Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Philadelphia [u.a.]
Saunders
1998
|
| Series: | [The veterinary clinics of North America / Small animal practice]
28,3 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII S., S. 473 - 723 Ill. |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Dog Diseases |2 cabt | |
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| adam_text | ADVANCES IN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Michael Schaer
The Distribution of Body Water and General Approach to
the Patient 473
Deborah S. Greco
The mammalian body is composed primarily of water and solute,
which is compartmentalized into the total body water, the extra¬
cellular fluid, and the intracellular fluid spaces. In clinical medi¬
cine, loss or retention of fluid in these compartments occurs in
virtually every disease process. The purpose of this article is to
discuss the distribution of body water in the dog and cat and to
provide a clinical approach to disorders of fluid management.
The Various Types of Parenteral Fluids and Their
Indications 483
Karol A. Mathews
Administration of intravenous fluids is performed on a daily
basis in veterinary practice. This chapter describes the composi¬
tion and indications for use of the various types of crystalloids
and synthetic colloids currently available; blood replacement flu¬
ids, which possibly will soon be available; and plasma and paren¬
teral fluids designed for nutritional support. Fluid therapy should
be considered in terms of a prescription in a similar manner as
any other drug would be. Fluid therapy is an important and,
frequently, life saving treatment of many and varied problems.
The prescription approach to parenteral fluid therapy will opti¬
mize patient response to this extremely important and in some
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA:
SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE
VOLUME 28 • NUMBER 3 • MAY 1998 V
instances, the key aspect of patient management, as well as make
the practice of fluid therapy intellectually stimulating.
Hyponatremia 515
Stephen P. DiBartola
The serum sodium concentration reflects the osmolality of the
extracellular fluid and provides no direct information about total
body sodium content. The first step in the approach to the patient
with hyponatremia is measurement of plasma osmolality. Patients
with hyponatremia and decreased plasma osmolality are classi¬
fied clinically as hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or normovolemic.
The management of hyponatremia includes diagnosis and treat¬
ment of the underlying disease and, if necessary, therapy to
increase serum sodium concentration and plasma osmolality.
Hypernatremia and Hypertonic Syndromes 533
Steven L. Marks and Joseph Taboada
Hypernatremia is a potentially life threatening electrolyte distur¬
bance of dogs and cats. It occurs secondary to water loss or
sodium gain. Clinical signs are related to the central nervous
system and must be recognized. Fluid therapy is critical in these
patients but must be used cautiously.
Clinical Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis:
Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia 545
Stephanie L. Phillips and David J. Polzin
Potassium is the most abundant solute and cation found inside
mammalian cells. Intracellular potassium accounts for 95% to
98% of total body potassium, and the intracellular location of
potassium is important for normal cell growth and cell volume.
Potassium is an important factor for many enzyme systems, in¬
cluding those responsible for DNA, protein, and glycogen synthe¬
sis. Potassium also plays a critical role in neuromuscular transmis¬
sion. As a consequence, many of the clinical signs related to
potassium imbalances manifest as cardiac or skeletal muscle dys¬
function. Largely because of its role in neuromuscular transmis¬
sion, extracellular potassium concentrations are closely regulated
within a relatively narrow range (approximately 3.5 5.5 mEq/L).
Hypercalcemia and Hypermagnesemia 565
Linda G. Martin
Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia occur infrequently in small
animal patients. Specific clinical signs usually do not accompany
these electrolyte disorders, and their presence is often recognized
only after reviewing serum chemistry profile results. The etiolo¬
gies, clinical signs, and therapies for each electrolyte disorder are
discussed in this article. Treatment of these disorders is aimed
vi CONTENTS
at correcting the underlying disease process and enhancing the
removal of calcium or magnesium from the body. In severe cases,
rescue therapies and resuscitative measures are required to stabi¬
lize the patient.
Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia 587
Nishi Dhupa and Jeffrey Proulx
The divalent cations, calcium and magnesium, play a vital role in
neuromuscular function and cellular metabolism. Hypocalcemia
related to parathyroid disorder, renal failure, puerperal tetany,
and various toxicities is well documented in veterinary medicine.
The recent availability of ionized calcium measurement is helping
to increase the accuracy of detection of this state. Recent evidence
suggests that hypomagnesemia is also a significant presence, par¬
ticularly in critically ill patients, with clinical significance relating
mainly to concomitant electrolyte deficiencies, such as hypoka
lemia.
Fluid Therapy in Acute and Chronic Renal Failure 609
Gregory R Grauer
Maintenance of hydration and excretion of various electrolytes
and waste products of protein and metabolism are two important
aspects of normal renal function. Renal failure is manifest by
persistent urine concentrating deficits in the face of azotemia
and/or uremia. The inability to concentrate urine coupled with
gastrointesinal fluid loss often results in dehydration, and there¬
fore fluid therapy to replace volume deficits is a critical step in
the initial management of dogs and cats in renal failure. Once the
renal failure patient is rehydrated, induction or augmentation of
a diuresis may be appropriate as it will facilitate excretion of
solutes that are reabsorbed and secreted by renal tubular cells.
The response to rehydration and diuresis is an important determi¬
nant of the prognosis for the renal failure patient.
Fluid Therapy in Shock 623
Deborah C. Mandell and Lesley G. King
The goal of treatment for all types of shock is the improvement
of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The mainstay of therapy for
hypovolemic and septic shock is the expansion of intravaseular
volume by fluid administration, including crystalloids, colloids,
and blood products. Frequent physical examinations and moni¬
toring enables the clinician to determine the adequacy of tissue
oxygenation and thus the success of the fluid therapy.
Practical Approach to Acid Base Disorders 645
James E. Bailey and Luisito S. Pablo
Acid base balance is a general term for the way in which the
body maintains a relatively constant pH despite continuous pro
CONTENTS vii
duction of metabolic end products and is fundamental to physio¬
logic homeostasis. Disease states of animals lead to irregularities
of body fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance. With the advent
of less expensive, accurate, as well as portable blood gas and
electrolyte analyzers, acid base assessment has become a standard
of care in veterinary medicine. It is important that the veterinary
practitioner understand acid base pathophysiology to assure suc¬
cessful treatment of these disease states. The purpose of this
article is to provide a simple and concise description of traditional
and modern acid base data interpretation and assist the prac¬
titioner with application of these methods.
Fluid Therapy in the Cardiac Patient 663
Kirsten L. Cooke and Patti S. Snyder
Correcting fluid deficits and preventing fluid overload in patients
with cardiac disease can be challenging. The purpose of the fluid
therapy, the projected duration of the therapy, and the type of
heart disease affecting the patient play important roles in the
decision making process. In addition, the distinction between pa¬
tients who are not symptomatic (NYHA Class I) and those who
are symptomatic (NYHA Classes II to IV) for their cardiac disease
should be made early in fluid therapy planning.
The Principles and Practical Application of
Enteral Nutrition 677
Stanley L. Marks
Enteral feeding is indicated in patients who cannot ingest ade¬
quate amounts of calories but have sufficient gastrointestinal
function to allow digestion and absorption of feeding solutions
delivered into the gastrointestinal tract via an enteral feeding
device. Many techniques for obtaining enteral access are avail¬
able, and the decision regarding which one to implement depends
on several issues, including the functional integrity of each part
of the gastrointestinal tract, the duration of nutritional support,
and the risk of aspiration and gastroesophageal reflux.
Fluid Therapy in the Hypoproteinemic Patient 709
Lisa E. Moore
Hypoproteinemia can result in many adverse consequences, in¬
cluding hypovolemia and the formation of edema. An under¬
standing of the normal forces governing plasma will help the
clinician tailor appropriate fluid therapy in these patients. Various
fluids that can be used including crystalloids, colloids, and blood
products will be discussed.
Index 717
Subscription Information Inside back cover
viii CONTENTS
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| physical | XII S., S. 473 - 723 Ill. |
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| series2 | [The veterinary clinics of North America / Small animal practice] |
| spelling | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders Michael Schaer, guest ed. Philadelphia [u.a.] Saunders 1998 XII S., S. 473 - 723 Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [The veterinary clinics of North America / Small animal practice] 28,3 Fluid Balance cabt Fluid Therapy cabt Metabolic Disorders cabt Dog Diseases cabt Cat Diseases cabt Veterinary fluid therapy Veterinary medicine Water-electrolyte imbalances Elektrolythaushaltstörung (DE-588)4014292-9 gnd rswk-swf Kleintierkrankheit (DE-588)4114227-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kleintierkrankheit (DE-588)4114227-5 s Elektrolythaushaltstörung (DE-588)4014292-9 s DE-604 Schaer, Michael Sonstige oth Small animal practice] [<<The>> veterinary clinics of North America 28,3 (DE-604)BV000001819 28,3 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008123346&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders Fluid Balance cabt Fluid Therapy cabt Metabolic Disorders cabt Dog Diseases cabt Cat Diseases cabt Veterinary fluid therapy Veterinary medicine Water-electrolyte imbalances Elektrolythaushaltstörung (DE-588)4014292-9 gnd Kleintierkrankheit (DE-588)4114227-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014292-9 (DE-588)4114227-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders |
| title_auth | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders |
| title_exact_search | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders |
| title_full | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders Michael Schaer, guest ed. |
| title_fullStr | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders Michael Schaer, guest ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders Michael Schaer, guest ed. |
| title_short | Advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders |
| title_sort | advances in fluid and electrolyte disorders |
| topic | Fluid Balance cabt Fluid Therapy cabt Metabolic Disorders cabt Dog Diseases cabt Cat Diseases cabt Veterinary fluid therapy Veterinary medicine Water-electrolyte imbalances Elektrolythaushaltstörung (DE-588)4014292-9 gnd Kleintierkrankheit (DE-588)4114227-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fluid Balance Fluid Therapy Metabolic Disorders Dog Diseases Cat Diseases Veterinary fluid therapy Veterinary medicine Water-electrolyte imbalances Elektrolythaushaltstörung Kleintierkrankheit Aufsatzsammlung |
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