Environmental taxes and trade discrimination:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Kluwer Law International
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | International environmental law and policy series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 439 Seiten 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9041107487 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental taxes and trade discrimination |c Ole Kristian Fauchald |
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| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Kluwer Law International |c 1998 | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS |2 unbist | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Milieubelasting |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TAXATION |2 unbist | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TRADE AGREEMENTS |2 unbist | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Taxe écologique |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a World Trade Organization |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental impact charges |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental law | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Foreign trade regulation | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126822755991552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Abbreviations xix
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1. Presentation of the issues to be examined 3
2. General outline of the book 4
Chapter 2 Environmental Problems and Strategies to Deal with Them
the Role of Environmental Taxes
1. Introduction 7
2. Environmental problems and sustainable development 8
2.1 Environmental problems 8
2.2 Sustainable development 10
2.3 Sustainable exploitation and pollution of resources 13
3. Principles related to environmental policies 14
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 The polluter pays principle 15
3.3 Product life cycle assessment 18
3.4 Effectiveness 19
3.5 Preventive action 20
3.6 The precautionary principle 21
4. Various strategies to deal with environmental problems 24
4.1 Introduction categorisation of strategies 24
4.2 Economic strategies 24
4.3 Normative strategies 27
4.4 Informational strategies 29
4.5 Physical strategies 30
ix
x Environmental Taxes and Trade Discrimination
5. Environmental taxes 30
5.1 Definition of environmental taxes 30
5.2 The use and nature of environmental taxes 31
5.3 Competitiveness and effectiveness 33
6. Environmental taxes in Norway 37
6.1 Introduction 37
6.2 Taxes related to raw materials or production processes 38
6.3 Energy related taxes 39
6.4 Emission taxes 41
6.5 Transport related taxes 42
6.6 Taxes on final products 43
6.7 Waste related taxes 44
6.8 Some concluding remarks 45
Chapter 3 Introduction to Relevant Rules and Principles of GATT/WTO
1. Introduction 47
2. General introduction to the relevant rules 48
2.1 The national treatment clause 48
2.2 The most favoured nation clause 49
2.3 General exceptions related to human, animal or plant life or
health, and exhaustible natural resources 50
3. Sources of law related to GATT 1994 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Diplomacy vs. legalism 51
3.3 General principles and rules concerning treaty interpretation 52
3.4 The status of interpretative materials related to GATT 1947 54
3.5 Categorisation of relevant interpretative materials 56
3.6 The wording of GATT 1994 57
3.7 The WTO Agreement and agreements covered by the WTO
Agreement 62
3.8 General interpretative statements 62
3.9 Interpretative statements related to dispute settlement 64
3.10 Rules of international law 71
3.11 The preparatory works 73
3.12 The circumstances of the conclusion of GATT 1947 75
3.13 The opinions of highly qualified publicists 75
3.14 Reasonableness 76
Table of Contents xi
PART II: INTERNAL TAXES
Chapter 4 General Introduction
1. The relationship between Articles I and III 81
2. A brief introduction to Article 111:2 82
3. General outline of Part II 83
Chapter 5 The Scope of Article III
1. The general scope of Article III 85
1.1 Introduction 85
1.2 Services 86
1.3 Natural resources and raw materials 88
1.4 Waste 89
1.5 Packaging 92
2. What are internal taxes in the context of Article III? 92
2.1 General 92
2.2 Tariffs vs. internal taxes 93
2.3 Enforcement measures vs. internal taxes 100
2.4 Cost of services vs. internal taxes 103
2.5 Internal taxes and the operation of import monopolies 105
2.6 Countervailing and anti dumping duties vs. internal taxes 106
2.7 Internal taxes vs. tax remissions and subsidies 107
3. The legal status of Article 111:1 110
Chapter 6 Product Similarity Clauses
1. Introduction 115
2. The use of product similarity clauses in GATT 1994 119
3. Like products 121
3.1 Introduction and historical background 121
3.2 Physical characteristics of products 125
3.3 Prior stage product related circumstances 130
3.4 The role of customs related classification of products 134
3.5 Relationship between products in markets 138
3.6 Purposes 143
3.7 Like products in Article I 144
4. Directly competitive or substitutable products 145
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 General interpretative issues 148
xii Environmental Taxes and Trade Discrimination
A3 Demand substitutability 149
4.4 Supply substitutability 153
4.5 Purposes 154
4.6 Competition was involved 155
5. Article III: 1 157
6. Conclusions 158
Chapter 7 Domestic and Foreign Products are Subject to Separate Tax
Arrangements Explicit Discrimination
1. Introduction 161
2. Separate tax arrangements and environmental protection 163
3. Border tax adjustment 164
4. Which aspects of tax arrangements are relevant under Article 111:2? 168
4.1 Introduction 168
4.2 Article 111:2, first sentence 169
4.3 Article 111:2, second sentence 171
5. With which taxes shall taxes on imports be compared? 172
5.1 General introduction 172
5.2 Explicit differential treatment and environmental protection 173
5.3 The wording and general scope of Article 111:2 176
5.4 Input of substances to the production process 178
5.5 Consumption of energy in the production process 182
5.6 Emissions from the production process 186
5.7 Product related services 187
5.8 Comparison to rules concerning tax rebate on exports 188
5.9 Multiple tax arrangements 190
6. The nature of the differential treatment 194
6.1 General introduction 194
6.2 In excess and similarly taxed 195
6.2.1 Burden of proof 195
6.2.2 The level of differential treatment 196
6.2.3 The purpose of the differential treatment 200
6.3 Applied ... so as to afford protection to domestic production 205
6.4 Risk that differential treatment will occur 207
7. No domestic production 209
8. Conclusions 212
Table of Contents xiii
Chapter 8 Domestic and Foreign Products are Subject to the Same Tax
Arrangement Implicit Discrimination
1. Introduction 215
2. Discriminatory effects from environmental taxes 216
3. Article 111:2 219
3.1 Introduction 219
3.2 Presumption that differential treatment violates Article 111:2 220
3.3 Geographical distribution of discriminatory effects 225
3.3.1 Introduction 225
3.3.2 Which domestic and imported products are of
relevance? 226
3.3.3 Differential treatment based on other factors than the
product 230
3.3.4 When should the discriminatory effects be present? 232
3.3.5 The second sentence of Article 111:2 233
3.4 The level of the differential treatment 234
3.5 The purpose of the differential treatment 236
3.5.1 General issues 236
3.5.2 The perspective of the complainant 237
3.5.3 The perspective of the defendant 240
3.5.4 The time factor 242
3.5.5 The second sentence of Article 111:2 244
3.6 Applied ... so as to afford protection to domestic production 245
4. Article 1:1 248
5. Conclusions 251
PART III: GENERAL EXCEPTIONS
Chapter 9 General Issues
1. Introduction 255
2. Restrictive interpretation and application of Article XX 257
2.1 Restrictive interpretation 257
2.2 Restrictive application 259
3. Fragmentary approach 261
4. Unilateral vs. multilateral measures 266
5. Extrajurisdictionality 270
5.1 Introduction 270
5.2 The location of the environmental good 271
xiv Environmental Taxes and Trade Discrimination
5.3 The location of the environmentally harmful activity 274
Chapter 10 Policy Purposes Covered by Article XX
1. Introduction 277
2. Protection of human, animal or plant life or health 279
2.1 Introduction 279
2.2 Animal and plant 279
2.3 Health 281
3. Conservation of exhaustible natural resources 285
3.1 Introduction 285
3.2 Resources 286
3.3 Exhaustible 287
3.4 Natural 290
3.5 Conservation 291
4. Commodity agreements 292
5. Protection of public morals 297
6. Protection of treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological value 298
7. Measures taken to secure compliance with laws or regulations 299
7.1 Introduction 299
7.2 The EEC — Anti circumvention Legislation case 300
7.3 Enforcement measures vs. measures taken to promote the
objectives of laws or regulations 302
8. Conclusions 304
Chapter 11 Requirements Concerning the Relationship Between the
Contested Measure and Its Purpose
1. Introduction 307
2. The necessity requirement 309
2.1 Necessary 309
2.2 Reasonably available 314
2.2.1 General issues 314
2.2.2 Burden of proof 316
2.2.3 Issues related to settlement of disputes 316
2.3 Least trade restrictive 318
3. Article XX(g) 320
3.1 Introduction 320
3.2 Relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources 321
3.2.1 Introduction 321
Table of Contents xv
3.2.2 Case law 321
3.2.3 Primarily aimed at 324
3.2.4 Pursuance of other objectives 325
3.2.5 Achievement of the stated objective 326
3.2.6 Side effects of the measure 328
3.2.7 Availability of less trade restrictive alternatives 328
3.3 Restrictions on exports vs. restrictions on imports 330
3.4 Made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic
production or consumption 332
3.4.1 Introduction 332
3.4.2 Can the contested measure be the principal measure? 333
3.4.3 The relationship between the contested measure and
restrictions on domestic production or consumption 337
3.4.4 The relationship between the resource and restrictions
on domestic production or consumption 338
4. Article XX(h) the contested measure and commodity agreements 341
5. Conclusions 342
Chapter 12 The Preamble to Article XX
1. Introduction 345
2. Arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the
same conditions prevail 347
2.1 Countries 347
2.2 Same conditions 349
2.3 Arbitrary or unjustifiable 351
3. Disguised restriction on international trade 353
3.1 Introduction 353
3.2 Transparency 353
3.3 Measures appearing to have been taken for legitimate purposes 355
4. Conclusions 357
PART IV: NULLIFICATION OR IMPAIRMENT OF BENEFITS
Chapter 13 General Introduction
1. Introduction 361
2. Historical background 362
xvi Environmental Taxes and Trade Discrimination
Chapter 14 Violation of the Agreement
1. General issues 365
2. Trade related effects vs. conditions of competition 367
3. What is required to rebut the presumption 371
4. Consequences of rebuttal of the presumed nullification or impairment 372
5. Conclusions 373
Chapter 15 Non Violation Nullification or Impairment
1. Introduction 375
2. Measure complaints vs. situation complaints 377
3. The scope of non violation complaints 379
3.1 Which benefits may be subject to non violation nullification or
impairment? 379
3.2 Non violation nullification or impairment and Article XX 382
3.3 Product similarity issues 384
4. Nullification or impairment 385
4.1 Detailed justification 385
4.2 Adverse effects on competitive opportunities 386
4.2.1 Introduction 386
4.2.2 The nature of the measure . 386
4.2.3 The nature of the benefit 389
4.3 Reasonable expectations 389
5. Attainment of any objective 391
6. Conclusions 393
Chapter 16 Summary and Conclusions
1. Summary 395
2. The major areas of conflict 396
3. How to deal with the conflicts? 399
4. Some concluding remarks 400
ANNEXES
Cases 401
Cases under the WTO Agreement 401
Cases under GATT 1947 402
Miscellaneous 405
Table of Contents xvii
Documents 407
WTO 407
GATT 1947 407
Guide to Documents Related to the WTO and GATT 1947 408
WTO Documents 408
GATT 1947 Documents 408
Preparatory Works 408
League of Nations Documents 409
Treaties 410
Resolutions, Declarations, Recommendations, etc. 410
Norwegian Acts and Regulations 411
Norwegian Official Documents 413
Miscellaneous 414
BIBLIOGRAPHY 415
INDEX 417
|
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| series2 | International environmental law and policy series |
| spelling | Fauchald, Ole Kristian 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)171788281 aut Environmental taxes and trade discrimination Ole Kristian Fauchald 1. publ. London [u.a.] Kluwer Law International 1998 XX, 439 Seiten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International environmental law and policy series GATT unbisn World Trade Organization unbisn GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd rswk-swf Commerce extérieur - Droit ram Droit fiscal (droit international) - Aspect de l'environnement ram ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY unbist ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION unbist Environnement - Droit international ram GATT gtt Handelsbelemmeringen gtt INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS unbist Milieubelasting gtt TAXATION unbist TRADE AGREEMENTS unbist Taxe écologique ram World Trade Organization gtt Recht Environmental impact charges Law and legislation Environmental law Foreign trade regulation Außenhandelspolitik (DE-588)4003841-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltsteuer (DE-588)4239879-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Umweltsteuer (DE-588)4239879-4 s Außenhandelspolitik (DE-588)4003841-5 s GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 u DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008270679&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fauchald, Ole Kristian 1965- Environmental taxes and trade discrimination GATT unbisn World Trade Organization unbisn GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd Commerce extérieur - Droit ram Droit fiscal (droit international) - Aspect de l'environnement ram ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY unbist ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION unbist Environnement - Droit international ram GATT gtt Handelsbelemmeringen gtt INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS unbist Milieubelasting gtt TAXATION unbist TRADE AGREEMENTS unbist Taxe écologique ram World Trade Organization gtt Recht Environmental impact charges Law and legislation Environmental law Foreign trade regulation Außenhandelspolitik (DE-588)4003841-5 gnd Umweltsteuer (DE-588)4239879-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4424856-8 (DE-588)4003841-5 (DE-588)4239879-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination |
| title_auth | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination |
| title_exact_search | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination |
| title_full | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination Ole Kristian Fauchald |
| title_fullStr | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination Ole Kristian Fauchald |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination Ole Kristian Fauchald |
| title_short | Environmental taxes and trade discrimination |
| title_sort | environmental taxes and trade discrimination |
| topic | GATT unbisn World Trade Organization unbisn GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd Commerce extérieur - Droit ram Droit fiscal (droit international) - Aspect de l'environnement ram ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY unbist ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION unbist Environnement - Droit international ram GATT gtt Handelsbelemmeringen gtt INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS unbist Milieubelasting gtt TAXATION unbist TRADE AGREEMENTS unbist Taxe écologique ram World Trade Organization gtt Recht Environmental impact charges Law and legislation Environmental law Foreign trade regulation Außenhandelspolitik (DE-588)4003841-5 gnd Umweltsteuer (DE-588)4239879-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | GATT World Trade Organization GATT 1994 1994 April 15 Commerce extérieur - Droit Droit fiscal (droit international) - Aspect de l'environnement ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Environnement - Droit international Handelsbelemmeringen INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS Milieubelasting TAXATION TRADE AGREEMENTS Taxe écologique Recht Environmental impact charges Law and legislation Environmental law Foreign trade regulation Außenhandelspolitik Umweltsteuer Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008270679&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fauchaldolekristian environmentaltaxesandtradediscrimination |