Turkmen reference grammar:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Wiesbaden
Harrassowitz
1998
|
Schriftenreihe: | Turcologica
34 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXVI, 708 S. |
ISBN: | 344704019X |
Internformat
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100 | 1 | |a Clark, Larry V. |d 1943- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1043794166 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Turkmen reference grammar |c Larry Clark |
264 | 1 | |a Wiesbaden |b Harrassowitz |c 1998 | |
300 | |a XXVI, 708 S. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Turcologica |v 34 | |
650 | 7 | |a Turkmeens |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
650 | 4 | |a Turkmen language |x Grammar | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword................................................................. xvii
Transcription............................................................xxiii
Abbreviations............................................................. xxv
INTRODUCTION................................................................ I
The History of the Turkmen.................................................. 2
The Saljuks............................................................... 2
The N ame Turkmen ........................................................ 3
Formation of the Modem Turkmen............................................ 4
Incorporation into Russia............................................... 6
Soviet and Independent Turkmenistan....................................... 6
The Distribution of the Turkmen............................................. 8
Turkmen in Turkmenistan................................................... 8
Turkmen Outside Turkmenistan.............................................. 9
The Turkmen Language........................................................12
Written Sources of the Turkmen Language...................................12
Turkmen Dialects..........................................................16
Turkmen and the Oguz Languages............................................18
The Study of Turkmen........................................................22
The Foundations of Turkmen Linguistics....................................22
The Three Capstones of Turkmen Linguistics................................23
Turkmen Linguistics in the West...........................................25
SOUND SYSTEM.............................................................. 27
Phonology...................................................................28
Description of Vowels.......................................................28
The Vowels e /e/ and a /ä:/...............................................32
Long Vowels in Root Syllables.............................................33
Long Vowels in Non-Root Syllables.........................................35
Description of Consonants...................................................37
Pronunciation of Russian Consonants.......................................40
Syllable Structure..........................................................43
Stress......................................................................44
Morphophonology.........................-..................................47
Vowel Harmony...............................................................47
Front-Back Harmony........................................................48
Rounded-Unrounded Harmony.................................................49
Vowel Harmony Rules.......................................................49
VI
Turkmen Reference Grammar
Vowel Harmony in Borrowed Words.........................................52
Vowel Harmony in Suffixes...............................................53
Vowel Lengthening..........................................................56
Fusion of Two Vowels ...................................................56
Fusion of Two Vowels with Loss of Consonant.............................58
Vowel Lengthening with Case Suffixes...................................59
Vowel Lengthening with Family Name Suffixes.............................59
Vowel Loss.................................................................60
Consonant Harmony ........................................................63
Consonant Voicing..........................................................65
Adding the Consonants U /y/, c /0/, h /n/.................................69
Syllable Loss.............................................................71
Orthography...............................................................73
The Turkmen Alphabet......................................................73
Letters of the Turkmen Alphabet........................................74
The Letters for Vowels................................................76
The Letters for Consonants............................................76
The Letters e, e and to...............................................76
The Signs i and .....................................................77
Variant Spellings......................................................78
Turkmen Orthography.......................................................79
Vowel Harmony..........................................................79
Rounded Vowel Harmony and the Letters a and e/o.......................80
Rounded Vowel Harmony and the Letters bi and n........................80
Rounded Vowel Harmony and the Letters y and y.........................81
Rounded Vowel Harmony in Suffixes.....................................82
Consonant Assimilations................................................84
The New Turkmen Alphabet ................................................86
GRAMMATICAL SYSTEM........................................................87
Introduction..............................................................88
Parts of Speech...........................................................88
Content Words..........................................................88
Structure Words........................................................90
Particles..............................................................90
Word Structure............................................................91
Simple Words...........................................................91
Derived Words..........................................................92
Combined Words.........................................................92
Words and Grammar.........................................................93
Grammatical Suffixes...................................................93
Grammatical Categories.................................................94
Table of Contents vii
Nouns....................................................................... 97
Types of Nouns.............................................................. 98
Simple Nouns.............................................................. 98
Derived Nouns............................................................. 98
Combined Nouns............................................................ 98
Grammatical Categories of Nouns............................................. 99
Number......................................................................100
Plural Suffix.............................................................101
Forms of the Plural Suffix................................................106
Person.......................................................................107
Possessive Suffixes.......................................................107
Forms of the Possessive Suffixes......................................... 112
Case....................................................................... 114
Nominative Case...........................................................114
Genitive Case.............................................................116
Definite Possession.....................................................116
Indefinite Possession.................................................. 119
Forms of the Genitive Case..............................................121
Accusative Case.......................................................... 121
Forms of the Accusative Case........................................... 125
Dative Case...............................................................126
Forms of the Dative Case................................................130
Locative Case.............................................................131
Forms of the Locative Case..............................................135
Ablative Case.............................................................135
Forms of the Ablative Case.............................................141
Adjectives...................................................................143
Types of Adjectives.........................................................145
Simple Adjectives.........................................................145
Derived Adjectives........................................................145
Combined Adjectives.......................................................145
Comparative Degree..........................................................147
Superlative Degree..........................................................149
Quantifiers..................................................................151
Numerals.....................................................................151
Cardinal Numerals.........................................................151
The Numeral 6np /bir/..........-.........................................154
Ordinal Numerals..........................................................157
Collective Numerals.......................................................159
Distribution Numerals.....................................................159
Approximation Numerals....................................................161
Fractions.................................................................163
viii Turkmen Reference Grammar
Fraction Words........................................................... 164
Percentages................................................................167
Arithmetic.................................................................167
Counting Word............................................................ 169
Quantifying Pronouns........................................................ 170
Collective Pronouns...................................................... 170
Indefinite Pronouns......................................................173
Negative Pronouns........................................................178
Pronouns....................................................................181
Personal Pronouns...........................................................181
Personal Pronouns in the Genitive Case...................................187
Demonstrative Pronouns......................................................190
Demonstrative Pronouns in the Genitive Case.............................. 195
Reflexive Pronoun...........................................................196
Reflexive Reference......................................................197
Reflexive Possessive Reference........................................... 199
Reflexive Possessive Reference in Object Phrases.........................199
Other Uses of 03 /o:0/...................................................200
Interrogative Pronouns......................................................202
Verbs.......................................................................209
Types of Verbs..............................................................210
Simple Verbs.............................................................210
Derived Verbs............................................................210
Combined Verbs...........................................................210
Grammatical Categories of Verbs.............................................211
Voice.....................................................................211
Negation..................................................................212
Tense/Aspect/Mood.........................................................213
Person/Number.............................................................214
Question..................................................................215
Tense and Aspect............................................................217
Present Indefinite Tense....................................................219
Forms of the Present Indefinite Tense....................................221
Present Indefinite Tense: Contracted Forms...............................222
Present Continuous Tense....................................................224
Forms of the Contracted Verbs............................................225
Subjective Present Continuous Tense.........................................229
Forms of the Subjective Present Continuous Tense.........................230
Negative Present Perfect Tense..............................................231
Other Uses of -aHox/eHOK /-ano:k/eno:k/..................................232
Contrasting Negative Forms of the Present and Past Tenses................233
Forms of the Negative Present Perfect Tense..............................235
Table of Contents
IX
Subjective Present Perfect Tense..................................................236
Forms of the Subjective Present Perfect Tense..................................237
Past Indefinite Tense............................................................238
Other Uses of -flu/fln /-di/di/................................................239
Forms of the Past Indefinite Tense.............................................240
Habitual Past Indefinite Tense...................................................241
Other Uses of -ap^u/epfln /-ardi/erdi/..........................................242
Forms of the Habitual Past Indefinite Tense....................................243
Subjective Past Indefinite Tense................................................ 244
Other Uses of -BinflLipAtrmHp /-tpdir/ipdir/....................................244
Forms of the Subjective Past Indefinite Tense..................................246
Past Continuous Tense.............................................................247
Other Uses of -npAbi/ifopAM /-ya:rdi/ya:rdi/....................................250
Contrasting the Past Indefinite, Habitual and Continuous Tenses................251
Forms of the Past Continuous Tense.............................................251
Past Perfect Tense................................................................253
Other Uses of -BinflH/nimii /-ipdi/ipdi/........................................255
Forms of the Past Perfect Tense.................................................256
Unrealized Past Perfect Tense.....................................................257
Forms of the Unrealized Past Perfect Tense.................................... 258
Future Indefinite Tense...........................................................259
Other Uses of -ap/ep /-ar/er/..................................................261
Contrasting the Future and Present Indefinite...................................262
Forms of the Future Indefinite Tense............................................262
Definite Future Tense.............................................................264
Contrasting the Definite Future and Future Indefinite...........................265
Forms of the Definite Future Tense............................................ 266
Mood..............................................................................267
Imperative Mood...................................................................267
First Person Imperative.........................................................268
Forms of the First Person Imperative....................................... 269
Second Person Imperative........................................................270
Forms of the Second Person Imperative........................................274
Third Person Imperative.........................................................274
Forms of the Third Person Imperative.........................................276
Conditional Mood..................................................................277
Tenses in the Conditional Clause................................................282
Other Uses of -ca/ce /-0a/0e/...................................................285
Forms of the Conditional Mood...................................................286
Subjunctive Mood..................................................................287
Forms of the Subjunctive Mood...................................................288
Desiderative Mood............................................................... 289
X
Turkmen Reference Grammar
Forms of the Desiderative Mood.................................................290
Other Mood Suffixes.............................................................. 291
Suffix of Desire............................................................. 291
Forms of the Suffix of Desire................................................292
Suffix of Intention............................................................293
Forms of the Suffix of Intention.............................................294
Suffix of Obligation...........................................................294
Forms of the Suffix of Obligation............................................296
Suffix of Permission...........................................................297
Forms of the Suffix of Permission............................................300
Modal Formations................................................................301
Ability.......................................................................301
Affirmation....................................................................303
Benefit........................................................................304
Conjecture.....................................................................304
Desire.........................................................................305
Experiment.....................................................................305
Need...........................................................................306
Possibility....................................................................307
Pretense.......................................................................310
Resolve........................................................................310
Descriptive Verbs.................................................................311
Beginning of Action...............................................................311
Process of Action.................................................................319
Direction of Action...............................................................324
Completion of Action..............................................................326
Verbals...........................................................................327
Infinitive....................................................................... 327
Forms of the Infinitive Suffix.................................................332
Verbal Nouns......................................................................333
Verbal Noun in -Ma/Me /-ma/me/.................................................333
Forms of the Verbal Noun in -Ma/Me /-ma/me/..................................334
Verbal Noun in -biui/hih /-is/is/..............................................334
Forms of the Verbal Noun in -euii/mui /-is/is/...............................335
Participles.......................................................................336
Present Participle in -sm/ifeit /-ya:n/ya:n/...................................336
Forms of the Present Participle..............................................340
Past Participle in -aii/en /-an/en/............................................341
Forms of the Past Participle................................................ 344
Future Participle in -^ax/^eK /-jak/jek/.......................................345
Forms of the Future Participle........................................... 346
Future Indefinite Participle in -ap/ep /-ar/er/................................347
Table of Contents
xi
Forms of the Future Indefinite Participle............................... 348
Present Perfect Participle in -alik/auk /-dik/dik/..........................348
Gerunds.......................................................................350
Gerund in -tin/nri /-ip/ip/.................................................350
Forms of the Gerund in -hinlnn /-ip/ip/...................................357
Gerund in -a/e/ft /-a/e/y/..................................................357
Gerund in -anti/enn /-ali/eli/ .............................................358
Gerund in -araAa(H)/areAe(H)/-a:gada(n)/ä:gede(n)/..........................358
Adverbs.......................................................................359
Types of Adverbs.............................................................359
Simple Adverbs..............................................................359
Derived Adverbs........................................................... 359
Combined Adverbs............................................................360
Classification of Adverbs.....................................................361
Adverbs of Time.............................................................361
Adverbs of Sequence.........................................................364
Adverbs of Place............................................................370
Adverbs of Direction........................................................371
Adverbs of Degree...........................................................373
Adverbs of Manner...........................................................375
Modal Words...................................................................377
Affirmation...................................................................377
Negation......................................................................382
Confirmation..................................................................386
Certainty.....................................................................388
Supposition...................................................................389
Motivation.................................................................. 391
Intensification........................................................... 392
Limitation....................................................................396
Generalization................................................................397
Demonstration.................................................................401
Interjections.................................................................403
Postpositions.................................................................405
Postpositions with the Nominative Case........................................405
Postpositions with the Dative Case............................................416
Postpositions with the Ablative Case..........................................421
Auxiliary Nouns...............................................................427
Conjunctions..................................................................433
Coordinating Conjunctions.....................................................433
Connection..................................................................433
Contradiction...............................................................438
Correlation.................................................................444
Xll
Turkmen Reference Grammar
Subordinating Conjunctions..................................................450
Condition.................................................................450
Contingency.................................*........*...................451
Causation.................................................................451
Quotation.................................................................453
Particles................................................................. 457
Particles That Express Attitudes............................................459
Emphasis..................................................................459
Speculation...............................................................463
Confirmation..............................................................465
Assertion............................................................... 467
Particles That Express Emotions.............................................470
Appeal....................................................................470
Realization...............................................................474
Surprise..................................................................475
Grammatical Particles......................................................476
Question..................................................................476
Negation..................................................................478
Qualification.............................................................480
SYNTACTIC SYSTEM............................................................485
Phrases.....................................................................486
Noun Phrase Structure.......................................................487
Juxtaposition.............................................................487
Agreement............................................................... 488
Government.............................................................. 489
Verb Phrase Structure..................................................... 490
Juxtaposition........................................................... 490
Government................................................................491
Sentences...................................................................492
Types of Sentences..........................................................492
Classification According to Purpose.......................................492
Classification According to Structure.....................................494
Simple Sentences............................................................496
Parts of a Sentence...................................................... 496
Order of the Parts of a Sentences.........................................498
Agreement Between Subject and Predicate...................................500
Words Not Connected with Parts of a Sentence..............................500
Composite Sentences.........................................................501
Compound Sentences........................................................501
Complex Sentences.........................................................502
Table of Contents xiii
LEXICON......................................................................505
Word Composition.............................................................506
Compound Words...............................................................506
Combination Words............................................................509
Intensified Words...........................................................510
Reduplication..............................................................510
Intensifying Syllables.....................................................511
Auxiliary Verbs..............................................................512
Neologisms, Clipped Words and Acronyms.......................................516
Word Derivation..............................................................517
Nouns from Nouns.............................................................518
Agent Suffix...............................................................518
Association Suffix.........................................................518
Industry Suffix............................................................519
Companion Suffix...........................................................519
Diminutive Suffixes........................................................520
Persian Suffixes...........................................................520
Russian Suffixes...........................................................522
Nouns from Verbs.............................................................523
Process/Result of Action...................................................523
Means/Place/Agent of Action.............................................. 524
Other Suffixes.............................................................526
Verbs from Nouns, Adjectives and Other Words.................................527
The Suffix +jia/ne- /+la/le-/..............................................527
Other Suffixes.............................................................528
Verbs from Verbs.............................................................530
Voice Suffixes.............................................................530
Active Voice.............................................................531
Passive Voice............................................................531
Reflexive Voice..........................................................532
Cooperative Voice....................................................... 533
Causative Voice..........................................................534
Compound Voice Suffixes..................................................535
Descriptive Suffixes.......................................................536
Adjectives from Nouns........................................................538
Attribute Suffix...........................................................538
Privation Suffix...........................................................539
Relation Suffix............................................................540
Other Suffixes..................................................-.........540
Persian Suffixes...........................................................541
Persian Prefixes...........................................................541
Russian Adjectives.........................................................542
XIV
Turkmen Reference Grammar
Adjectives from Verbs...................................................343
Adverbs from Nouns, Adjectives and Other Words..........................545
Borrowing...............................................................^48
Persian and Arabic......................................................548
Russian..................................................................550
Thematic Groups.........................................................552
Verb Groups.............................................................552
Verbs of Motion......................................................552
Verbs of Speech......................................................554
Verbs of Emotion and Understanding...................................554
Time and Calendar.......................................................555
Time of the Day......................................................555
Days of the Week.....................................................556
Day of the Month.....................................................557
Months...............................................................557
Seasons..............................................................557
Year.................................................................558
Cardinal Directions.....................................................558
Money, Weights and Measures.............................................559
Money................................................................559
Weights and Measures................................................. 559
Human Body..............................................................561
Anatomy..............................................................561
Senses and Bodily Functions.......................................... 561
Families................................................................563
Kinship..............................................................563
Marriage.............................................................563
Greetings, Farewells and Best Wishes....................................565
Greetings and Farewells..............................................565
Best Wishes and Other Phrases........................................567
PARADIGMS............................................................... 569
Noun Paradigms..........................................................570
Pronoun Paradigms.......................................................577
Verb Paradigms..........................................................582
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................661
Works in Turkmen and Russian Languages..................................661
Works in Other Languages................................................673
INDEX
679
Table of Contents
xv
Tables
Short and Long Vowels in Root Syllables.................................... 34
Characterization of Vowels According to Oppositions...................... 48
Consonant Assimilations.................................................... 64
The Turkmen Alphabet....................................................... 75
Indefinite and Definite Possession.........................................120
Arithmetic................................................................ 168
Quantifying Pronouns.......................................................171
Verb Tenses/Aspects........................................................218
Contracted Verbs...........................................................227
Modal Formations.......................................................... 302
Descriptive Verbs..........................................................312
Functions of Participles...................................................337
Modal Words............................................................... 378
Conjunctions...............................................................434
Particles..................................................................458
Compound Words.............................................................508
Turkmen Weights and Measures...............................................560
Turkmen Anatomy........................................................... 562
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Clark, Larry V. 1943- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1043794166 |
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author_role | aut |
author_sort | Clark, Larry V. 1943- |
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callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
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dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
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dewey-raw | 494/.3645 |
dewey-search | 494/.3645 |
dewey-sort | 3494 43645 |
dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
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id | DE-604.BV011907039 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:18:21Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 344704019X |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008047255 |
oclc_num | 40416191 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-11 DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-11 DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | XXVI, 708 S. |
publishDate | 1998 |
publishDateSearch | 1998 |
publishDateSort | 1998 |
publisher | Harrassowitz |
record_format | marc |
series | Turcologica |
series2 | Turcologica |
spelling | Clark, Larry V. 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1043794166 aut Turkmen reference grammar Larry Clark Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 1998 XXVI, 708 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Turcologica 34 Turkmeens gtt Grammatik Turkmen language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Turkmenisch (DE-588)4061254-5 gnd rswk-swf Turkmenisch (DE-588)4061254-5 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Turcologica 34 (DE-604)BV000017904 34 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008047255&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Clark, Larry V. 1943- Turkmen reference grammar Turcologica Turkmeens gtt Grammatik Turkmen language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Turkmenisch (DE-588)4061254-5 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4061254-5 |
title | Turkmen reference grammar |
title_auth | Turkmen reference grammar |
title_exact_search | Turkmen reference grammar |
title_full | Turkmen reference grammar Larry Clark |
title_fullStr | Turkmen reference grammar Larry Clark |
title_full_unstemmed | Turkmen reference grammar Larry Clark |
title_short | Turkmen reference grammar |
title_sort | turkmen reference grammar |
topic | Turkmeens gtt Grammatik Turkmen language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Turkmenisch (DE-588)4061254-5 gnd |
topic_facet | Turkmeens Grammatik Turkmen language Grammar Turkmenisch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008047255&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV000017904 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT clarklarryv turkmenreferencegrammar |