Fire's effects on ecosystems:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley
1998
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 333 Seiten Illustrationen, graphischeDarstellungen |
| ISBN: | 0471163562 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | FIRE S EFFECTS
ON ECOSYSTEMS
Leonard F DeBano
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Daniel G Neary
USD A Forest Service
Flagstaff, Arizona
Peter F Ffolliott
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc
New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
Contents
PREFACE x v
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
SELECTED FIRE REGIMES 1
United States 2
Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwest 2
Douglas-Fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest 3
Lodgepole Pine Forests in the Rocky Mountains 4
Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Forests in the Southeast 4
Chaparral Shrubs in Southern California 5
Tallgrass Prairies of the Great Plains 6
Worldwide 6
Bog Birch Shrubs in the Canadian Rocky Mountains 7
Pine Forests in the Sierra Madre of Mexico 7
The Low Woodlands of Western Australia 8
Matorral in the Coastal Lowlands of Southwestern Spain 8
Fynbos Vegetation in South Africa 9
West African Savannas 10
DEFINITIONS 1 0
REFERENCES 1 3
vi Contents
Part 1 FIRE DYNAMICS
Chapter 2 COMBUSTION PROCESSES AND HEAT TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION
COMBUSTION
Components of Fire Ignition
Combustion Process
Preignition
Flaming
Smoldering
Glowing
Extinction
Combustion Efficiency
HEAT TRANSFER
Processes
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Mass Transport
Vaporization and Condensation
Heat Transfer Pathways
Heat Transfer Downward to Duff or Mineral Soil
Heating in Duff and Organic Soils
Heat Transfer Through Mineral Soil
Modeling Research
First-Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM)
Heat Transfer in Soil
Barriers and Opportunities
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 FUELS AND FIRE BEHAVIOR
INTRODUCTION
FUELS
Description
Properties
Components
Complexes
Classification
Management
FIRE BEHAVIOR
Types of Fire Behavior
Fire Intensity
Contents vii
Rate of Spread 58
Fire Behavior Patterns 59
Forest Ecosystems 59
Shrubland Ecosystems 59
Grassland Ecosystems 60
FIRE SEVERITY 6 1
Relationship of Fire Severity to Fire Intensity 61
Classification 62
A Conceptual Model 64
PRESCRIBED NATURAL FIRE 66
National Park Service Fire Policies 66
Risks 67
SUMMARY 6 7
REFERENCES 69
Part II SOIL RESPONSES 71
Chapter 4 SOIL RESOURCE 73
INTRODUCTION 73
NATURE OF THE SOIL RESOURCE 75
SOIL PROFILE 75
SOIL PROPERTIES 77
CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES DURING HEATING 79
ASSESSING FIRE EFFECTS 79
SUMMARY 81
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 5 PHYSICAL SOIL SYSTEM 84
INTRODUCTION 84
SOIL TEMPERATURES 84
Forest Ecosystems 86
Shrubland Ecosystems 88
Grassland Ecosystems 89
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 91
Soil Structure 91
Porosity 92
Water Retention 92
Water Repellency 93
Water Repellency and Fire 94
Water Repellency and Aggregate Stability 96
Effect on Infiltration and Runoff 97
SUMMARY 99
REFERENCES 99
viii Contents
Chapter 6 CHEMICAL SOIL SYSTEM 103
INTRODUCTION 103
ORGANIC MATTER 103
Ecological Significance 105
Nutrient- Holding Capacity 106
Responses to Fire 107
NUTRIENT CYCLING AND LOSSES 108
Importance of Nutrient Cycling 108
Nutrient Loss Mechanisms 108
Nitrogen Cycling and Losses 109
Nitrogen Response to Burning 109
Nitrogen Loss by Volatilization 111
Nitrogen Losses and Ecosystem Productivity 112
Nitrogen Replacement 114
Phosphorus and Sulfur Cycling and Losses 114
Estimating Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses 115
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY 118
Nitrogen 118
Phosphorus 120
CATIONS 120
OTHER CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 121
ASH BED EFFECT 121
SUMMARY 123
REFERENCES 123
Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL SOIL SYSTEM 128
INTRODUCTION 128
ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 128
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FIRE 131
Direct Effects 131
Indirect Effects 132
NUTRIENT CYCLING PROCESSES 132
Decomposition of Organic Matter 132
Nitrogen Cycling 133
Mineralization 133
Denitrification 135
Nitrogen Fixation 135
Coarse Woody Debris 137
Nutrient Storage 138
Role of Fire 140
BACTERIA AND FUNGI 140
CRYPTOGAMIC CRUSTS 141
Composition and Functions 141
Fire Effects 142
Contents ix
MYCORRHIZAE AND PLANT ROOTS 143
Mycorrhizae 143
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi 144
Endomycorrhizal Fungi 145
Plant Roots 145
INVERTEBRATES 146
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 148
SMALL MAMMALS 148
Mortality 149
Habitat Modification 149
SUMMARY 150
REFERENCES 151
Part III RESPONSES OF OTHER RESOURCES 157
Chapter 8 WATER 159
INTRODUCTION 159
WATERSHED CONDITION 159
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 160
Interception 162
Hydrologic Significance 162
Effect of Fire 163
Evapotranspiration 163
Hydrologic Significance 164
Effect of Fire 164
Infiltration 165
Hydrologic Significance 165
Effect of Fire 167
Soil Water Storage 168
Hydrologic Significance 168
Effect of Fire 169
Snow Accumulation and Melt Patterns 170
Hydrologic Significance 170
Effect of Fire 171
Runoff 171
Hydrologic Significance 172
Effect of Fire 172
STREAMFLOW REGIME 172
Srreamflow Discharge 173
Effect of Wildfire 174
Effect of Prescribed Burning 176
Peak Flow 178
Timing of Flow 178
Baseflow 179
x Contents
SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 179
Soil Erosion 179
Surface Erosion 180
Soil Mass Movement 181
Sedimentation 182
WATER QUALITY 183
Physical Characteristics 183
Dissolved Chemical Constituents 184
Bicarbonate Response 185
Nitrogen Response 185
Phosphorus Response 185
Cation Response 186
Sediment Losses of Nutrients 187
Biological Quality 188
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF FIRE ON WATER RESOURCES 188
Cumulative Effects of Fire 188
Triggering Mechanisms 189
SUMMARY 190
REFERENCES 190
Chapter 9 VEGETATION 196
INTRODUCTION 196
PLANTS 196
Heat Tolerance 197
Fire Resistance 197
Status of Food Reserve 197
Fire Adaptive Traits of Woody Plants 197
Fire Adaptive Traits of Herbaceous Plants 198
Natural Fire Regimes 199
Fire Frequency 200
Fire-Free Intervals 200
Effects of Management Practices 202
SUCCESSION 2 0 2
Community Replacement 203
Individual Plant Species 204
Fire Frequency 208
VEGETATIVE RESOURCES 2 0 9
Timber 209
Mortality 209
Postfire Growth 211
Regeneration 212
Forage 214
Production 214
Species Composition 215
Contents xi
Quality 216
Wildlife Habitats 217
Food 217
Cover 218
Structural Diversity 218
Composite Impacts 219
SUMMARY 220
REFERENCES 2 2 1
Chapter 10 WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS 229
INTRODUCTION 229
WETLANDS 229
Ecological Significance 230
Responses to Fire 231
Organic Soils 234
RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS 235
Ecological Significance 236
Riparian-Watershed Linkages 236
Responses to Fire 238
COARSE WOODY DEBRIS 239
BUFFER STRIPS 2 4 1
INSTREAM FLOW 242
SUMMARY 242
REFERENCES 243
Chapter 11 AIR 246
INTRODUCTION 246
SMOKE 246
Primary Chemical Products 247
Carbon Dioxide 248
Water Vapor 248
Carbon Monoxide 249
Particulate Matter 249
Hydrocarbons 249
Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides 250
Free Radicals 251
Inorganic Fractions 251
Secondary Emissions 252
Ozone 252
Pesticides 253
SMOKE MANAGEMENT 253
Visibility 255
Visibility Risk Indices 255
Smoke Management Strategies 256
xii Contents
Emission Reduction 256
Avoidance and Dilution 257
Alternative Management Techniques 258
Education 259
Smoke Management Guidelines 259
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 260
GLOBAL CLIMATE IMPACTS 2 6 1
SUMMARY 262
REFERENCES 263
Chapter 12 CULTURAL RESOURCES 266
INTRODUCTION 2 6 6
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 266
REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION 2 6 7
CATEGORIES OF CULTURAL RESOURCES 268
ARTIFACT DAMAGE BY FIRE 2 6 9
Ceramics 270
Grinding Stones 271
Lithic Artifacts and Glass 271
Architectural Materials 272
Rock Art Panels 272
Wood and Other Organics 273
Heat Effects on Dating Techniques 274
Archaeological Implications 275
Direct Effects 276
Indirect Effects 277
SCENIC BEAUTY 2 7 7
CULTURAL RESOURCES PROTECTION 2 7 9
Prefire Inventory and Planning of Fire Suppression 279
Minimizing the Impacts of Wildfire 280
Planning Prescribed Burns 281
Other Considerations 281
SUMMARY 2 8 2
REFERENCES 2 8 2
Part IV MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 285
Chapter 13 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 2 8 7
INTRODUCTION 2 8 7
ASSESSMENT OF POSTFIRE CHANGES 2 8 7
Damages and Benefits 289
Time-Trend Response Functions 290
ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND FIRE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS 2 9 3
Present Net Worth Criterion 293
Contents xiii
Fire Management Inputs and Fire Outcomes
Value Weights
A Valuation Procedure
Valuation Analysis
Use of Valuation Data
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
apter 14 FIRE IN ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF FIRE
Reducing Fuel Loads
Disposing of Slash
Preparation of Seedbeds
Thinning Overstocked Stands
Increasing Forage Plant Production
Improving Wildlife Habitats
Changing Hydrologic Processes
Improving Aesthetic Environments
CONCERNS AND CONSTRAINTS
Environmental Factors
Cultural Impacts
Economic Considerations
Public Support
ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
FIRE EFFECTS INFORMATION SYSTEM
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
INDEX 319
|
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| spelling | DeBano, Leonard F. (DE-588)1209507250 aut Fire's effects on ecosystems Leonard F. DeBano ; Daniel G. Neary ; Peter F. Ffolliott New York [u.a.] Wiley 1998 XVII, 333 Seiten Illustrationen, graphischeDarstellungen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Neary, Daniel G. (DE-588)1209507072 aut Ffolliott, Peter F. 1956- (DE-588)139156844 aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008134702&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | DeBano, Leonard F. Neary, Daniel G. Ffolliott, Peter F. 1956- Fire's effects on ecosystems Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4016969-8 (DE-588)4043207-5 |
| title | Fire's effects on ecosystems |
| title_auth | Fire's effects on ecosystems |
| title_exact_search | Fire's effects on ecosystems |
| title_full | Fire's effects on ecosystems Leonard F. DeBano ; Daniel G. Neary ; Peter F. Ffolliott |
| title_fullStr | Fire's effects on ecosystems Leonard F. DeBano ; Daniel G. Neary ; Peter F. Ffolliott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fire's effects on ecosystems Leonard F. DeBano ; Daniel G. Neary ; Peter F. Ffolliott |
| title_short | Fire's effects on ecosystems |
| title_sort | fire s effects on ecosystems |
| topic | Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökosystem Feuer Ökologie |
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