF COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS 554 A MODEL OF THE EVOLUTION OF COMPETING SPECIES 554 EVIDENCE FOR COEVOLUTION OF COMPETING SPECIES 555 EVOLUTION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 557 SUMMARY 558 MAJOR REFERENCES 559 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 559 CHAPTER 19 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES 561 LIFE HISTORY PHENOMENA 561 MAJOR LIFE HISTORY TRAITS AND FITNESS 561 INDIVIDUAL SELECTION AND GROUP SELECTION 562 LIFE TABLES AND THE RATE OF INCREASE 563 THE EVOLUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRAITS 563 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 563 CONSTRAINTS 563 EVIDENCE FOR A COST OF REPRODUCTION 566 THE THEORY OF LIFE HISTORY EVOLUTION 566 LIFE SPAN AND SENESCENCE 568 THE EVOLUTION OF AGE SCHEDULES OF REPRODUCTION 568 NUMBER AND SIZE OF OFFSPRING 571 THE EVOLUTION OF THE RATE OF INCREASE 572 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS 573 EFFECTS OF SEXUAL SELECTION ON LIFE HISTORIES 574 VARIANT MALE LIFE HISTORIES 574 THE EVOLUTION OF DISPERSAL 575 SUMMARY 576 MAJOR REFERENCES 577 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 577 BOX19.A LIFE TABLES AND THE RATE OF INCREASE 565 BOX. 19.B A MODEL OF THE EVOLUTION OF SEMELPARITY AND ITEROPARITY 570 CHAPTER 20 THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR 579 BEHAVIORS AS PHENOTYPIC TRAITS 579 VARIATION IN BEHAVIORAL TRAITS WITHIN SPECIES 579 DIFFERENCES AMONG SPECIES 579 PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR 580 STUDYING THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF BEHAVIORS 581 OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY 583 ^ XI EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE STRATEGIES 584 SEXUAL SELECTION 586 THE CONCEPT OF SEXUAL SELECTION 586 SEXUAL SELECTION BY CONTESTS 588 PATERNITY INSURANCE AND SPERM COMPETITION 588 SEXUAL SELECTION BY MATE CHOICE 589 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION 594- THEORIES OF COOPERATION AND ALTRUISM 594 INTERACTIONS AMONG RELATED INDIVIDUALS 595 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION BY KIN SELECTION 597 THE ROLE OF BEHAVIOR IN EVOLUTION 601 SUMMARY 603 MAJOR REFERENCES 603 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 603 BOX 20.A A MODEL OF OPTIMAL DIET CHOICE 584 BOX20.B ESS ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL CONFLICT 585 BOX 2O.C CALCULATING COEFFICIENTS OF RELATIONSHIP 600 CHAPTER 21 THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC.SYSTEMS 605 SHORT-TERM VERSUS LONG-TERM ADVANTAGE 605 THE EVOLUTION OF MUTATION RATES 605 SEX AND RECOMBINATION 606 THE PROBLEM WITH SEX 607 CAN RECOMBINATION RATES EVOLVE?- 607 K HYPOTHESES FOR THE ADVANTAGE OF SEX AND RECOMBINATION 608 VARIATION AND SELECTION 1608 _ EVALUATING HYPOTHESES FOR TIRE ADVANTAGE OF SEX 611 HAPLOIDY AND DIPLOIDY 612 THE EVOLUTION OF SEXES 612 SEX RATIOS, SEX ALLOCATION, AND SEX DETERMINATION 613 SEX RATIOS IN RANDOMLY MATING POPULATIONS 613 THE EVOLUTION OF SEX RATIOS IN STRUCTURED POPULATIONS 614 SEX ALLOCATION, HERMAPHRODITISM, AND DIOECY 615 THE EVOLUTION OF SEX-DETERMINING MECHANISMS 617 THE EVOLUTION OF INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING 619 VARIATION IN BREEDING SYSTEMS 619 CONSEQUENCES OF INBREEDING 620 ADVANTAGES OF INBREEDING AND OUTCROSSING 621 AVOIDANCE OF INBREEDING IN ANIMALS 622 SUMMARY 623 ^ MAJOR REFERENCES 624 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 624 CHAPTER 22 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 625 AIMS AND METHODS IN THE STUDY OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 625 PHYLOGENETIC INSIGHTS 626 EVOLUTION OF DNA SEQUENCES 626 PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN DNA SEQUENCES 627 INTERPRETING VARIATION IN DAM. SEQUENCES: THEORY 628 EVIDENCE ON THE CAUSES OF SEQUENCE EVOLUTION 629 EXPERIMENTS 629 *, J GENE FAMILIES AND NEW GENE FUNCTIONS 635 GENE FAMILIES 635 EVOLUTION OF NOVEL FUNCTIONS 637 CONCERTED EVOLUTION IN GENE FAMILIES 637 TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS 639 EFFECTS OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS 639 EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS 640 HIGHLY REPETITIVE DNA AND GENOME SIZE 641 EVOLUTION OF NOVEL GENES AND PROTEINS 642 SUMMARY 644 MAJOR REFERENCES 645 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 645 BOX 22.A DETECTING NATURAL SELECTION FROM DNA SEQUENCE DATA 633 FES P A R T V M MACROEVOLUTION: EVOLUTION ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL 647 CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 651 APPROACHES TO STUDYING DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 652 ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY 652 DEVELOPMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 653 INDIVIDUALIZATION AND DISSOCIATION 654 HETEROCHRONY 655 HETEROTOPY 661 CHANGES IN TISSUE INTERACTIONS 662 THRESHOLDS 662 PATTERN FORMATION 663 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND INTEGRATION 665 DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 665 HOX GENES AND OTHER REGULATORY GENES 665 THE EVOLUTION OF HOX GENES 666 THE EVOLUTION OF REGULATORY GENE FUNCTION 666 THE PROBLEM OF HOMOLOGY 669 IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT FOR EVOLUTION 670 CONSTRAINTS 671 NONADAPTIVE CHARACTERS 674 DISCONTINUITY OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 674 SUMMARY 675 MAJOR REFERENCES 676 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 676 CHAPTER 24 PATTERN AND PROCESS IN MACROEVOLUTION 677 GRADUALISM AND SALTATION 677 ARGUMENTS FOR GRADUALISM 678 ARGUMENTS FOR SALTATION 680 SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF NOVELTY 681 INCIPIENT AND COMPLEX FEATURES 681 FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION AND COMPLEXITY 683 RATES OF EVOLUTION 687 TAXONOMIC RATES 687 RATES OF CHARACTER CHANGE 688 GENETIC APPROACHES TO EVOLUTIONARY RATES 688 PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM REVISITED 689 DIRECTIONS, TRENDS, AND PROGRESS 691 TRENDS: KINDS AND CAUSES 691 DISCRIMINATING AMONG KINDS OF TRENDS: AN EXAMPLE 694 ARE THERE GLOBAL TRENDS IN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY? 694 THE QUESTION OF PROGRESS 699 X XN SUMMARY 700 MAJOR REFERENCES 701 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 701 CHAPTJR 2 5 THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 703 MEASURING DIVERSITY 703 ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY 704 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIVERSITY 704 ARE COMMUNITIES SATURATED WITH SPECIES? 704 EFFECTS OF HISTORY ON CONTEMPORARY DIVERSITY PATTERNS 706 THE HISTORY OF DIVERSITY AND ITS CAUSES 706 TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY THROUGH THE PHANEROZOIC 707 PATTERNS OF ORIGINATION AND EXTINCTION 708 NULL HYPOTHESES 708 ORIGINATION AND EXTINCTION RATES THROUGH TIME 709 CORRELATED RATES OF SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION 711 EXTINCTION 712 CAUSES OF EXTINCTION 712 MASS EXTINCTIONS: WHEN AND WHY? 713 SELECTIVITY OF EXTINCTION 714 EXTINCTION AND THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION 714 TIERS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 714 ORIGINATION AND DIVERSIFICATION 715 RELEASE FROM COMPETITION _ 715 DOES DIVERSITY ATTAIN AN EQUILIBRIUM? 721 SUMMARY 724 MAJOR REFERENCES 725 V PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 725 BOX25.A AN ENIGMA:THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL BODY PLANS 710 BOX 25.B THE NEXT MASS EXTINCTION: IT S HAPPENING NOW 722 CHAPTER 26 HUMAN EVOLUTION AND VARIATION CONTROVERSY AND OBJECTIVITY 727 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS 728 727 THE FOSSIL RECORD 730 INTERPRETING THE HOMINID FOSSIL RECORD 730 AUSTRALOPITHECINES 731 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION O/HOMO 732 _- HOMO SAPIENS 733 CAUSES OF HOMINID EVOLUTION 734 THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMAN POPULATIONS 734 THE TRANSITION FROM ARCHAIC TO MODERN HOMO SAPIENS 734 MIGRATIONS 736 RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS 737 R GENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS 738 POLYMORPHISMS 739 RARE DELETERIOUS ALLELES 739 NATURAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTIONARY FUTURE 739 HUMAN BEHAVIOR 740 CULTURE 741 THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 741 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 742 HUMAN NATURE 742 SOCIOBIOLOGY 743 EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 744 VARIABLE BEHAVIORAL TRAITS 744 SEXUAL ORIENTATION 745 INTELLIGENCE 747 EVOLUTION AND SOCIETY 749 SUMMARY 750 MAJOR REFERENCES 750 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 751 EPILOGUE: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 753 APPENDIX I: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 755 - APPENDIX II: CONTENDING WITH CREATIONISM 759 GLOSSARY G-L LITERATURE CITED L-L INDEX 1-1 X XM
any_adam_object	1
author	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942-
author_GND	(DE-588)111658217
author_facet	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942-
author_variant	d j f dj djf
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV012205789
callnumber-first	Q - Science
callnumber-label	QH366
callnumber-raw	QH366.2
callnumber-search	QH366.2
callnumber-sort	QH 3366.2
callnumber-subject	QH - Natural History and Biology
classification_rvk	CC 3700 WH 1000
classification_tum	BIO 175f BIO 445f BIO 745f
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)37560100 (DE-599)BVBBV012205789
dewey-full	576.8
dewey-hundreds	500 - Natural sciences and mathematics
dewey-ones	576 - Genetics and evolution
dewey-raw	576.8
dewey-search	576.8
dewey-sort	3576.8
dewey-tens	570 - Biology
discipline	Biologie Philosophie
edition	3. ed.
format	Book
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genre	1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content
genre_facet	Lehrbuch
id	DE-604.BV012205789
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T18:23:35Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0878931899
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008271631
oclc_num	37560100
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-526 DE-11 DE-188
owner_facet	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-526 DE-11 DE-188
physical	XVIII, 763 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	1998
publishDateSearch	1998
publishDateSort	1998
publisher	Sinauer
record_format	marc
spelling	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)111658217 aut Evolutionary biology Douglas J. Futuyma 3. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 1998 XVIII, 763 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Evolutie gtt Évolution (Biologie) Evolution (Biology) Artbildung (DE-588)4135327-4 gnd rswk-swf Vererbung (DE-588)4187668-4 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Evolutionsbiologie (DE-588)4153283-1 gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd rswk-swf Population (DE-588)4128986-9 gnd rswk-swf Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s DE-604 Evolutionsbiologie (DE-588)4153283-1 s Population (DE-588)4128986-9 s 2\p DE-604 Vererbung (DE-588)4187668-4 s 3\p DE-604 Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 s 4\p DE-604 Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 s 5\p DE-604 Artbildung (DE-588)4135327-4 s 6\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008271631&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Futuyma, Douglas J. 1942- Evolutionary biology Evolutie gtt Évolution (Biologie) Evolution (Biology) Artbildung (DE-588)4135327-4 gnd Vererbung (DE-588)4187668-4 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Evolutionsbiologie (DE-588)4153283-1 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd Population (DE-588)4128986-9 gnd Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4135327-4 (DE-588)4187668-4 (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4153283-1 (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4071711-2 (DE-588)4128986-9 (DE-588)4003800-2 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Evolutionary biology
title_auth	Evolutionary biology
title_exact_search	Evolutionary biology
title_full	Evolutionary biology Douglas J. Futuyma
title_fullStr	Evolutionary biology Douglas J. Futuyma
title_full_unstemmed	Evolutionary biology Douglas J. Futuyma
title_short	Evolutionary biology
title_sort	evolutionary biology
topic	Evolutie gtt Évolution (Biologie) Evolution (Biology) Artbildung (DE-588)4135327-4 gnd Vererbung (DE-588)4187668-4 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Evolutionsbiologie (DE-588)4153283-1 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd Population (DE-588)4128986-9 gnd Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd
topic_facet	Evolutie Évolution (Biologie) Evolution (Biology) Artbildung Vererbung Biologie Evolutionsbiologie Evolution Genetik Population Auslese Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008271631&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT futuymadouglasj evolutionarybiology

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