Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
1998
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| Schriftenreihe: | Pharmacology and toxicology
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1201 S. |
| ISBN: | 0849385539 |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Pharmacology and toxicology | |
| 650 | 2 | |a Anti-infectieux | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Antibiotica |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Farmacotherapie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Immunodeficiëntie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Infectieziekten |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 2 | |a Maladies transmissibles | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Anti-infective agents | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Communicable Diseases |x diagnosis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Communicable Diseases |x drug therapy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Communicable diseases |x Chemotherapy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunocompromised Host | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunological deficiency syndromes |x Complications |x Chemotherapy | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Section I Viral Infections
Chapter 1 Herpesviridae
1.1 Cytomegalovirus 3
1.1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.2 Clinical Manifestations of HCMV Disease 5
1.1.2.1 Chorioretinitis 5
1.1.2.2 Gastrointestinal Disease 5
1.1.2.3 Central Nervous System HCMV Infection 6
1.1.2.4 Pneumonitis 6
1.1.2.5 Adrenal Gland HCMV Infection 6
1.1.3 Immunologic Response to HCMV Disease 6
1.1.4 HCMV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts 10
1.1.5 Studies on Therapeutics 11
1.1.5.1 Ganciclovir 11
1.1.5.1.1 Toxicity of Ganciclovir 12
1.1.5.2 Foscarnet 13
1.1.5.2.1 Toxicity of Foscarnet 14
1.1.5.3 Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates 14
1.1.5.4 Creatine Kinase/Creatine Phosphate Inhibitors 15
1.1.5.5 DNA Topoisomerase Type II Inhibitors 16
1.1.6 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of HCMV Infections 16
1.1.6.1 Management of HCMV Disease in AIDS Patients 16
1.1.6.2 Management of HCMV Disease in Solid Organ
and Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients 21
1.1.6.3 Management of Neonatal HCMV Hepatitis 24
1.1.6.4 Maintenance Therapy of HCMV Disease 24
1.1.6.5 Ganciclovir vs. Foscarnet in the Treatment
of HCMV Infection 25
1.1.6.6 Ganciclovir and Foscarnet Resistant HCMV Strains 27
1.1.7 References 27
1.2 Varicella Zoster Virus (Herpes Zoster) Infections 49
1.2.1 Introduction 49
1.2.2 Studies on Therapeutics 50
1.2.2.1 Acyclovir 50
1.2.2.1.1 Acyclovir Induced Neurotoxicity 51
1.2.2.2 Desciclovir 51
1.2.2.3 Valaciclovir 52
1.2.2.4 Penciclovir 52
1.2.2.5 Famciclovir 52
1.2.2.6 Sorivudine (BV araU, SQ 32756, YN 72, Brovavir) 53
1.2.2.7 Fiacitabine 54
1.2.2.8 Compound BW 882C87 54
1.2.2.9 Brivudine (BVDU) 54
1.2.2.10 Idoxuridine 56
1.2.2.11 Vidarabine (Adenine Arabinoside) 56
1.2.2.12 Cytarabine (Cytosine Arabinoside) 57
1.2.2.13 Adenosine Monophosphate 57
1.2.2.14 Foscamet 57
1.2.2.15 Interferon a (IFN a) 57
1.2.2.16 Thymopentin 58
1.2.2.17 Immunomodulating Drugs 59
1.2.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Varicella Zoster Infections 59
1.2.3.1 Herpes Zoster in Organ Transplant Recipients 61
1.2.3.2 Herpes Zoster in HIV infected Patients 62
1.2.3.3 Congenital Herpes Zoster 63
1.2.3.4 Management of Drug Resistant Varicella Zoster Virus Infections 63
1.2.3.5 Specific Immunoglobulin Therapy 63
1.2.3.6 Varicella Zoster Virus Pneumonitis 64
1.2.3.7 Herpes Zoster Oticus (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome) 64
1.2.3.8 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus 65
1.2.3.8.1 Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome 66
1.2.3.8.2 Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis Syndrome
in AIDS Patients 66
1.2.3.9 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Secretion (SIADH) 67
1.2.3.10 Neurological Complication of Herpes Zoster 67
1.2.3.10.1 Postherpetic Neuralgia 67
1.2.3.10.2 Topical Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia 68
1.2.3.10.3 Systemic Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia 69
1.2.3.10.4 Encephalitis 71
1.2.3.10.5 Myelitis 71
1.2.3.10.6 Thrombotic Cerebral Vasculopathy 71
1.2.3.10.7 Peripheral Motor Neuropathy 72
1.2.3.10.8 Cranial Nerve Palsies 72
1.2.3.10.9 Zoster Sine Herpete 72
1.2.4 References 72
1.3 Herpes Simplex Virus 92
1.3.1 Introduction 92
1.3.2 Host Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infections 94
1.3.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections 94
1.3.3.1 Acyclovir Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus 97
1.3.4 References 98
1.4 Epstein Barr Virus 106
1.4.1 Introduction 106
1.4.2 Immune Response to Epstein Barr Virus Infection 107
1.4.2.1 Epstein Barr Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts 108
1.4.2.2 Pathogenesis of EBV Associated Diseases in AIDS Patients 109
1.4.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of EBV Infections 109
1.4.4 References 110
1.5 Human Herpesvirus 6, Human Herpesvirus 7, And Human Herpesvirus 8 114
1.5.1 Introduction 114
1.5.2 Role of Herpesvirus 5 in HIV Disease 115
1.5.3 Drug Susceptibility of Human Herpesvirus 6 115
1.5.4 Human Herpesvirus 7 116
1.5.5 Human Herpesvirus 8 116
1.5.5.1 Treatment of Kaposi s Sarcoma 117
1.5.6 References 117
Chapter 2 Papovaviridae
2.1 Human Papillomavirus 123
2.1.1 Introduction 123
2.1.2 Studies on Therapeutics 124
2.1.2.1 Interferons 124
2.1.2.2 5 Fluorouracil 125
2.1.2.3 Podophyllin Derivatives 126
2.1.2.4 Retinoic Acid Derivatives 126
2.1.2.5 Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides 126
2.1.2.6 9 (2 Phosphonylmethoxy)ethylguanidine 127
2.1.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Papillomavirus Infections 127
2.1.3.1 Administration of Interferons 130
2.1.3.2 Condyloma Acuminatum 130
2.1.3.3 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 133
2.1.3.4 Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) 134
2.1.3.5 Human Papillomavirus Associated Buschke Lowenstein
Carcinoma (Giant Condyloma Acuminatum) 134
2.1.3.6 Human Papillomavirus Associated Squamous
Cell Carcinoma 135
2.1.3.7 Role of Human Papillomavirus in Human Cancers 135
2.1.3.8 Human Papillomavirus Infections
in Immunosuppressed Patients 136
2.1.3.9 Human Papillomavirus Infections in HIV Positive
and AIDS Patients 136
2.1.3.9.1 Localization of HIV 1 in HPV Induced
Cervical Lesions 137
2.1.3.10 Human Papillomavirus Infections During Pregnancy 137
2.1.3.10.1 Laryngeal Papillomatosis 138
2.1.3.11 Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome 140
2.1.3.12 Human Papillomavirus Associated Balanoposthitis 141
2.1.4 References 141
2.2 Polyomaviruses 156
2.2.1 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (JC Virus Infection) 156
2.2.1.1 Introduction 156
2.2.1.2 Host Factors in the Development of Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy 157
2.2.1.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Progressive
Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 158
2.2.1.3.1 Nucleoside Congeners 159
2.2.1.3.2 Interferons 159
2.2.1.3.3 Treatment of Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS Patients 160
2.2.1.3.4 Heparin Sulfate 161
2.2.1.3.5 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
in Children 162
2.2.1.3.6 Leukoencephalopathy and Immunosuppressive
Therapy 162
2.2.1.4 References 163
Chapter 3 Adenoviridae
3.1 Adenoviruses 171
3.1.1 Introduction 171
3.1.2 Adenovirus Modulation of Immune Responses 172
3.1.2.1 Adenovirus Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts 173
3.1.3 Treatment of Adenovirus Infections 174
3.1.4 References 174
Chapter 4 Parvoviridae
4.1 Human Parvovirus B19 181
4.1.1 Introduction 181
4.1.2 Aplastic Crisis and Chronic Bone Marrow Suppression 183
4.1.3 Bone Marrow Necrosis 183
4.1.4 Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) 183
4.1.5 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Human
Parvovirus B19 Infections 183
4.1.6 References 184
Chapter 5 Paramyxoviridae
5.1 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 191
5.1.1 Introduction 191
5.1.2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Patients 192
5.1.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial
Virus Infections 193
5.1.4 References 195
Chapter 6 Poxviridae
6.1 Molluscum Contagiosum 199
6.1.1 Introduction 199
6.1.2 Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum 200
6.1.3 References 201
Chapter 7 Hepadnaviridae
7.1 Hepatitis 205
7.1.1 Introduction 205
7.1.2 Hepatitis A 2°5
7.1.3 Hepatitis B 2°5
7.1.3.1 Treatment of Hepatitis B Infection 207
7.1.4 Hepatitis C 207
7.1.4.1 Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection 210
7.1.5 Hepatitis D (Delta) 210
7.1.5.1 Treatment of Hepatitis Delta Infection 211
7.1.6 References 211
Section II Bacterial Infections
Chapter 8 Actinomycetes
8.1 Nocardia spp 223
8.1.1 Introduction 223
8.1.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Nocardiosis 226
8.1.2.1 In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Nocardia spp 229
8.1.2.2 Acquired Drug Resistance of Nocardia spp 230
8.1.3 Biological Response Modifiers from Nocardia spp 230
8.1.3.1 Nocardia rubra Cell Wall Skeleton 230
8.1.3.2 Nocardia opaca Cell Wall Fractions 232
8.1.3.3 Antitumor Nocardia spp. Antibiotics 233
8.1.4 References 233
8.2 Rhodococcus equi 250
8.2.1 Introduction 250
8.2.2 Immunologic Response to Rhodococcus equi Infection 251
8.2.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Rhodococcus equi Infection 252
8.2.4 References 253
8.3 Tsukamurella paurometabolum 258
8.3.1 Introduction 258
8.3.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of T. paurometabolum Infection 259
8.3.3 References 259
8.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 261
8.4.1 Introduction 261
8.4.2 Diagnostic and Differentiation Procedures
for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 262
8.4.3 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in AIDS Patients 263
8.4.4 Host Immune Defense Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 264
8.4.5 Studies on Therapeutics 268
8.4.5.1 Antimycobacterial Antibiotics 269
8.4.5.2 Fluoroquinolone Derivatives 271
8.4.5.3 Miscellaneous Compounds 272
8.4.5.4 Development of Drug Testing Methodologies 274
8.4.6 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections 275
8.4.6.1 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 277
8.4.6.2 Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis 279
8.4.6.3 Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis 281
8.4.6.4 Adoptive Immunotherapy 285
8.4.6.5 Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis in HIV infected Patients 285
8.4.7 References 285
8.5 Mycobacterium bovis 299
8.5.1 Introduction 299
8.5.2 Host Immune Response to Mycobacterium bovis Infection 300
8.5.3 Treatment of Mycobacterium bovis Infections 300
8.5.3.1 BCG Vector Based Vaccines in Immunotherapy
Against HIV Infection 301
8.5.3.2 BCG in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer and Carcinomas in Situ 301
8.5.4 References 302
8.6 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections 306
8.6.1 Introduction 306
8.6.2 In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Anti Nontuberculous
Mycobacterial Agents 308
8.6.3 Virulence Antigens of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 310
8.6.4 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections and AIDS 310
8.6.5 Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) 311
8.6.5.1 Introduction 311
8.6.5.2 Studies on Therapeutics 312
8.6.5.2.1 Fluoroquinolone Derivatives 313
8.6.5.2.2 Antimycobacterial Antibiotics 314
8.6.5.2.2.1 Rifamycin and Congeners 314
8.6.5.2.2.2 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 316
8.6.5.2.2.3 Macrolide Antibiotics 317
8.6.5.2.3 Folate Antagonists 320
8.6.5.2.4 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis 321
8.6.5.2.5 Miscellaneous Antimycobacterial Compounds 322
8.6.5.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of M. avium intracellulare Infections 323
8.6.5.3.1 Immunotherapy of MAC Infections 330
8.6.5.3.2 Prophylaxis of M. avium intracellulare Infections
in AIDS Patients 331
8.6.5.4 Host Immune Response to MAC Infections 332
8.6.6 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum 336
8.6.6.1 Introduction 336
8.6.6.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of M. scrofulaceum Infections 336
8.6.7 Mycobacterium kansasii 337
8.6.7.1 Introduction 337
8.6.7.2 Evaluation of Therapies and Treatment of M. kansasii Infections 338
8.6.8 Mycobacterium fortuitum chelonae Complex 340
8.6.8.1 Introduction 340
8.6.8.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of M. fortuitum chelonae Complex Infections 341
8.6.9 Mycobacterium xenopi 342
8.6.9.1 Introduction 342
8.6.9.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of M. xenopi Infections 343
8.6.10 Mycobacterium haemophilum 344
8.6.10.1 Introduction 344
8.6.10.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of M. haemophilum Infections 345
8.6.11 Mycobacterium szulgai 346
8.6.11.1 Introduction 346
8.6.11.2 Treatment of M. szulgai Infections 346
8.6.12 Mycobacterium malmoense 346
8.6.12.1 Introduction 346
8.6.12.2 Treatment of M. malmoense Infections 347
8.6.13 Mycobacterium genavense 348
8.6.14 Mycobacterium simiae 348
8.6.14.1 Introduction 348
8.6.14.2 Treatment of M. simiae Infections 349
8.6.15 Mycobacterium marinum 349
8.6.15.1 Introduction 349
8.6.15.2 Treatment of M. marinum Infections 350
8.6.16 Mycobacterium gordonae 351
8.6.16.1 Introduction 351
8.6.16.2 Treatment of M. gordonae Infections 352
8.6.17 Mycobacterium ulcerans 352
8.6.17.1 Introduction 352
8.6.17.2 Treatment of M. ulcerans Infections 353
8.6.18 Mycobacterium terrae triviale Complex 353
8.6.18.1 Treatment of M. terrae triviale Complex Infections 354
8.6.19 Mycobacterium asiaticum 354
8.6.19.1 Treatment of M. asiaticum Infections 354
8.6.20 Mycobacterium thermoresistibile 354
8.6.20.1 Treatment of M. thermoresistibile Infections 355
8.6.21 Mycobacterium neoaurum 355
8.6.21.1 Treatment of M. neoaurum Infections 355
8.6.22 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum 355
8.6.23 Mycobacterium flavescens 356
8.6.24 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 356
8.6.24.1 Introduction 356
8.6.24.2 Treatment of M. paratuberculosis Infections 357
8.6.25 Mycobacterium shimoidei 357
8.6.26 Mycobacterium celatum 358
8.6.27 Phylogeny of Fast Growing Mycobacteria 358
8.6.28 References 358
Chapter 9 Enterobacteriaceae
9.1 Shigella spp 395
9.1.1 Introduction 395
9.1.2 Studies on Therapeutics 396
9.1.2.1 Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole (Co trimoxazole, TMP SMX) 396
9.1.2.2 Trimethoprim Resistance in Gram Negative Bacteria 396
9.1.2.2.1 Emergence of Stable Trimethoprim Resistance Genes 396
9.1.2.2.2 Presence of Resistant Vectors 398
9.1.2.2.3 Selection Pressures 398
9.1.2.3 Fluoroquinolones 398
9.1.2.4 Cephalosporins 399
9.1.2.5 Amdinocillin Pivoxil (Mexillinam) 401
9.1.2.6 Azithromycin 402
9.1.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Shigellosis 402
9.1.3.1 Absorbable vs. Nonabsorbable Drugs
in the Treatment of Shigellosis 407
9.1.3.2 Shigellosis in HIV Positive and AIDS Patients 407
9.1.3.3 Shigella Endotoxins and Hematologic Abnormalities 408
9.1.3.4 Cutaneous Shigellosis 409
9.1.3.5 Shigella Osteomyelitis 410
9.1.3.6 Reactive Arthritis/Reiter s Syndrome and Enteric
Bacterial Infections 410
9.1.3.7 Adjuvant Therapies to Antimicrobial Agents in Shigellosis 411
9.1.4 References 411
9.2 Salmonella spp 423
9.2.1 Introduction 423
9.2.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Salmonella Infections 424
9.2.2.1 Salmonella typhimurium 424
9.2.2.2 Salmonella arizonae 425
9.2.2.3 Salmonella dublin 425
9.2.2A Salmonella choleraesius 426
9.2.2.5 Salmonella heidelberg 426
9.2.2.6 Salmonella enteritidis 427
9.2.3 References 427
9.3 Yersinia enterocolitica 430
9.3.1 Introduction 430
9.3.2 Host Immune Defense Against Yersinia enterocolitica 431
9.3.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Y. enterocolitica Infections 431
9.3.3.1 Y. enterocolitica Infections in AIDS patients 432
9.3.4 References 433
Chapter 10 Campilobacter spp.
10.1 Introduction 439
10.2 Studies on Therapeutics 439
10.2.1 Macrolide Antibiotics 439
10.2.1.1 Campylobacter spp. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics 440
10.2.1.2 Effects of Macrolide Antibiotics on the Immune System 441
10.2.2 Fluoroquinol 4 ones 441
10.2.2.1 Campylobacter Resistance to Fluoroquinolones 442
10.2.3 Mechanism of Fluoroquinolone Resistance 443
10.2.3.1 Alterations in Bacterial DNA Gyrase 443
10.2.3.2 Reduction of Quinolone Accumulation 444
10.2.3.2.1 Reduced Accumulation of Quinolones Due to Impaired
Permeability of the Outer Cell Membrane 444
10.2.3.2.2 Reduced Accumulation of Quinolones Resulting
from Increased Efflux out of the Cell 444
10.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Campylobacteriosis 444
10.3.1 Campylobacter jejuni/coli Associated Enteritis 445
10.3.2 Campylobacter fetus Associated Infections 446
10.3.3 Campylobacter Infections in HIV Positive and AIDS Patients 447
10.3.3.1 Helicobacter pylori Induced Infections in HIV Positive Patients 449
10.4 Host Immune Response to Campylobacteriosis 449
10.5 Campylobacter jejuni Bacteremia and the Guillain Barre Syndrome 450
10.6 References 451
Chapter 11 Non Cholera Vibrio spp.
11.1 Introduction 463
11.2 Treatment of Vibrio vulnificus Infections 464
11.3 References 464
Chapter 12 Listeria monocytogenes
12.1 Introduction 467
12.2 Host Immune Defense Against Listeriosis 467
12.3 Listeriosis in AIDS Patients 468
12.4 Treatment of Listeriosis 469
12.5 References 470
Chapter 13 Gastrointestinal Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
13.1 Introduction 473
13.2 Therapeutic Strategies For Enteric Infections 475
13.2.1 Prevention of Enteric Infections 476
13.3 References 476
Chapter 14 Neisseriaceae
14.1 Acinetobacter spp 481
14.1.1 Introduction 481
14.1.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Acinetobacter Infections 482
14.1.2.1 Acinetobacter Resistance to Antibiotics 483
14.1.3 References 484
14.2 Moraxella spp 490
14.2.1 Introduction 490
14.2.2 P Lactamase Production by M. nonliquefaciens 491
14.2.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Moraxella nonliquefaciens
Infection 491
14.2.3.1 M. nonliquefaciens Endophthalmitis 491
14.2.4 References 493
14.3 Neisseria spp 495
14.3.1 Introduction 495
14.3.2 Treatment of Neisseria Infections 495
14.3.3 References 496
Chapter 15 Pseudomonadaceae
15.1 Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia 499
15.1.1 Introduction 499
15.1.2 Treatment of B. cepacia Infections 500
15.1.2.1 B. cepacia Colonization and Infection of Patients
with Cystic Fibrosis 500
15.1.3 Drug Resistance of Pseudomonas spp 501
15.1.3.1 Resistance to P Lactam Antibiotics 501
15.1.3.2 Resistance to Aminoglycosides 502
15.1.3.3 Resistance to Quinolones 503
15.1.3.4 Resistance to Other Antibiotics 503
15.1.4 References 503
15.2 Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia 508
15.2.1 Introduction 508
15.2.2 Drug Development and Treatment of 5. maltophilia Infections 509
15.2.2.1 Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents 510
15.2.3 References 510
Chapter 16 Rickettsiaceae
16.1 Bartonella spp 515
16.1.1 Introduction 515
16.1.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Bartonella Infections 516
16.1.3 References 517
16.2 Ehrlichia spp 519
16.2.1 Introduction 519
16.2.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Ehrlichiosis 520
16.2.3 References 521
Chapter 17 Alcaligenaceae
17.1 Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 525
17.1.1 Introduction 525
17.1.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 525
17.2 Ochrobactrim anthropi 528
17.2.1 Introduction and Taxonomy 528
17.2.2 Treatment of Ochrobactrim anthropi Infection 529
17.3 Agrobacterium radiobacter 529
17.4 Achromobacter Group B 530
17.5 References 530
Chapter 18 Leuconostoc spp.
18.1 Treatment of Leuconostoc spp. Infections and the Problem
of Resistance to Vancomycin 538
18.2 References 538
Chapter 19 Treponema pallidum
19.1 Introduction 541
19.1.1 Host Immune Response to Treponema pallidum 542
19.1.2 Central Nervous System Involvement in Syphilis 542
19.1.2.1 Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis 542
19.1.2.2 Meningeal Neurosyphilis 542
19.1.2.3 Meningovascular Neurosyphilis 543
19.1.2.4 Parenchymal Neurosyphilis 543
19.1.2.5 Tabes Dorsales 543
19.1.2.6 General Paresis 543
19.1.2.7 Gummatous Neurosyphilis 543
19.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Syphilis 544
19.2.1 Syphilis in HIV infected Patients 546
19.2.2 Antibiotic Treatment of Neurosyphilis in Immunocompromised Hosts 547
19.2.3 Biopharmacology of Penicillin Chemotherapy of Syphilis 548
19.2.3.1 Pharmacokinetics of Penicillin 548
19.2.3.2 Allergic Reactions to Penicillin and Desensitization 549
19.2.4 The Jarsch Herxheimer Reaction 549
19.3 References 549
Chapter 20 Mycoplasma spp.
20.1 Introduction 557
20.1.1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 557
20.1.2 Mycoplasma genitalium 558
20.2 Studies on Therapeutics 559
20.2.1 Fluoroquinolones 559
20.2.1.1 In Vitro Potency and in Vivo Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones 559
20.2.1.2 Ofloxacin 560
i
20.2.1.3 Temafloxacin 560
20.2.1.4 Compound Q 35 561
20.2.1.5 Bacterial Resistance to Fluoroquinolones 561
20.2.2 Macrolide Antibiotics 561
20.2.2.1 Clarithromycin 562
20.2.2.2 Roxithromycin 562
20.2.2.3 Azithromycin 563
20.2.2.4 Flurithromycin 563
20.2.2.5 Dirithromycin 564
20.2.2.6 Terdecamycin 564
20.2.3 Role of Hormones in Genital Mycoplasmas 564
20.3 Evolution ofTherapies and Treatment of Mycoplasma Infections 565
20.3.1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections 565
20.3.2 Mycoplasma hominis Infections 568
20.3.3 Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus Strain) Infections 570
20.3.4 Mycoplasma penetrans Infections 570
20.4 Mycoplasmas as Cofactors Promoting AIDS 571
20.5 In Vitro Susceptibility of Mycoplasma spp. to Antimicrobial Agents
and Clinical Significance 571
20.6 References 572
Section III Parasitic Infections
Chapter 21 Introduction
21.1 References 592
Chapter 22 Eucoccidiida
22.1 Cryptosporidium spp 593
22.1.1 Introduction 593
22.1.2 Host Immune Response to Cryptosporidial Infections 596
22.1.3 Evolution ofTherapies and Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis 596
22.1.3.1 Macrolide Antibiotics 597
22.1.3.2 Paromomycin 599
22.1.3.3 Somatostatin and Analogs 600
22.1.3.4 Lytic Peptides 601
22.1.3.5 Other Experimental Therapeutics 602
22.1.3.6 Immunotherapy of Cryptosporidiosis 604
22.1.3.7 Alternative Therapies for Cryptosporidiosis 608
22.1.3.8 Development of in Vitro and in Vivo Assays
of Cryptosporidiosis 608
22.1.4 References 610
22.2 Isospora spp 626
22.2.1 Introduction 626
22.2.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Isosporiasis 626
22.2.3 References 627
22.3 Toxoplasma gondii 628
22.3.1 Introduction 628
22.3.1.1 Tachyzoite Bradyzoite Interconversion 631
22.3.2 Host Immune Response to Toxoplasma gondii 632
22.3.3 Studies on Therapeutics 636
22.3.3.1 Pyrimethamine Sulfonamide Combinations 636
22.3.3.2 Trimethoprim Sulfonamide Combinations 637
22.3.3.3 Miscellaneous Sulfonamides 639
2233A Macrolide Antibiotics 640
22.3.3.4.1 Spiramycin 640
22.3.3.4.2 Roxithromycin 641
22.3.3.4.3 Azithromycin 642
22.3.3.4.4 Rifamycins 643
22.3.3.4.5 Other Macrolide Antibiotics 643
22.3.3.5 Clindamycin 644
22.3.3.6 Tetracyclines 645
22.3.3.7 Miscellaneous Antibiotics 646
22.3.3.8 Atovaquone 646
22.3.3.9 Trimetrexate and Related Compounds 647
22.3.3.10 Epiroprim 648
22.3.3.11 Purine Analogs 648
22.3.3.12 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors 649
22.3.3.13 Miscellaneous Derivatives with Anli Toxoplasma Activity 649
22.3.3.14 Development of Drug Testing Methodologies 651
22.3.4 Mode of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides
and Antifolate Drugs 652
22.3.5 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Toxoplasmosis 653
22.3.5.1 Pyrimethamine Sulfonamide Combinations 654
22.3.5.1.1 Acute Renal Failure to Sulfadiazine Therapy
in AIDS Patients 656
22.3.5.1.2 Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to Pyrimethamine
Combinations in AIDS Patients 657
22.3.5.2 Trimethoprim Sulfonamide Combinations 657
22.3.5.3 Antibiotic Therapy of Toxoplasmosis 658
22.3.5.3.1 Spiramycin 658
22.3.5.3.2 Clindamycin and Clindamycin Pyrimethamine
Combinations 658
22.3.5.3.3 Clarithromycin 660
22.3.5.3.4 Azithromycin 660
22.3.5.3.5 Doxycycline 660
22.3.5.4 Atovaquone 660
22.3.5.5 Trimetrexate 661
22.3.5.6 Prophylaxis of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis 661
22.3.5.7 Management of Ocular Toxoplasmosis 662
22.3.6 The Role of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis 663
22.3.7 Drug Resistant Mutants of Toxoplasma gondii 665
22.3.8 References 666
Chapter 23 Microsporidia
23.1 Introduction 691
23.2 Ocular Microsporidiasis 693
23.3 Host Immune Response to Microsporidia 693
23.4 Studies on Therapeutics 694
23.4.1 Fumagillin 694
23.4.2 Albendazole 695
23.4.3 Benomyl 696
23.4.4 Microsporidial Targets for Chemotherapeutic Intervention 696
23.5 Evolution ofTherapy and Treatment of Microsporidiosis 696
23.6 References 698
Chapter 24 Leishmania spp.
24.1 Introduction 705
24.1.1 Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala azar) 705
24.1.2 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 706
24.1.3 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis 706
24.1.4 Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 707
24.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Leishmaniasis 707
24.2.1 Liposomal Amphotericin B 707
24.2.2 Host Immune Response to Leishmaniasis 708
24.3 References 709
Chapter 25 Strongyloses stercoralis
25.1 Introduction 715
25.2 Strongyloidiasis in HIV infected Patients 716
25.3 Cutaneous Manifestations of Strongyloidiasis 717
25.4 Corticosteroid Therapy as a Predisposing Factor for Strongyloidiasis 717
25.5 Treatment of Strongyloidiasis 717
25.6 References 718
Chapter 26 Cyclospora spp.
26.1 Introduction 725
26.1.1 Host Immune Response to Cyclospora 726
26.2 Treatment of Cyclosporiasis 726
26.3 References 727
Chapter 27 Arthropod Infestations in HIV infected Patients
27.1 Scabies (Sarcoptidosis) 731
27.2 Demodicidosis 734
27.3 References 734
Section IV Fungal Infections
Chapter 28 Introduction
28.1 General Characteristics of Fungi 739
28.2 Fungal Taxonomy 740
28.3 References 740
Chapter 29 Fungal Cell Envelope and Mode of Action of Antimycotic Agents
29.1 Fungal Cell Wall 741
29.2 Fungal Cell Membrane 742
29.3 Mechanism of Action of Polyene Antibiotics 743
29.4 Inhibition of Glucan Biosynthesis 745
29.5 Cell Wall Mannoproteins as Potential Target of Antifungal Agents 745
29.6 Chitin Biosynthesis as Target of Antifungal Agents 746
29.7 Sterol Biosynthesis as Target of Antifungal Agents 747
29.7.1 Inhibition of Fungal Squalene Epoxidase 748
29.7.2 Inhibition of Fungal Cytochrome P 450 Dependent
14a Sterol Demethylase 750
29.7.3 Inhibition of Fungal A14 Reductase and A8 A7 Isomerase 751
29.8 The Role of Iron in Fungal Metabolism 751
29.8.1 Removal of Iron from Erythrocytes 751
29.8.2 Secretion of Chelators 751
29.8.3 Citrate or Transferin Mediated Uptake 752
29.8.4 Plasma Membrane Ferric Reductases 752
29.9 Molecular Approaches to Novel Targets for Antifungal Therapy 752
29.9.1 Cryptococcal Diphenol Oxidase 752
29.9.2 MyristoylCoA:Protein AT Myristoyltransferase 753
29.9.3 Candida albicans PHR1 Gene and its Role in Cell Wall Growth 753
29.9.4 Macrophage Induced Genes of Histoplasma capsulatum 753
29.10 References 754
Chapter 30 Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti)
30.1 References 764
Chapter 31 Cryptococcus neoformans
31.1 Introduction 765
31.2 Studies on Therapeutics 766
31.2.1 Amphotericin B 766
31.2.1.1 Lipid Based Formulations of Amphotericin B 767
31.2.1.2 Combinations of Amphotericin B with Other Drugs 768
31.2.1.3 Amphotericin B Esters 768
31.2.2 5 Fluorocytosine 769
31.2.3 Azole Derivatives 769
31.2.3.1 Miconazole 769
31.2.3.2 Ketoconazole 769
31.2.3.3 Fluconazole 770
31.2.3.4 Itraconazole 771
31.2.3.5 Other Azole Antifungal Agents 772
31.2.4 Antibiotics Other than Amphotericin B 772
31.2.4.1 Hamycin 773
31.2.4.2 Pradimicins 773
31.2.4.3 Benanomicins and Nikkomycins 773
31.2.5 Miscellaneous Antifungal Agents 774
31.2.5.1 Compound SCH 39304 774
31.3 Host Immune Response to Cryptococcal Infection 775
31.3.1 Interleukin 12 775
31.3.2 The Role of Antibodies in Protection Against C. neoformans Infection 776
31.4 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Cryptococcosis 777
31.4.1 Amphotericin B 777
31.4.1.1 Toxicity of Amphotericin B 780
31.4.2 Combinations of Amphotericin B With 5 Fluorocytosine
and Other Drugs 780
31.4.2.1 Toxicity of Amphotericin B 5 Fluorocytosine Combinations 782
I
31.4.3 5 Fluorocytosine 783
31.4.3.1 Mechanism of Action of 5 Fluorocytosine
and Drug Resistance 784
31.4.4 Azole Derivatives 784
31.4.4.1 Miconazole 784
31.4.4.2 Ketoconazole 785
31.4.4.3 Fluconazole 786
31.4.4.4 Itraconazole 789
31.5 Cryptococcus neoformans van gattii 790
31.6 Cryptococcus albidus 790
31.7 Cryptococcus laurentii 790
31.8 References 791
Chapter 32 Candida spp.
32.1 Introduction 811
32.2 Human Candidiasis 811
32.2.1 Cutaneous Candidiasis 812
32.2.2 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis 812
32.2.3 Oral and Esophageal Candidiasis 812
32.2.4 Lower Gastrointestinal Candidiasis 813
32.2.5 Chronic Candidiasis Syndrome 813
32.2.6 Disseminated Candidiasis 813
32.2.7 Endogenous Candidal Endophthalmitis 814
32.2.8 Candidal Infection of the Central Nervous System 815
32.2.9 Candidal Endocarditis 815
32.2.10 Genital Candidiasis 815
32.2.11 Urinary and Peritoneal Candidiasis 815
32.2.12 Rheumatologic Involvement of Candida spp 816
32.2.13 Neonatal Candidiasis 816
32.3 Candidal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts 817
32.4 Pathogenicity of Candida spp 817
32.5 Host Immune Defense Against Candida albicans 818
32.5.1 Reconstitution of Defective Cell Mediated Immunity 820
32.6 Studies on Therapeutics 820
32.6.1 Amphotericin B 820
32.6.2 Fluconazole 821
32.6.3 Clotrimazole 822
32.6.4 Compound D0870 822
32.6.5 Compound SCH 39304 822
32.6.6 Sertaconazole 823
32.6.7 Lanoconazole 823
32.6.8 Allylamine Derivatives 823
32.6.9 [a ( l// Imidazol l yl)arylmethyl] pyrroles 823
32.6.10 Anticandidal Lipopeptides 823
32.6.11 Nikkomycins 824
32.6.12 Drug Resistance of Candida spp 824
32.7 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Candidiasis 825
32.7.1 Cutaneous Candidiasis 825
32.7.2 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis 826
32.7.3 Oral and Esophageal Candidiasis 826
32.7.4 Systemic Candidiasis 828
32.7.4.1 Endogenous (Hematogenous) Candidal
Endophthalmitis (HCE) 829
32.7.4.2 Candidal Meningitis 830
32.7.4.3 Candidal Endocarditis 830
32.7.4.4 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis 831
32.7.4.5 Urinary and Peritoneal Candidiasis 832
32.7.4.6 Candidal Arthritis and Osteomyelitis 833
32.1 A.I Neonatal Candidiasis 833
32.8 Candidal Onychomycosis 834
32.8.1 Candidal Paronychia 834
32.8.2 Candidal Onychomycosis 835
32.8.3 Treatment of Candidal Onychomycosis and Paronychia 835
32.9 Emerging Candida spp. Infections 836
32.9.1 Candida zeylanoides 836
32.9.2 Candida famata 837
32.9.3 Candida kefir 837
32.9.4 Candida glabrata 838
32.9.5 Candida lusitaniae 838
32.9.6 Candida krusei 839
32.9.7 Candida rugosa 841
32.9.8 Candida guilliermondii 841
32.9.9 Candida norvegensis 841
32.9.10 Candida lipolytica 842
32.9.11 Candida viswanathii 842
32.9.12 Candida haemulonii 842
32.9.13 Pichia jadinii (Candida utilis) 843
32.10 References 843
Chapter 33 Malassezia (Pytirosporum) spp.
33.1 Introduction 875
33.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Malassezia Infections 875
33.2.1 Fungemia and Systemic Disease 876
33.2.2 Folliculitis 877
33.2.3 Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor 878
33.2.4 Seborrheic Dermatitis 879
33.3 References 881
Chapter 34 Trichosporon beigelii
34.1 Introduction 889
34.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Trichosporonosis 889
34.3 Blastoschizomyces capitatus S92
34.4 References 892
Chapter 35 Rhodotorula spp.
OQ7
35.1 Introduction ; 5y/
35 2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Rhodotorula Infections 897
35.2.1 Antibiotic YM 47522 898
35.3 References 898
i
Chapter 36 Other Yeast Like Fungi
36.1 Hansenula spp 901
36.1.1 Introduction 901
36.1.1.1 Yeast Produced Killer Toxins and Pathogenicity 901
36.1.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Hansenula spp. Infections 902
36.1.3 References 903
Chapter 37 Fungi of the Order Moniliales
37.1 Dematiaceae: Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis 907
37.1.1 Introduction 907
37.1.1.1 Bipolaris spp., Exserohilum spp., and Drechslera spp 908
37.1.1.2 Wangiella dermatitidis and Exophiala spp 909
37.1.1.3 Alternaria spp 909
37.1.1.4 Curvularia spp 910
37.1.1.5 Phialophora spp 910
37.1.1.6 Xylohypha Bantiana 910
37.1.1.7 Ochroconis {Dactylaria) spp 911
37.1.1.8 Hormonema dematioides and Aureobasidium pullulans 911
37.1.1.9 Cladosporium spp 912
37.1.1.10 Melanin Biosynthesis and Virulence of Phaeoid
Pathogenic Fungi 912
37.1.2 Phaeohyphomycosis 913
37.1.2.1 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of Phaeohyphomycosis 913
37.1.2.1.1 Bipolaris and Exserohilum Associated Infections 913
37.1.2.1.2 Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Wangiella dermatitidis
and Exophiala spp 915
37.1.2.1.3 AIternaria Associated Phaeohyphomycosis 917
37.1.2.1.4 Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Curvularia spp 919
37.1.2.1.5 Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Xylohypha bantiana
(Cladosporium bantianum) 921
37.1.2.1.6 Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Ochroconis gallopava 922
37.1.2.1.7 Phaeohyphomycosis Associated
with Phialophora spp 923
37.1.2.1.8 Phaeohyphomycosis Caused
by Hormonema dermatioides 924
37.1.2.1.9 Phaeohyphomycosis Caused
by Aureobasidium spp 924
37.1.2.1.10 Phaeohyphomycosis Caused
by Cladosporium spp 925
37.1.2.2 Fungal Peritonitis in Continuing Ambulatory Peritoneal
Dialysis (CAPD) 925
37.1.2.3 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis 926
37.1.2.4 Fungal (Mold) Allergy and Immunotherapy 927
37.1.3 Chromoblastomycosis 927
37.1.3.1 Fonsecaea compacta Carrion 928
37.1.3.2 Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni 928
37.1.3.3 Rhinocladiella aquaspersa (Borelli) Schell, McGinnis et Borelli 928
37.1.3.4 Phialophora verrucosa Medlar 929
37.1.3.5 Cladosporium carrionii Trejos 929
37.1.3.6 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment
of Chromoblastomycosis 929
37.1.4 References 930
37.2 Geotrichum candidum 950
37.2.1 Introduction 950
37.2.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Geotrichosis 951
37.2.3 References 951
37.3 Histoplasma spp 953
37.3.1 Introduction 953
37.3.2 Studies on Therapeutics 953
37.3.2.1 Amphotericin B 953
37.3.2.2 Azole Derivatives 954
37.3.2.2.1 Ketoconazole 954
37.3.2.2.2 Fluconazole 954
37.3.2.2.3 Itraconazole 955
37.3.2.2.4 Other Triazole Antimycotics 955
37.3.2.3 Nikkomycins X and Z 956
37.3.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Histoplasmosis 956
37.3.3.1 Histoplasmosis in AIDS Patients 958
37.3.3.2 Histoplasmosis in Transplant Recipients 960
37.3.3.3 Skin Manifestations of Histoplasmosis 960
37.3.3.4 Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis 961
37.3.3.5 Orofacial Manifestations of Histoplasmosis 961
37.3.3.6 Ocular Histoplasmosis 962
37.3.3.7 Rheumatic Manifestations of Histoplasmosis 962
37.3.3.8 Mediastinal Histoplasmosis 963
37.3.3.9 Pulmonary Histoplasmosis and Pleural Effusions 964
37.3.3.10 Central Nervous System Involvement 964
37.3.3.11 Childhood Histoplasmosis 964
37.3.4 Host Immune Defense Against Histoplasmosis 965
37.3.5 References 966
37.4 African Histoplasmosis 980
37.4.1 Introduction 980
37.4.2 Management of African Histoplasmosis and Evolution of Therapies 980
37.4.3 References 981
37.5 Blastomyces dermatitidis 982
37.5.1 Introduction 982
37.5.1.1 African Blastomycosis 985
37.5.2 Role of Host Immune Response Against Blastomyces dermatitidis 985
37.5.2.1 Role of Cell Surface Antigens of B. dermatitidis
in Host Pathogen Interactions 987
37.5.3 Studies on Therapeutics 987
37.5.3.1 Azole Derivatives 987
37.5.3.2 Fungal Chitin Synthase Inhibitors 990
37.5.4 Evaluation of Therapies and Treatment of Blastomycosis 991
37.5.4.1 Amphotericin B 991
37.5.4.2 Azole Derivatives 993
37.5.4.2.1 Ketoconazole 993
37.5.4.2.2 Itraconazole 994
i
37.5.4.2.3 Fluconazole 995
37.5.4.2.4 Miconazole 996
37.5.4.3 Treatment of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 996
Secondary to Blastomycosis 996
37.5.5 References 996
37.6 Aspergillus spp 1009
37.6.1 Introduction 1009
37.6.2 Host Immune Response to Aspergillosis 1013
37.6.3 Studies on Therapeutics 1014
37.6.3.1 Amphotericin B 1014
37.6.3.1.1 Liposome Encapsulated Amphotericin B 1014
37.6.3.1.2 Lipid Based Amphotericin B Complexes 1015
37.6.3.1.3 Combinations of Amphotericin B with Other
Antifungal Drugs 1015
37.6.3.2 Amphotericin B Esters 1016
37.6.3.3 Miscellaneous Antibiotics 1016
37.6.3.3.1 Polyene Antibiotics 1016
37.6.3.3.2 Benzo[a]naphthacenequinone Antibiotics 1016
37.6.3.3.3 Nikkomycins and Cilofungin 1017
37.6.3.3.4 Pneumocandins 1018
37.6.3.4 Azole Derivatives 1018
37.6.3.4.1 Clotrimazole 1018
37.6.3.4.2 Miconazole 1019
37.6.3.4.3 Ketoconazole 1020
37.6.3.4.4 Fluconazole 1020
37.6.3.4.5 Itraconazole 1020
37.6.3.4.6 Other Azole Derivatives 1021
37.6.3.5 Miscellaneous Antifungal Compounds 1023
37.6.3.5.1 Granulocyte Colony Stimulating and Granulocyte
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factors 1023
37.6.4 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Aspergillosis 1024
37.6.4.1 Amphotericin B 1024
37.6.4.1.1 Liposome Encapsulated and Lipid Based
Formulations of Amphotericin B 1026
37.6.4.1.2 Routes of Administration 1028
37.6.4.1.3 Combinations of Amphotericin B
with Other Drugs 1028
37.6.4.2 Azole Derivatives 1030
37.6.4.2.1 Clotrimazole 1030
37.6.4.2.2 Miconazole 1031
37.6.4.2.3 Ketoconazole 1031
37.6.4.2.4 Fluconazole 1032
37.6.4.2.5 Itraconazole 1032
37.6.4.3 Terbinafine 1034
37.6.4.4 Sodium (Potassium) Iodide Therapy of Aspergilloma 1035
37.6.4.5 Therapy of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) 1035
37.6.4.6 Therapy of Aspergillus lnduced Otomycosis 1036
37.6.4.7 Therapy of Aspergillus lnduced Onychomycosis 1037
37.6.5 Aspergillus chevalieri 1037
37.6.6 References 1037
37.7 Coccidioides immitis 1057
37.7.1 Introduction 1057
37.7.2 Studies on Therapeutics 1058
37.7.2.1 Amphotericin B 1058
37.7.2.1.1 Liposome Encapsulated and Lipid Complexes
of Amphotericin B 1058
37.7.2.2 Azole Derivatives 1059
37.7.2.2.1 Ketoconazole 1059
37.7.2.2.2 Fluconazole 1059
37.7.2.2.3 Itraconazole 1060
37.7.2.2.4 Other Triazole Antimycotics 1060
37.7.2.3 Novel Antifungal Antibiotics 1061
37.7.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis 1062
37.7.3.1 Coccidioidomycosis in Immunocompromised Hosts
and AIDS Patients 1063
37.7.3.2 Cutaneous Manifestations 1065
37.7.3.3 Coccidioidomycosis in Pregnancy and Early Infancy 1065
37.7.3.4 Coccidioidomycosis in Transplant Recipients 1066
37.7.3.4.1 Cardiac Transplant Recipients 1066
37.7.3.4.2 Renal Transplant Recipients 1066
37.7.3.4.3 Liver Transplant Recipients 1067
37.7.3.4.4 Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients 1067
37.7.3.5 Ocular Coccidioidomycosis 1067
37.7.3.6 Acute Respiratory Failure 1068
37.7.3.7 Coccidioidal Peritonitis and Gastrointestinal Dissemination 1068
37.7.3.8 Coccidioidal Infections of Bones and Joints 1069
37.7.3.9 Genitourinary Coccidiodomycosis 1069
37.7.3.9.1 Coccidioidomycosis of the Prostate 1069
37.7.3.9.2 Infection of Intrascrotal Contents
with or without Prostatic Involvement 1069
37.7.3.9.3 Bladder Involvement 1070
37.7.3.9.4 Other Coccidioidal Genitourinary Involvement 1070
37.7.3.10 Coccidioidal Infection of Arterial Prosthesis 1070
37.7.4 Host Immune Response Against Coccidioidomycosis 1070
37.7.5 References 1071
37.8 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 1083
37.8.1 Introduction 1083
37.8.2 Host Immune Response to Paracoccidioidomycosis 1084
37.8.3 Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Immunocompromised Host 1086
37.8.4 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Paracoccidioidomycosis 1087
37.8.4.1 Adrenocortical Dysfunction in Paracoccidioidomycosis
and Azole Therapy 1089
37.8.4.2 Structural Alterations by Antifungal Drugs
on P. brasiliensis 1090
37.8.5 References 1090
37.9 Hyalohyphomycosis 1098
37.9.1 Introduction 1098
37.9.1.1 Scedosporium spp 1099
37.9.1.2 Fusarium spp 1099
37.9.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Hyalohyphomycosis 1100
(
37.9.2.1 Pseudallescheriasis and Scedosporium
apiospermum Infections 1100
37.9.2.2 Scedosporium prolificans (S. inflatum) Infections 1104
37.9.2.3 Fusarium spp. Infections 1105
37.9.2.4 Non Candida Mycoses after Solid Organ and Bone Marrow
Transplantation 1109
37.9.2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Cyclosporin A
with Azole Antimycotics 1111
37.9.3 References 1112
37.10 Penicillium marneffei 1127
37.10.1 Introduction 1127
37.10.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Penicilliosis marneffei 1129
37.10.3 References 1130
37.11 Paecilomyces spp 1133
37.11.1 Introduction 1133
37.11.2 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Paecilomyces Infections 1134
37.11.3 References 1135
Chapter 38 Zygomycete
38.1 Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis, Phycomycosis) 1139
38.1.1 Introduction 1139
38.1.1.1 Ketoacidosis and Pathogenicity of Zygomycosis 1139
38.1.2 Zygomycetous Infections 1140
38.1.2.1 Rhinocerebral Zygomycosis 1140
38.1.2.2 Pulmonary Zygomycosis 1140
38.1.2.3 Gastrointestinal Zygomycosis 1140
38.1.2.4 Cutaneous Zygomycosis 1141
38.1.2.5 Disseminated Zygomycosis 1141
38.1.2.6 Miscellaneous Zygomycetous Infections 1141
38.1.3 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Zygomycosis 1141
38.1.4 References 1143
Chapter 39 Pneumocystis carinii
39.1 Introduction 1149
39.2 Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia 1150
39.2.1 Subclinical P. carinii Infection 1150
39.2.2 Atypical Pulmonary Disease 1151
39.2.3 Extrapulmonary P. carinii Infection 1151
39.2.4 P. carinii Pneumonia Secondary to Methotrexate Treated
Rheumatoid Arthritis 1151
39.3 Studies on Therapeutics 1152
39.3.1 Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxzole (Co trimoxazole, TMP SMX) 1152
39.3.1.1 Toxicity of Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole 1153
39.3.2 Pentamidine 1154
39.3.2.1 Toxicity of Pentamidine 1155
39.3.3 Pentamidine Analogs 1156
39.3.4 Atovaquone 1156
39.3.5 Compound PS 15 1157
39.3.6 Sulfonamides 1157
39.3.7 Trimetrexate 1157
39.3.8 Bilobalide 1158
39.3.9 8 Aminoquinoline Derivatives 1158
39.3.10 Synergistic Anti P carinii Activity 1158
39.4 Evolution of Therapies and Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia 1159
39.4.1 Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy for P. carinii Pneumonia 1162
39.4.2 Prophylaxis for P. carinii Pneumonia 1164
39.5 References 1166
Index 1189
i
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| author | Georgiev, Vassil St |
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| author_variant | v s g vs vsg |
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| callnumber-first | R - Medicine |
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| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.9 |
| dewey-search | 616.9 |
| dewey-sort | 3616.9 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV012040647 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:20:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849385539 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008148238 |
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| physical | 1201 S. |
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| series2 | Pharmacology and toxicology |
| spelling | Georgiev, Vassil St. Verfasser (DE-588)121687732 aut Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts Vassil St. Georgiev Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 1998 1201 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pharmacology and toxicology Anti-infectieux Antibiotica gtt Farmacotherapie gtt Immunodeficiëntie gtt Infectieziekten gtt Maladies transmissibles Anti-infective agents Communicable Diseases diagnosis Communicable Diseases drug therapy Communicable diseases Chemotherapy Immunocompromised Host Immunological deficiency syndromes Complications Chemotherapy Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd rswk-swf Immunsuppression (DE-588)4026641-2 gnd rswk-swf Immundefekt (DE-588)4026622-9 gnd rswk-swf Immunsuppression (DE-588)4026641-2 s Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 s DE-604 Immundefekt (DE-588)4026622-9 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008148238&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Georgiev, Vassil St Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts Anti-infectieux Antibiotica gtt Farmacotherapie gtt Immunodeficiëntie gtt Infectieziekten gtt Maladies transmissibles Anti-infective agents Communicable Diseases diagnosis Communicable Diseases drug therapy Communicable diseases Chemotherapy Immunocompromised Host Immunological deficiency syndromes Complications Chemotherapy Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd Immunsuppression (DE-588)4026641-2 gnd Immundefekt (DE-588)4026622-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026879-2 (DE-588)4026641-2 (DE-588)4026622-9 |
| title | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts |
| title_auth | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts |
| title_exact_search | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts |
| title_full | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts Vassil St. Georgiev |
| title_fullStr | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts Vassil St. Georgiev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts Vassil St. Georgiev |
| title_short | Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts |
| title_sort | infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts |
| topic | Anti-infectieux Antibiotica gtt Farmacotherapie gtt Immunodeficiëntie gtt Infectieziekten gtt Maladies transmissibles Anti-infective agents Communicable Diseases diagnosis Communicable Diseases drug therapy Communicable diseases Chemotherapy Immunocompromised Host Immunological deficiency syndromes Complications Chemotherapy Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd Immunsuppression (DE-588)4026641-2 gnd Immundefekt (DE-588)4026622-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anti-infectieux Antibiotica Farmacotherapie Immunodeficiëntie Infectieziekten Maladies transmissibles Anti-infective agents Communicable Diseases diagnosis Communicable Diseases drug therapy Communicable diseases Chemotherapy Immunocompromised Host Immunological deficiency syndromes Complications Chemotherapy Infektionskrankheit Immunsuppression Immundefekt |
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