The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Phoenix, Ariz.
Oryx
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 233 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0897749405 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The newly independent states of Eurasia |b handbook of former Soviet republics |c by Stephen K. Batalden and Sandra L. Batalden |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Phoenix, Ariz. |b Oryx |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 233 S. |b Kt. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126320029859840 |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Maps vii
Preface ix
Introductory Remarks by Sergei A. Arutiunov xiii
Part One: The Russian Federation
Introduction 3
Bibliography 4
Statistical Profile 7
European Russia 11
History and Description 11
Contemporary Issues 19
Siberia and the Russian Far East 29
History and Description 29
Contemporary Issues 36
Part Two: Belarus, Moldova, and
Ukraine
Introduction 45
Bibliography 46
Belarus 48
Statistical Profile 48
History and Description 51
Contemporary Issues 5 3
Moldova 61
Statistical Profile 61
History and Description 63
Contemporary Issues 65
Ukraine 73
Statistical Profile 73
History and Description 75
Contemporary Issues 80
Azerbaijan 106
Statistical Profile 106
History and Description 109
Contemporary Issues 112
Georgia 120
Statistical Profile 120
History and Description 123
Contemporary Issues 126
Part Four: Central Asia
Introduction 135
Bibliography 136
Kazakhstan 138
Statistical Profile 138
History and Description 141
Contemporary Issues 144
Kyrgyzstan 151
Statistical Profile 151
History and Description 154
Contemporary Issues 156
Tajikistan 162
Statistical Profile 162
History and Description 165
Contemporary Issues 167
Turkmenistan 174
Statistical Profile 174
History and Description 177
Contemporary Issues 179
Uzbekistan 184
Statistical Profile 184
History and Description 187
Contemporary Issues 189
Afterword 197
Glossary 199
Index 207
Armenia 94
Statistical Profile 94
History and Description 97
Contemporary Issues 101
Part Three: Transcaucasia
Introduction 91
Rihliogranhv 92
Index
Abashidze, Aslan, 131
Abdurakhmanov, Abdujabbar, 189
Abkhaz Supreme Soviet, 130
Abkhazia, Republic of, xi, 123-24,129-31
drive for union republic status by, 127
Georgian troop invasion of, 130
Georgians in, 127
map of, 93, 122
Ministry of Internal Affairs troops of, 130
refugees from, 130
Russian Federation troops in, 25
United Nations Security Council resolution (1996)
on, 130
United Nations truce in, 130
Abkhazians, 91, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130-31, 198
Eastern Orthodox, 124
Muslim, 124
Abuladze, Tengiz, 126
his Repentance (Monanieba), 126, 127
Adat, xiv, 199
Adradzhen’ne, 59
Adygei people, 14
Adygeia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 91, 93
Aegean Sea, 116
Afghanistan, 165, 169, 173, 177, 182, 187, 199
Shi’ite Tajiks in, 168-69
Soviet intervention in, 18
Turkmen in, 183
Afghans, 166
Agriculture. See individual countries
Ainu, 33
Aitakov, Gaigisiz, 179
Aitmatov, Chingiz, 157, 158-59
his article, “On the Terminology of the Kyrgyz
Language,” 159
his book, The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years,
159
his book, The Executioner s Block (Plakha), 159
his short story, “Jamilia,” 159
as leader of Kyrgyz intelligentsia, 158-59
and Russian “village prose” writers, 159
Ajaria, Republic of, 124, 131
All Georgia Revival Union in, 131
map of, 93, 122
Turkish-Soviet border negotiations over, 124
Ajaris, 124, 126, 129, 131
Akaev, Askar, 157, 160-61
Akhundov, Veli, 111
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 170
Alash Orda, 142-43, 148
Alaska, 26, 41
Aldan River, 32
Aleksii II, Patriarch of Moscow, 85, 86
Alexander I, 98, 110
Alexandropol. See Gyumri (Leninakan)
Aliev, Gaidar, 111, 114, 115, 118
All-Union Congress of People’s Deputies (USSR), 18, 66,
67, 199
Allworth, Edward, 187, 194
Almaty (Alma-Ata), 141, 143, 144, 145
as locale for World War II refugees, 143
migration of Russians into, 144
riots in (1986), 145-46
Altai, Republic of, 14-15, 30, 35, 36, 37
chemical pollution in, 197
Altai Mountains, 31, 33, 34,141
Altai people (of Altai-Saian Mountains), 14, 33
Altaic language group, 33. See also Tungusic language
group; Turkic peoples; and Mongols
American Bar Association Central East European Legal
Initiative (CEELI), 198
Amoco, 115
Amu Darya River, 39, 165, 177, 187, 190
diversion of, 180
Amur River, 32, 35
Anadyr River, 32, 33
Andijon (Andizhan), 187
Andropov, Iurii, 18
Angara River, 31, 34
Anti-Semitism, 28
APF. See Azerbaijani Popular Front (APF)
Apsheron Peninsula, 109
Aqmola (Akmolinsk), 145
as proposed capital of Kazakhstan, 145
Aqtau (Shevchenko), 141
Aqtobe (Aktiubinsk), 142
207
Index
Arab Empire, 98, 124, 158, 165
Arabic script, 118, 178, 194
Old Uzbek in, 194
reintroduced in Ozbekistan adabiyati va san”ati, 194
Arabs, 98, 109,165, 178
Aragats, Mount, 97
Aral Sea, x, 39, 141, 154, 165, 187
cooperation on, 195
depletion of, x, 135, 149-50, 158, 180-81, 190-91,
195, 197
map of, 137
Ararat, Mount, 96, 97, 98
Ararat valley, 104
Aras River, 97, 98, 109, 110, 116
Aravidze, Varlam, 126
Arctic Ocean, 11, 13, 29, 31, 32
Arctic region, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39
Ardzinba, Vladislav, 130
Arkalyk (Cooperation), 69
Arkhangelsk, 13
Armenia, 91, 94-105, 109, 116, 119, 123, 197
agriculture, 95, 97
Azerbaijani blockade of, 102, 103, 113
boycott of All-Union referendum (1991) by, 101
and Commonwealth of Independent States, 105
constitutional referendum (July 1995) in, 102
currency, 95, 102
Dashnak party in, 99, 100, 102, 105
early history of, 98
earthquake of 1988 in, 97, 102-03
economic recovery of, 102
education, 94
emigration from, 102
energy dependency of, 103
environmental pollution in, 104
ethnic groups, 94, 97-98
GNP, per capita, 95, 102
Hunchak faction in, 104
incorporation into Soviet Union, 99
industrial output, 95
Kingdom of Tigran the Great, 98
map of, 93, 96
and Nagorno-Karabakh, 101-02, 112-14
National Assembly of, 102
natural resources, 95, 97
parliamentary elections (July 1995) in, 102
physical description of, 97
presidential elections (October 1991) in, 101
presidential elections (September 1996) in, 102
purges in, 100
Ramkavar (Democratic Liberal) faction in, 104, 105
referendum on secession from USSR (September
1991), 101
relations with Iran of, 102, 105
relations with Turkey of, 102, 105
relations with Russian Federation of, 105
religion, 94, 98, 105
Russification in, 98-99, 100
Soviet airborne troops in, 101
statistical profile, 94-95
terrorism in, 102
within Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet
Republic (TSFSR, 1922-36), 99,112
Turkish oil blockade of, 103
Union for National Self-Determination in, 101
Western aid to, 100, 103, 105
Armenian Apostolic Church, 91, 98, 99
Dashnaks in, 99, 105
diaspora and, 100
headed by supreme catholicos, 98
persecution of, 99-100
Ramkavars in, 105
response to 1988 earthquake by, 103
Russian actions against, 99
Armenian Catholicosate (Lebanon), 105
Armenian Communist Party (ArCP), 100
separates from CPSU, 101
Armenian diaspora, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104-05
Dashnak, Hunchak, and Ramkavar factions within,
104-05
size of, 104
Armenian holocaust, 99, 104, 105
Armenian language, 98
Ararat dialect of, 98
Armenian literature, 100
Armenian National Movement (Hanrapedutiun), 102
Armenian Plateau, 97
Armenian Republic (1918-20), 99
Armenian Revolutionary Federation. See Dashnak
(Dashnaktsutiun) party
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 99
Armenian immigration into, 100
presidential elections (August 1990) in, 101
Ramkavar and Hunchak cooperation with, 104
relative autonomy of, 100
Armenian Supreme Soviet, 101
declares Nagorno-Karabakh to be Armenian (1989),
101
Armenian Union for National Self-Determination, 101
Armenians, 97-105, 124
Dashnak party of, 99
their deportation from Nagorno-Karabakh (Operation
Ring), 113
of the diaspora, 97
early adoption of Christianity by, 98
ethnic origins of, 97-98
in France, 104
Hunchak faction of, 99
immigration into Armenia of, 100
in Iran, 104
migrations of, 98, 102
of Nagorno-Karabakh, 91, 112, 113
208
Index
in non-Armenian Soviet republics, 104
refusal of Soviet military service by, 101
and Soviet troops in Erevan, 101
in Syria, 104
in Tajikistan, 171
in Turkey, 104
in United States and Canada, 104
Arutiunian, Suren, 101
Arutiunov, Grigor, 100
Ashgabat (Ashkhabad), 177, 178
demonstrations (July 1995) in, 182
May 1989 riots in, 182
Slavic population in, 182
Ashkara (Openness), 168
Asia Minor, 97, 98
Astrakhan, 13
Atabaev, Nedirbai, 179
Atropat, 109
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 77, 78
Autocephaly, 199
Autonomous regions, 13-15, 199, 202-03. See also
Russian Federation, autonomous regions of
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 169
Axis powers, 125. See also World War II
Azadistan, 117-18
Azdarar, 104
Azerbaijan, 11, 91, 97, 98, 106-19, 123
agriculture, 107, 109, 116
Armenians in, 99
Azerbaijani Turkish as official language of, 118
bombardment of Stepanakert by, 113
Birlik (Unity) Society in, 114, 117
censorship in, 115
and Commonwealth of Independent States, 118
constitution (November 1995) of, 114, 115
currency, 107
declaration of independence by, 114
environmental problems in, 115-16
education, 106
ethnic groups, 106, 109, 110, 112-14
GNP, per capita, 107
Himmat in, 110
independence referendum in, 114
industrial output, 107, 115-16
informal political groups in, 114
intellectuals in, 117-19
international relations of, 117-18
Islam in, 109, 116-17
KGB in, 115
khanates of, 110
map of, 93, 108
“March Days” (1918) in, 111
Musavat (Equality) party in, 110
Muslim spiritual jurisdiction of, 116
and Nagorno-Karabakh, 101-02, 112-15
natural resources, 107, 116
nomenklatura in, 115
oil industry in, 110, 115, 116
origin of name for, 109
parliamentary vote against Nagorno-Karabakh
autonomy by, 113
Persian/Iranian influence in, 109, 117-18
physical description of, 109
presidential elections (June 1992) in, 114
presidential elections (September 1991) in, 114
production declines in, 116
redefining the past in, 118
relations with Iran of, 117, 119
relations with Turkey of, 117, 119
religion, 106, 109-10, 116-17
resistance to Soviet rule in, 111
Russian conquest of, 110
Russian revolutions in, 110-11
Russians in, 113
Russification in, 110, 111
size of, 109
as source of Armenian oil needs, 103
statistical profile, 106-07
within Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic (TSFSR), 112
Turkicization of, 109
Turkish troops in, 99
U.S. relations with, 118
Western investment in, 115, 116
women’s right to vote in, 117
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 101, 111, 112
Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, 118
Azerbaijani Communist Party, 110-11, 114, 115
Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918-20), 111, 112,
118
Azerbaijani Democratic Union of the Intelligentsia, 115
Azerbaijani language (Azerbaijani Turkish), 109, 118
and Russian, 118
Azerbaijani Liberal Democratic Party, 114
Azerbaijani National Council, 111
Azerbaijani National Democratic Party (New Musavat),
114
Azerbaijani Popular Front (APF), 114, 116, 117
and Iran, 117-18
ties with Turkish political groups of, 117
Azerbaijani Social Democratic Party, 114
Azerbaijani Union of Writers, 118
Azerbaijanis, 91, 99, 109, 124, 126
ethnic conflict between Armenians and, 99, 110, 112-
15
in Iran, 117
Muslim identification of, 109, 116-17
as refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh, 113
socialist, 111
in Transcaucasian Federation (1918), 111
Azeris. See Azerbaijanis
Azov, Sea of, 11, 13, 75, 77, 84, 116
209
Index
Babaev, Suhan, 179
Babakhan, Shamsutdinkan, 192
Badakhshoni Kuhi, autonomous oblast of, 164, 165,
169, 172
Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 111, 114
Bagrat III, King, 124
Baikal, Lake, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39-^0
pollution of, 39
Baikal Pulp and Paper Combine, 39
Baikonur Cosmodrome, 140, 141, 150
Baker, James, 161,168
Baku, 92, 99, 109, 110, 115, 117, 123
Armenians and Russians in, 113
Bolshevik government in, 111,112
Lenin Square demonstrations in, 112, 114
oil fields of, 27,110, 115
Soviet troop intervention in, 113, 114
Balkans, 63
Balkars, 14
Balqash Kdl (Lake Balkhash), 141
Balti (Bel’tsy), 63
Baltic peoples, 52
Baltic region, 80, 91
Baltic republics, x-xi, xiii
Baltic Sea, 11, 13, 51
BAM (Baikal-Amur Mainline), 30, 32, 36, 198
Bandera, Stepan, 79
Barbarossa, Operation, 79
Barents Sea, 11, 15
Basarab family, 63
Bashkortostan (Bashkiriia), Republic of, 12, 14-15, 27
Bashkorts, 14-15
Basmachi movement, 148, 155, 156, 166, 178, 188, 199
Batumi, 123, 124, 131
Belarus, Republic of, 11, 26, 45,48-60. See also
Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
agriculture, 49, 51
American pilots killed in, 58
authoritarian politics of, ix
Chernobyl disaster in, 53-54, 60
in Commonwealth of Independent States, 19, 55-56,
57, 58
Communist Party in, 57-58
constitution (1994) of, 56
corruption and crime in, 56
currency, 49, 58
declaration of independence by, 55
demography, 48
its desire for reunification with Russian Federation,
56-57, 198
economic ties with Russia of, 58
education, 48-49
ethnic groups, 48, 52
Federation of Independent Trade Unions in, 56
foreign rule of, 52
GNP, per capita, 49
industrial output, 49, 51
industrialization in, 51
KGB in, 56, 57-58
map of, 47, 50
military policies of, 57-58
nationalization of Communist property in, 56
natural resources, 49, 51
and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 57
nuclear weapons in, 23, 57, 84
origin of name for, 52
physical description of, 51-52
Polish clergy in, 59
presidential elections (1994) in, 56
press in, 60
privatization failure in, 58
religion, 48, 52, 53, 59-60
renewal of religious identity in, 59-60
renunciation of 1922 union treaty by, 56
and START-1 agreement, 57
statistical profile, 48^19
Supreme Soviet in, 55-56
U.S. President Clinton’s visit to, 57
Belarus Exarchate (Russian Orthodox Church), 59-60
Belarusian Catholic Church, 59
Polish influence in, 59
Belarusian language, 53, 59-60
of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, 60
law on (1989), 60
referendum (1995) on, 60
Belarusian Popular Front, 55, 59-60
Renewal (Adradzhen’ne) program of, 59
Belarusians, 29, 45, 59-60, 78
ethnic origins of, 52
in Ukraine, 78, 79
Belorussia. See Belarus, Republic of; and Belorussian
Soviet Socialist Republic
Belorussian Academy of Sciences, 55
Belorussian Military District, Soviet, 57
Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, 16, 53
Chernobyl nuclear disaster and, 53-54
Communist Party leadership in, 53, 54, 55, 57
declaration of independence by, 55
fate of Jews in World War II in, 53
purges in, 53
Russification in, 52,53
support for preservation of Soviet Union in, 55
workers’ strikes in, 55
World War II in, 53
Belukha, Mount, 31
Bender, 63, 68
Bennigsen, Alexandre, 177
Beria, Lavrentii, 100, 125, 126
as head of Soviet secret police, 100, 125
Bering Sea, 32
Bering Strait, 33, 41
210
Index
Bessarabia, 45, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71. See also Moldova,
Republic of
number of churches in, 71
Soviet occupation of, 67
Bible, Belarusian, 60
Birlik (Unity) Society, Azerbaijan, 114, 117
Birlik (Uzbekistan), 159, 191-92, 193, 194
and the Uzbek language question, 194
Bishkek (Frunze), 154, 157, 159
Slavs of, 156-57, 161
Black earth region, 11, 13
Black Sea, 11, 13,45,51,63, 75, 77,91, 123, 124,131,
149
Black Sea naval fleet, 24, 45, 82, 83, 84
Russian-Ukrainian negotiations over, 84, 198
Bloody Sunday (Georgian), 127-28
Bodiul, I. L, 65, 70
Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution of 1917
Bolsheviks, 16, 17, 79, 99, 100, 110, 117, 125, 142, 148,
155, 166, 178,188, 189, 199, 202
Bolshevism, 31
Bratsk, 36
Brest (Brest-Litovsk), 52
1918 Treaty of, 52
Brest, Union of (1596), 85
Brezhnev, Leonid, 18, 65, 66, 79, 115, 118, 179
Briansk, 13
British Gas, 149
British Petroleum, 115
Bucharest, Treaty of (1812), 63
Buddhism, 15, 33, 34
Budennovsk, 27
Bug River. See Southern Bug River; and Western Bug
River
Bukeikhanov, Ali, 142
Bukhara, Khanate of, 166, 178, 187
Bukhoro (Bukhara), 165, 166, 168, 169, 178, 188
Bukovina, 67, 71
Bulgar-Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 69
Bulgarians, 65, 67, 69, 78
Buriatiia, Republic of, 14, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40
Buriats, 14, 33, 34, 37, 40
Bush, George, 103
Byk River, 63
Byzantium, 16, 77, 98, 124, 201
Canada, 86
Ukrainians in, 86
Carpathian Mountains, 75
Carpatho-Russians. See Rusyns
Casimir, King of Poland, 52
Caspian Sea, 11, 13, 15,91,97, 98, 109, 110, 123, 141,
148-^49, 177, 178, 180-81
and draining of the Garabogazköl Aylagy, 180-81
pollution of, 115
Catherine the Great, 110
Caucasian language group, 15, 124
Caucasian peoples, 91
Caucasus, xiv, 13, 27, 28, 91, 98, 110, 124, 197. See
also Transcaucasia
transplanted workers from, 149
Caucasus Mountains, 11, 13,15,91,98, 123, 124. See
also Lesser Caucasus Mountains
Caves, Monastery of the, 77
Census, 1989 Soviet, xi
Central Arizona Project, 180
Central Asia, x, xii-xiv, 13, 35, 117, 135-95
Arab invasions of, 178
Aral Sea disaster in, x, 180, 190-91
Bolshevik victory in, 142
challenge to nomadic traditions in, 143, 144
collaboration between states of, 195, 198
cotton monoculture in, 157, 158, 167, 168, 179, 180,
190-91, 200
customary law in, 199
differential population policies in, 144
environmental problems of, 135
establishment of republics in 1924, 16, 169
ethnic diversity of, 135
history of, 187, 189-90
housing shortages in, 149, 159
informal political groups in, 136
Islamic leadership in, 192-93
Islamic Renaissance Party in, 170, 172, 173,193-94
Islamic tradition of, 135
map of, 137
natural resources, 135
nomenklatura in, 135
pan-Islamic movements in, 188, 195
pan-Turkic movement in, 188
Persian influence in, 135
physical description of, 135
poverty in, 135
recovery of ethnic identity in, 136
revolt of 1916 in, 178, 188
Russian conquest of, 169, 178, 188, 189-90
Russian troops in, 25
as Russian Turkestan, 188
Slavic exodus from, 135, 170
Slavic settlement in, xi, 170, 188
Timurid civilization of, 187-88
Turkic languages and peoples of, 135, 158
Turkic nomadism of, 187
Uzbek-Tajik interethnic conflict in, 168-70
Uzbek water lords of, 189
water issues in, x, 158
Central East European Legal Initiative (CEELI), of
American Bar Association, 198
Central Siberian Upland, 31
Chagall, Marc, 52
Chagatais, 166
Chârjew (Chardzhou), 177
211
Index
Chechen-Ingushetiia, Republic of, 14-15, 27, 91. See
also Checheniia (Chechnya), Republic of; and
Ingushetia, Republic of
Checheniia (Chechnya), Republic of, xi, 14-15, 20, 21,
26-28,91,116,130,198
cease-fire (August 1996) in, 27, 198
declaration of independence by, 27
killing of Red Cross volunteers in, 28
map of, 12, 93
oil transport through, 27
presidential elections (January 1997) in, 28
Russian troops in, 27
war in, 27-28
withdrawal of Russian forces from, 28, 198
Chechens, 14-15, 27-28
Chechnya. See Checheniia (Chechnya), Republic of
Cheka. See KGB
Cheleken, 177
Cheliabinsk, 13
Cherkess people, 14-15
Chernenko, Konstantin, 18
Chernobyl, 77
nuclear power station at, 82, 197
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, x, 18, 45, 53-54, 197
Belorussian investigatory commission regarding, 54
impact upon Belarus of, 53-54, 60, 198
impact upon Ukraine of, 82
misinformation regarding, 54-55
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 20, 21, 23, 27
Chernozem. See Black earth region
Cherskii Mountains, 32
Chiatura, 123
China, 29, 31, 36, 40, 135, 149, 150, 154, 156, 165, 190
border conflicts of Russia with, 40
flight of Central Asians into (1916), 142, 155
Kyrgyz in, 158
Tajiks in, 166
Chisinau (Kishenev), 63, 65, 67, 68
demonstrations in, 67
name change of, 67
pogrom of 1902 in, 65, 72, 203
Writer’s Union in, 66
Chomovil, Vyacheslav, 80
Chowdor tribe, 177
Christopher, Warren, 161
Chu River, 141, 154
Chukchi, 33, 37
Chukotsk Peninsula, 31, 32, 41
Church Slavonic, 59
Churchill, Winston, 77
Chuvash people, 14-15
Chuvashiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Circassian language, 15
Circassians, 15
Cities
in Armenia, 97
in Belarus, 51-52
in European Russia, 13
European Slavs in Central Asian, 135
in Georgia, 123
in Moldova, 63
in the Russian Federation, 7
in Turkmenistan, 177
in Ukraine, 77-78
in Uzbekistan, 187
Civic Union, 20, 199-200
Civil War, Russian. See Russian Civil War
Climate
in Armenia, 97
in Azerbaijan, 109
in Belarus, 51
in European Russia, 13
in Georgia, 123
in Kyrgyzstan, 154
in Siberia and the Russian Far East, 31, 32, 39
in Tajikistan, 165
in Turkmenistan, 177
in Uzbekistan, 187
Clinton, William, 24, 57
Cold War, ix, 18, 23-25, 200
demobilization, 23-25, 200
Collectivization, 17, 37, 200
in Armenia, 100
in Belorussia, 53
impact upon Islamic women of, 189
in Kazakhstan, 143
in Kyrgyzstan, 156
in Moldavia, 65
in Tajikistan, 167
in Turkmenistan, 179
in Ukraine, 79
in Uzbekistan, 189
“water lords” in Central Asian, 189
Colorado River, 180
Commission for Combating Corruption and for Financial
Control. See Russian Federation, Commission for
Combating Corruption and for Financial Control
Commission on the Study of the History and Problems of
the Development of the Moldavian Language. See
Moldovan language
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), xi, 19, 23-
24, 56,71,83, 84, 105, 150, 200
Azerbaijan and, 117, 118
demographic data from, xi
Georgia and, 130
military command of, 24
and nuclear weapons, 24, 150
Turkmenistan and, 183
Communism Peak, 165
Communist Party, ix, 3, 191, 200, 202
in Armenia, 100
in Azerbaijan, 111, 112
212
Index
of Azerbaijani-populated Iran (Tudeh Party), 118
in Baku, 110-11
in Belorussia, 53, 54, 55-56
Caucasian Bureau of, 112
Central Committee of, 127, 199
Gennadii Zyuganov as candidate of, 21
in Georgia, 125-26, 127-28
in Kazakhstan, 142, 143
in Kyrgyzstan, 160
in Moldavia, 66, 67, 68, 69
in Moscow, 18, 160
and official corruption, 191
outlawing in Russia (December 1991) of, 19
Politburo of, 127, 199
post-Stalinist leaders of, 17-18
purges of, 17
in Russian Parliament, 19-21
in Russian parliamentary elections, 20-21
Stalin as general secretary of, 17
in Sverdlovsk, 18
in Tajikistan, 166-67, 170, 171-72
in Tatarstan, 26
in Turkmenistan, 179, 181
Twentieth Congress (1956) of, 17
in Ukraine, 79
in Uzbekistan, 189, 191
Comrat (Komrat), 69
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE), 182
Confessions, 200
Congress of People’s Deputies. See Russian Congress of
People’s Deputies; and All-Union Congress of
People’s Deputies (USSR)
Constitution, Russian (1993), 3, 20-21, 197
executive authority under, 20-21
referendum on, 20
trial by jury under, 3
Constitution, Soviet (1918), 16
Constitution, Soviet (1936), 99
Corruption, 22-23, 191, 197
Aleksandr Lebed on, 23
in Azerbaijani Communist Party, 111, 116
in Kazakhstan, 145
and KGB, 22, 25
in Turkmen Communist Party, 179
in Uzbekistan (“Cotton Affair”), 191
Cossacks, 34, 35, 77, 200
Zaporizhzhian, 78, 200
“Cotton Affair” (Uzbekistan), 189, 191
Cotton monoculture, x, 157, 158, 167-68, 190-91, 200
in Central Asia, 179, 180
and irrigation, 190
in Turkmenistan, 179
in Uzbekistan, 189, 190-91
Coup d’état (Moscow, August 1991), abortive, ix, 3,
19, 80, 101, 105, 114, 135, 147, 160, 172, 181, 197
Belorussian Communist Party support for, 55
Gagauz support for, 69
Trans-Dniester Republic support for, 68
Crime, 22-23
Crimea, 75, 77
administrative transfer to Ukrainian SSR of, 45, 77, 83
autonomy movement in, 83
Greeks in, 83
map of, 76
political status of, 82, 83-84
presidential elections (1994) in, 83
Russian annexation (1783) of, 110
World War II deportations from, 83
Crimean Khanate, 45
Crimean Tatars, 83
Crimean War, 63
Critchlow, James, 191
Currency. See individual countries
Cyrillic script, 63, 65, 67, 118, 194
Stalin’s imposition upon Central Asia of, 194
Czech Republic, 198
Czechoslovak “Velvet Revolution,” 160
Dacia, 63
Dagestan, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 91, 93, 149, 181
Dagestan, Sunni Khanate of, 110
Dagestanis, 14-15, 110, 116
Dashhouwuz, 181
Dashnak (Dashnaktsutiun) party, 99, 100, 102
and Armenian church, 99
banning (1923) of, 99
banning (1995) of, 102
their capture of Erevan (1921), 99
and KGB, 102
legalization (1992) of, 102
terrorism of, 105
David of Sassoun, 98
David the Builder (1184-1212), 124-25
DeBeers South African diamond monopoly, 38
Demirchian, Karen, 100, 101, 104
Democratic Moldavian Republic (1917-18), 71
Democratic Movement in Support of Restructuring
(Moldova), 66-67
Democratic Russia, 19-20, 200
Democratization, x
in Kyrgyzstan, 159-61
in Russia, 19-21
Desna River, 75, 77
Dnieper River, 11, 45, 51, 52, 75, 77
Dniester River, 45, 63, 68, 75
Dniester Soviet Socialist Republic (Dniester SSR), 68.
See also Trans-Dniester Republic
Dnipropetrovs’k (Ekaterinoslav), 77, 79, 83
Dolgan, 33
Don River, 13
Donbass. See Donets Basin
213
Index
Donets Basin (Donbass), 40, 75, 77, 78, 82
Donets River, 75
Donets’k, 77
Drach, Ivan, 80
Dro, 102
Drutse, Ion, 66
Dudaev, Dzhokhar, 27
Duma. See Russian Duma (Russian Parliament, 1993-)
Dushanbe, 165, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173
East Slavs in, 170
February 1990 riots in, 171
Russian troops in, 171, 173
Slavic exodus from, 172
Dushanbe Pedagogical Institute, 170
Dvina River. See Northern Dvina River; and Western
Dvina River
Dymytrii (Yarema), Patriarch of Kiev and All Ukraine
(UAOC), 85
Dzemyantsei, Mikalai, 55
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 56, 58
Dzhizak. See Jizzakh (Dzhizak)
Dzhugashvili, Josef. See Stalin, Joseph
Earthquakes
in Armenia, 91, 97, 102-03
East European Plain, 11, 13, 51
East Prussia, 11
East Slavs, 3, 15-16, 52, 78
celebration of Christian millennium by, 84
in Central Asia, 135, 155,170
exodus from Central Asia of, xi, 144-45
in Kazakhstan, 144-45
in Moldova, 66, 67, 68
in Siberia, 33
in Trans-Dniester region, 68
Eastern Christendom, 59-60,77, 105, 201. See also
Armenian Apostolic Church; Eastern Orthodoxy;
Eastern-rite Christianity; Georgian Orthodox Church;
Greek Catholic Church; Moldovan Orthodox Church;
Russian Orthodox Church; Ukrainian Autocephalous
Orthodox Church; Ukrainian Catholic Church;
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate;
and Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow
Patriarchate
Eastern Orthodoxy, 15, 201
baptism of Grand Prince Vladimir into, 16
in Belarus, 52, 59-60
among Gagauz, 65
in Georgia, 124
in Moldova, 71
in northwest Russia, 15
in Sakha Republic, 33
in Ukraine, 78
Eastern-rite Christianity, 201
Eastern Siberia. See Siberia, Eastern
Ecological issues. See Environmental issues
Economic restructuring, 197
in Armenia, 102
in Azerbaijan, 116
in Belarus, 58
centralized planning prior to, x
and crime, 22-23
and currency reform, x
and foreign investment, x, 23
in Georgia, 131
inflationary pressures under, 22
in Kazakhstan, 149-50
in Kyrgyzstan, 157
in Moldova, 70
price deregulation in, 19-20, 21-22
and privatization, 20, 22
production declines and, 23
regentrification and, 22
and Russian Central Bank, 22
and Russian vouchers, 22
and shock therapy, 20, 22, 23
in Turkmenistan, 180
in Ukraine, 81-83
in Uzbekistan, 194-95
Edinstvo (Unity), 67-68. See also Trans-Dniester region
Moldavian Communist Party joins with, 67, 68
Education. See individual countries
Ejmiatsin (Echmiadzin), See of, 98, 100, 105. See also
Armenian Apostolic Church
Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), 3, 13
Elchibey, Abulfaz, 114-15, 117, 118
Emba River, 141
Enisei River, 29, 31, 33, 34, 154, 158
Environmental issues, x, 197
Aral Sea depletion, x, 197. See also Aral Sea
in Armenia, 103-04
in Azerbaijan, 115-16
in Central Asia, 135, 195
and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, x, 197. See also
Chernobyl nuclear disaster
difficulties of interrepublican cooperation on, x
in Kazakhstan, 148-50
in Kyrgyzstan, 158
in Moldova, 70
in Siberia and the Russian Far East, 38^40
in Tajikistan, 168
in Turkmenistan, 180-81
Erevan, 92, 97, 98, 99, 103, 110, 112, 113
air pollution in, 104
Soviet troops in, 101, 113
Theater Square violence (1990) in, 113
Erk (Freedom) Party, 191, 192, 194
Ermak Timofeevich, 34
Ersary tribe, 177
Eskimos, 33
214
Index
Estonia, x, 11
Ethnic groups. See individual countries
Eurasia, ix-x, 15, 24, 104, 158, 197-98, 201
brain drain from, 198
international support for, 198
Europe
Armenians in, 97
map of European Russia, 12
European Community, 105
Even, 33
Evenk, 33, 37
Exarchate, 201
Far East, Russian, 29, 31-32, 35, 40-41
gulag in, 36
map of, 6, 30
military installations in, 35-36, 41
natural resources of, 38—40
Far Eastern Republic, 16
Farghona, 187, 193
Farghona (Fergana) Valley, xiii, 135, 153, 154, 157, 159,
164, 165, 173, 187, 190-91, 193-94
Meskhetians in, 193
poverty in, 193, 195
riots in (1989), 193-94
rural overpopulation in, 157, 193, 195
as site of Kyrgyz/Uzbek ethnic conflict, 159, 193
Federal Security Service (FSB), 25, 201. See also KGB
Fergana Valley. See Farghona (Fergana) Valley
Feudalism, Russian, 16
Filaret, Metropolitan (Exarch of Minsk and Belarus), 59
Filaret (Denysenko), Kiev Patriarch (Ukrainian Orthodox
Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, UOCKP), 86
allegations of immoral sexual behavior by, 87
call for independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church by,
86
his conflict with Moscow patriarchate, 86-87
as former Metropolitan of Kiev (Exarch of the Ukrai-
nian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarch-
ate), 85-86
and Ukrainian National Self-Defense Organization, 86
Finland, 15
Finland, Gulf of, 11
First Secretary of the Communist Party, 201
Five-year Plans, 17, 35, 201
Foreign Intelligence Service. See Russian Foreign
Intelligence Service
Forests, Siberian, 39. See also Taiga
Frunze. See Bishkek (Frunze)
Frunze, Mikhail, 154
Gafurov, Bobojan, 167, 169
Gagauz, 65, 66, 69. See also Arkalyk; and Khalky
drive for autonomy by, 69
and Moldovan language legislation, 66, 67, 69
national congress of, 69
secessionist move by, 69
self-determination of, 69
support for attempted 1991 Moscow coup by, 69
Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 69
Gaidar, Egor, 20, 22, 23, 25
Galicia,78, 85
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 128-30. See also “Round Table/
Free Georgia”
anti-Communism of, 128-30
crushing of political opposition by, 129
flight from Georgia of, 129
Ganca, 109, 115
Gapurov, Mukhamednazar, 179
Garabogazkol Aylagy (KaraBogaz Gulf), 176, 180-81
General Secretary of the Communist Party, 201
Genghis Khan, 109, 141, 201
Geok-Tepe, battle of (1881), 178, 183
significance for Turkmen history of, 183
Georgia, Republic of, ix, 11, 15, 91, 97, 98, 109, 120-31
and the Abkhazian question, xi, 91, 127, 129-31, 198
agriculture, 121, 123
and the Arab Empire, 124
Armenians in, 97, 99, 124
autonomous regions of, 91, 123-24, 126-27, 129, 131
Azerbaijanis in, 124, 126
Bloody Sunday (9 April 1989) in, 127-28
and Byzantium, 124
and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 130
constitution (1995) of, 131
currency, 121, 131
declaration of independence (April 1991) in, 125
declaration of independence (May 1918) in, 125
early history of, 123-25
as East-West crossroad, 124
economic restructuring of, 131
education, 120
ethnic groups, 120, 124
foreign investment in, 131
GNP, per capita, 121
industrial output, 121
informal political groups in, 127
and International Monetary Fund, 131
Laz in, 124
map of, 93, 122
Marxists in, 125
Menshevik-led republic of (1918-21), 125-29
Meskhetians of, 124
Mingrelians of, 124
as “miniature empire,” 126, 130
and Mshvidoba bloc, 130
natural resources, 121, 123
and Ottoman Empire, 124
parliamentary elections (1992) in, 130
parliamentary elections (1995) in, 131
and Persian Empire, 124
physical description of, 123
215
Index
Georgia, Republic of (continued)
presidential elections (1991) in, 128, 129
presidential elections (1995) in, 131
and Repentance, 126, 127
religion, 120, 128
and Roman Empire, 124
Russian annexation (1801) of, 125
and Russian Empire, 124
Russian support for, 130-31
Russians in, 124
Russian troops in, 25
sovereignty declaration (August 1989) by, 128
Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs troops in, 127
Soviet purges in, 125
and Stalin, 125
statistical profile, 120-21
Svans in, 124
within Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic, 112, 125
and World War II, 125
Georgian Communist Party, 100, 125-26, 127-28
and Bloody Sunday (April 1989), 127-28
Georgian Democratic Republic (1918-21), 125, 128, 129
“Georgian Knights” (Mkhedrioni), 129-30, 131
Georgian language, 124
early Kartvelian dialects of, 124
as official language of Georgia, 126
spoken by Ajaris, 124
Georgian Military Council, 130
Georgian Military Highway, 124
Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs, 129
Georgian National Guard, 129-30
its rampage in Abkhazia, 130
Georgian Orthodox Church, 91, 125
and Georgian national identity, 128
and Russian Orthodox Church, 125, 128
Georgian State Council, 130
Georgian Supreme Soviet, 128
Georgians, 123
in Abkhazia, 127
eastern (Kartli), 124
educated class of, 125
ethnic origins of, 124
in Russian revolutionary circles, 125
in Transcaucasian Federation, 111
German Army, 17
Germans
exodus to Germany of, 144
in Kazakhstan, 144
in Siberia, 33
from Ukraine, 144
Giliak. See Lower Amur people
Gissar Valley, 165
Glasnost, 100, 201
in Azerbaijan, 118
in Kazakhstan, 146-47
in Kyrgyzstan, 157
in Tajikistan, 170
in Uzbekistan, 192
GlasuU 66
GNP. See individual countries
Goeklen tribe, 177
Golden Horde, 16, 187, 201
Goloshchekin, F. L, 143
Gorbachev, Mikhail, xiii, 3, 18-19, 39, 66, 67, 80, 100,
103-04, 112, 115, 118, 125, 127-28, 156, 157, 160,
169, 170, 179, 181, 192, 203
anti-alcoholism campaign of, 18, 116
campaign against corruption, 145
loss of power by, 19
and Nagorno-Karabakh, 101, 112-14
and Tajik-Uzbek conflict, 169
travel to Japan by, 40
Gore, Albert, 161
Gori (Georgia), 17
Gorky. See Nizhnii Novgorod
Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast, 169
Goverl, Mount, 75
Great Caucasian War, 27
Great Russians. See Russians
Greek Catholic Church, 85, 201
in Belarus, 52,59
Soviet outlawing of, 59, 79, 85
in Ukraine, 78, 85. See also Ukrainian Catholic Church
Greeks, 63, 83
Gregory, St., the Illuminator, 98
Gross National Product. See GNP under individual
countries
Grossu, Semen, 65, 66, 70
Groznyi, 27-28
Gruziny (Georgians), 124
Gulag, 17, 36, 53, 201
Gulistan, Treaty of (1812), 110
Guliston, 187
Gunkin, Nikolai, 147
Gurcu (Georgians), 124
Gypsies, 17
Gyumri (Leninakan), 97, 99
earthquake destruction of, 97, 102
Hai, 98
Hakobian, Hakob Melik (Raffi), 100
Harduris, 166
Helsinki Watch, 182
Himmat (Endeavor) party, 110
Hitler, Adolf, 53
Hokkaido (Japan), 33
Holocaust, 17, 78, 203
Homyel, 54
Hrodna, 52, 59
Hrushevsky, Michael, 78
Hunchak (Social Democratic) faction, 99, 104
216
Index
Hungary, 198
Husseinov, Surat, 115
Iablonovy Mountains, 31
Iakutiia. See Sakha (Iakutiia), Republic of
Iakuts. See Sakha people (lakuts)
Iakutsk, 33, 34
Iana River, 32
Iaroslavl, 13
Ia§i (Jassy), 63
Iazov, Dmitrii, 19, 127
Iberia (Georgia), 124
Ibn Sina. See Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
Ichkeriya, 27. See also Checheniia (Chechnya), Republic
of
Ikramov, Akmal, 189
Ilia II, Georgian Patriarch Catholicos, 128
Iliescu, Ion, 68, 71
India, Armenians in, 104
Indigenous peoples, 32-33, 36-38
independence movements among, 38
life expectancy of, 37
nomadic patterns of, 37
Russification of, 36-38
Indigirka River, 32
Indo-European language group, 33, 78, 97-98
Iranian subgroups of, 165
Industrial output. See individual countries
Industrialization, 17, 100
Informal political groups, x
in Armenia, 101-02
in Azerbaijan, 114
Gagauz, 69. See also Arkalyk; and Khalky
in Georgia, 127
Islamic, 170-71, 192
in Kazakhstan, 136, 146-48
in Kyrgyzstan, 159-60
in Moldova, 66-67
in Tajikistan, 171-72
in Ukraine, 80
in Uzbekistan, 191-93, 194-95
Ingush people, 14-15
Ingushetiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 27, 91, 93
International Atomic Energy Agency, 54, 103
International Monetary Fund, 23, 56, 70, 81, 82, 84, 105,
131, 157, 198
Iran, 91, 97, 100, 101, 105, 109, 113, 116, 117, 118, 177,
182, 183
Armenians in, 104
Azerbaijani relations with, 113, 117
presence in Tajikistan of, 113
Shi’ite fundamentalism of, 113
as spiritual model for Muslim republics, 117
Turkmen in, 183
Iranian peoples, 91, 166, 178
Tajik derivation from, 165
Iraq, Turkmen in, 178
Irkutsk, 34, 35
Irtysh River, 31, 33, 39
Islam, 15, 91, 98
in Azerbaijan, 116-17
Bolshevik challenge to, 188
in Central Asia, 142
in Georgia, 124
in Kyrgyzstan, 155
obligations of, 117
official leadership of, 192,193
reformist Jadids and, 193, 195
rise of, 109
Shi’ite, 91, 109, 113, 166, 183, 204
in Siberia, 34
Sufi movement within, 155, 192, 193
Sunni, 109, 116-17, 183, 204-05
in Tajikistan, 170-71
in Transcaucasia, 91
in Turkmenistan, 183
unregistered mullahs within, 193
in Uzbekistan, 192-93
in Volga region, 26
Wahhabi movement in, 193
Islam and Democracy group (Uzbekistan), 192
Islamic Renaissance Party (Tajikistan), 170, 172, 173
ban of, 170
Islamic Renaissance Party (Uzbekistan), 193-94
Abdurrakhim Pulatov and, 193
Central Asian Congress of (1991), 193
Islamskaia Pravda (Dushanbe), 170
Ismailov, Mahmoud, 118
Italy, Armenians in, 104
Itelmen, 33
Iukagirs, 33
Iusupov, Usman, 189
Ivanovo, 13
Jadids, 189, 192, 193,201
Jalal-Abad, 154
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. See al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din
Japan, 35, 40-41
Jassy. See Ia§i
Jews, 17, 45, 203. See also Holocaust
in Belarus, 52,53, 59
in Moldova, 65, 67
in Pale of Settlement, 78, 203
in Ukraine, 78, 79, 80
Jizzakh (Dzhizak), 187
John Paul II, 59, 103
Jumabaev, Maghjan. See Maghjan Jumabaev
Junayd Khan, 178
Kabardino-Balkariia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 91, 93
Kabards, 14-15
Kaliningrad, 11, 12, 51
217
Index
Kalmykiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 91, 93
Kalmyks, 14-15
Kamchatka Peninsula, 31, 32, 33, 40
Kara Bogaz Gulf. See Garabogazkol Aylagy (Kara Bogaz
Gulf)
Kara Kum Canal, 176, 177, 180
Kara Kum Desert, 176, 177
Kara Kyrgyz, 143. See also Kyrgyz people
Kara Sea, 11
Karabakh. See Nagorno-Karabakh
Karabakh Committee, 101,112, 113
Karabogazsulfat Chemical Plant, 181
Karachai people, 14-15
Karachai-Cherkessiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 91, 93
Karaev, Juma, 179
Karaganda. See Qaraghandy (Karaganda)
Karakalpak autonomous oblast, 143
Karakalpak people, 143, 187
Karakalpakstan, autonomous republic of, 143, 186, 187
Aral Sea disaster in, 191
Karekin I, Armenian Patriarch Catholicos, 103, 105
Karelians, 14-15
Kareliia, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Karimov, Islam, 115, 189, 192
authoritarian rule of, 192
Karshi. See Qarshi (Karshi)
Kartli. See Georgians, eastern
Kartveli, 124. See also Georgians; and Georgian language
Kasim Khan (1511-18), 142
Kazakh Alash Party, 147
Kazakh Autonomous Republic (1925-36), 143
Kazakh Azat Movement, 147
Kazakh Communist Party, 142, 143, 144, 145-46
banning (1991) of, 147
corruption in, 145-46
support for bilingualism by, 146
Kazakh Free Party, 147
Kazakh language, 135, 141
Kazakhstan constitution (1993) and, 146
as official language of Kazakhstan, 145, 146
school instruction in, 146
Kazakh Republican Party, 147
Kazakh Social Democratic Party, 147
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, 147
Kazakh Union of Writers, 148
Kazakhs, 141-42, 187
ethnic origins of, 141
flight to China of, 142,144
of the Great Horde (Elder Horde), 142
identified as Kyrgyz, 143, 155
Islamicization of, 142, 145
of the Middle Horde, 142
nomadic roots of, 141, 143, 144
in oil industry, 148-49
of the Small Horde, 142
in Tajikistan, 166
Turkic identity of, 145
in Turkmenistan, 178
Kazakhstan, ix, 11,26,28, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40, 135, 136,
138-50, 154, 177, 179, 187, 190, 192
agriculture, 139,141, 142^13
Aqmola as proposed capital of, 145
Aral Sea disaster in, 190-91
Caspian Sea coastal villages of, 181
collectivization in, 143
and Commonwealth of Independent States, 150
cotton in, 149
currency, 139, 149-50
December 1986 riots in, 145-46
declaration of independence (December 1991) by, 147
demographic transformations of, 144-46
education, 138-39
ethnic groups, 138, 141-42, 144-46
famine in (1920s), 143
Germans in, 144
GNP, per capita, 139
imposition of fixed settlements in, 143
industrial output, 139, 148-50
informal political groups in, 136, 146-48
irrigation in, 36
Karakalpak autonomous oblast within (1925-36), 143
Kazakh-Russian ethnic relations in, 144-46
khanates of, 141-42
as Kyrgyz autonomous republic (1920-25), 143
language question in, 144-46
map of, 140
migration of Slavs into, 144
nationalist movement (Alash Orda) in, 142-43, 148
natural resources, 139, 141, 148-50
nomenklatura in, 147
as nuclear power, 23, 84, 150
oil industry in, 148^49, 198
parliamentary elections (1995) in, 147
physical description of, 141
prehistoric, 141
privatization in, 149
rehabilitation of nationalist writers in, 148
religion, 138
Russian Civil War in, 142
Russian conquest of, 142
Russian language in, 146
Russian settlement in, 142, 143, 144
size of, 141
Slavic exodus from, 144-45
Stalinist purges in, 143
statistical profile, 138-39
Ukrainians in, 78
and United States, 150
Virgin Lands in, 141, 144
water resources in, x, 141
Western investment in, 149
Kazakhstan Council of Ministers, 147
218
Index
Kazakhstan People’s Congress, 147
Kazan, 13, 15, 26
Kazbek, Mount, 123
Kebich, Vyacheslau, 55, 56
Kerki, 180
Ket people, 33
KGB, 22, 25, 36, 115, 192, 201-02. See also Federal
Security Service (FSB)
in Belarus, 56, 57-58
in Nax^ivan, 111
and Shamsutdinkan Babakhan, 192
in Tajikistan, 171
Khakass people, 14, 33
Khakassiia, Republic of, 14-15, 30, 35
Khalky (The People), 69
Khanate, 202
Khanate of Sibir. See Tatar Khanate of Sibir
Khanchian, Aghasi, 100
Khanti people, 33, 34, 37
Kharkiv, 77
Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 20
Khatanga River, 33
Kherson, 77
Khiva, Khanate of, 178, 188
independence of (1918-1920), 178
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 78, 200
Khojaev, editor, 167
Khojibaev, Abdurakhim, 167
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 113, 116, 170
Khrushchev, Nikita, 17-18, 36, 53, 79, 125, 128, 141,
143, 179
Khudonazarov, Davlat, 172
Kiev, 77, 78, 79, 82
Kievan Rus, 16, 52, 77, 78, 201
Kievan State University, 77
Kievo-Pecherskaia Lavra. See Caves, Monastery of the
Kirgiz. See Kyrgyz
Kirgiziia. See Kyrgyzstan
Kirovakan, 102, 104
Kishenev. See Chisinau
Kliuchevskaia, Mount, 32
Kochinian, Anton, 100
Kodry Hills, 63
Kokand. See Quqon (Kokand)
Kokand Khanate of, 154, 155, 178, 188
Kolbin, Genadii, 145-46, 147
Kolchak, Aleksandr, 35
Kolkhida (Colchis), 123
Kolyma Mountains, 32
as site of work camps, 36
Kolyma River, 32, 33
Komi people, 14-15
Komi, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Komsomoli Tochikiston, 169
Komsomolsk, 36
Kondrusiewicz, Tadeusz, 59
Kopet Mountains, 177
Koran, 192, 204
and elimination of Arabic script, 194
in modem Turkmen translation, 183
and Shamsutdinkan Babakhan, 192
Wahhabi strict interpretation of, 193
Koriak, 33
Krasnoiarsk, 35, 36
Krasnovodsk, 177, 178
Kravchuk, Leonid, 55, 68, 79, 80-81, 83, 84, 86
his election as chair of Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, 79
his election as president of Ukraine (December 1991),
80
resignation from Communist Party by, 80
and Rukh, 80
his support for Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev
Patriarchate, 86-87
Krivichi, 52
Kryvyy Rih, 77
Kuban River, 13
Kuchma, Leonid, 81-84, 86
his election as president (1994) of Ukraine, 81
Kuibyshev. See Samara
Kulaks, 17, 202
Külob, 167, 172
Kulov, Felix, 160
Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 144, 145-46
Kunanbaev, Abay, 148
Kura River, 97, 109, 116, 123
Kurapaty Woods, 53
Kurds, 99
Kurgan-Tiube. See Qürghonteppa (Kurgan-Tiube)
Kuril Islands, 32, 40-41
Russian conflict with Japan over, 40-41
Kursk, 13
Kutaisi, 123
Kuvasai, 193
Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass), 31, 35, 40
Kypchak people, 187
Kypchak Turkic (Nogai subdivision), 154
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, 160
Kyrgyz autonomous oblast (1924-26), 155-56
Kyrgyz autonomous republic (1926-36), 155-56
Kyrgyz intelligentsia, 157, 158, 159
Kyrgyz language, 135, 157-58
national epic, The Manas, 158
as Nogai branch of Kychap Turkic, 154
as official language of Kyrgyzstan, 157
reform of, 158
school instruction in, 157
similarity of Kazakh and Uzbek to, 135
use of Cyrillic alphabet for, 158
Kyrgyz Mountain Range, 154
Kyrgyz people, 135
conflict between Uzbeks and, 159
ethnic origins of, 154-55, 158
219
Index
Kyrgyz people (continued)
flight to China of, 155
Islamization of, 155
as Kara Kyrgyz, 143, 155
and the Manaschis* oral tradition, 158
revolt of 1916 by, 155
Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, 156, 159, 160
Kyrgyz Supreme Soviet, 160
Kyrgyz Union of Writers, 157, 158
Kyrgyzstan, 135, 141, 151-61, 165, 187
agriculture, 152, 154
Basmachi movement in, 155, 156
collectivization in, 156
Communist Party of, 155-56, 158, 160
constitution (1993) of, 160
cotton monoculture in, 157-58
currency, 152, 157
declaration of independence (August 1991) in, 157,
160
demographic realities of, 156-57
economic restructuring in, 157
education, 151
environmental issues in, 158
ethnic groups, 151, 154-55, 159
foreign investment in, 157
GNP, per capita, 152
housing shortages in, 157, 159
industrial output, 152
informal political groups in, 159-60
and International Monetary Fund, 157
international relations of, 161
Kyrgyz living outside, 158
Kyrgyz-Slav relations in, 157
map of, 153
natural resources, 152, 154
Osh riot (1990) in, 159
parliamentary elections (1995) in, 160
physical description of, 154
presidential elections (December 1995) in, 160-61
purges of intelligentsia in, 156
religion, 151
revolt (1916) in, 155
Russian conquest of, 155
Russian language use in, 155-56, 157
Russification in, 155, 157
“Silk Revolution” of, 160
Slavic migration into, 155, 156-57
and Stalin, 156
statistical profile, 152-52
Tajiks in, 166
and the United States, 161
water resources in, x, 158
“Kyrgyzstan” (informal political group), 159, 160
Kyzyl, 38
Kyzyl Kum Desert, 186, 187
Kzyl-Orda, 143
Lachyn, 113
Ladoga, Lake, 13
Lanovyi, Volodymyr, 82
Latin script, 66, 67
in Azerbaijan, 118
in Moldova, 66, 67
in Uzbekistan, 194
Latvia, x, 11
Laz, 124
League of Nations, 125
Lebanon, Armenians in, 104, 105
Lebed, Aleksandr, 21, 23, 27, 68
Lena goldmine strike (1912), 35
Lena River, 31, 32, 33
Lenin, Vladimir, 16,110, 142, 155, 188, 199, 202, 204
Leninakan. See Gyumri (Leninakan)
Leningrad, 17, 36. See also St. Petersburg
Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics,
160
Lesser Caucasus Mountains, 97, 123
Lezghins, 149
Liberal Democratic Party (Russia), 20
Ligachev, Egor, 160, 191
Literacy levels, xiv, 189, 194
Lithuania, x, 11
Little Russians (Malorossian’e). See Ukrainians
Liubachivs’kyi, Cardinal Myroslav, 85
Lower Amur people, 33
Lower Tunguska River, 31, 34
Luchinsky, Petru, 67, 69, 72
Lukashenka, Alyaksandr, 56-57, 189
Lukoil, 149
Uviv, 77, 85
Madras, 104
Mafia, 22-23, 197
Magadan, 36
Maghjan Jumabaev, 148
Makhachkala, 181
Makhkamov, Kakhar, 170, 171-72
and Boris Yeltsin, 171
support for Moscow coup by, 172
Maksum, Nasratullah, 167
Malafeyeu, Anatolii, 55
Manas, The (Kyrgyz epic), 158
Manchuria, 35
Mandudi (Pakistani religious leader), 170
Mangyshlak Peninsula, 141
Mansi, 33, 34, 37
Maps, vii. See also individual countries
Mari people, 14-15
Marii-El, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Marneuli, Azeris of, 129
Mary (Turkmenistan), 178, 181
Masaliev, Absamat, 156, 160, 161
Masherov, Petr, 53
220
Index
Maskhadov, Aslan, 28
Mateevici, Alexe, 66
Mateevici Literary and Musical Group, 66-67
Mazurov, Kirill, 53
Mazyr, 51, 54
McDermott International, 115
Mediterranean Sea, 98
Medzamor nuclear power plant, 103, 104, 105, 197
Mensheviks, 125, 202
Merv. See Mary
Meshkov, Iurii, 83
Meskhetians, 124, 193
in Farghona Valley, 193
Georgian ethnic roots of, 124, 193
Middle East, 91, 135, 182
Armenians in, 97, 104
Mingrelians, 124
Ministry of Internal Affairs. See Russian Federation,
Ministry of Internal Affairs in; and Soviet Union,
Ministry of Internal Affairs troops of
Minsk (Mensk), 51-52, 57, 58
its destruction in World War II, 52
Mirzoian, L. I., 143
Missions, Christian, 142. See also Russian Orthodox
Church; and Protestant missionaries
Mkhedrioni (“Georgian Knights”), 129-30, 131
Mobil Oil, 149
Moldavia, 63
Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 63, 65,
68
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 65-67
Communist Party in, 65, 66, 67
East Slavs in, 68
elections (1990) in, 67
the politics of language in, 65-67
proclamation of Gagauz ASSR in, 69
sovereignty proclamation (June 1990) by, 67
Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs troops in, 67
Supreme Soviet of, 66, 67
suspension of Soviet military draft in, 67
Writers’ Union of, 66
Moldova, Republic of, xi, 45, 61-72, 198. See also
Democratic Moldavian Republic (1917-18); Trans-
Dniester region; Trans-Dniester Republic
agriculture, 62, 63, 70
Christian Democratic Popular Front Alliance (AFPCD)
in, 69
Commonwealth of Independent States membership of,
71
Communist Party in, 67, 69, 70
currency, 62, 70
declaration of independence, 65
Democratic Agrarian Party (DAP) of, 69, 72
Democratic Movement in Support of Restructuring,
66, 67
demography, 61
education, 61
effort to remove Soviet troops from, 67
establishment of independent military in, 67
ethnic groups, 61, 63, 65
Gagauz in, 69
GNP, per capita, 62
map of, 47, 64
Mateevici Group in, 66-67
military action in Trans-Dniester region by, 68
name change of, 67
natural resources, 62
Party of Revival and Coalition (PRCM) in, 70
Party of Social Progress (PPSM) in, 70
pesticide pollution in, 70
physical description of, 63
presidential elections (1996) in, 70
relations with Romania of, 69-70, 71
religion, 61, 63, 71-72
religious institutions in, 71
Russian and Ukrainian currencies in, 70
Russian exodus from, 68
Russian military forces in, 25
Russian relations with, 71
Slavic population of, 66, 67
statistical profile, 61-62
Supreme Soviet in, 68
Moldovan Greens, 67
Moldovan language, 45, 63, 65-67, 68, 69, 71
Commission on the Study of the History and Problems
of the Development of the Moldavian Language,
66
1989 law on, 67, 69
Moldovan Orthodox Church, 71
Moldovan Popular Front (MPF), 66-68, 69, 70
control of Moldovan Supreme Soviet by, 67
support for cultural autonomy of Gagauz by, 69
Moldovans, 45, 63, 65, 78
as Eastern Orthodox Christians by tradition, 63, 71
and the language question, 63, 65-67, 69
Mongolia, 29,31,33,34, 40
Mongolie language group, 33. See also Buriats
Mongols, 15, 16, 98, 109, 124, 125, 141, 154, 165, 178,
201
Tamarlane (Timur) as leader of, 187
Mordviniia, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Moscow, 3, 13, 15, 36, 79, 115, 159, 197, 202
as center of political power, 16, 18, 35, 92, 111, 112,
127, 155, 169, 188, 189, 191
central economic planning from, x, 143, 155, 156, 168,
179, 190
coup d’état in, ix, 3, 19, 80, 101, 105, 114, 135, 147,
160, 172, 181, 197
regentrification of, 22
standard of living in, 23
trade route from Warsaw to, 51
Turkmen economic dependency upon, 179
221
Index
Moscow Institute of Literature, 159
Moscow News, 113
Moscow Patriarchate, 16, 71, 85
Mo vsisian, Vladimir, 101
Mshvidoba bloc, 130
Mtatsminda, Mount, 123
Mtskheta, 124
Mujahedin, 169
Mukhamadshin, Farid, 26
Murgab River, 177
Murmansk, 13
Musavat (Equality) Party, 110. See also Azerbaijani
National Democratic Party (New Musavat)
Muscovy (Muscovite Russia), 15-16, 34, 45, 78, 202
Muslim Religious Board for Central Asia and
Kazakhstan, 192
Muslims, 135
distrust of official Islamic clergy by, 117, 192
flight to Iran and Turkey, 117
of Russian Turkestan, 135, 142
of Tajikistan, 170
in Transcaucasia, 98
Mustafaev, Imam Dashdemiroglu, 111
Mutalibov, Ayaz Niyaz, 114, 116
Mykolayiv (Nikolaev), 77
Myroslav, Cardinal. See Liubachivs’kyi, Cardinal
Myroslav
Mystyslav, Patriarch of Kiev and All Ukraine (UAOC),
85-86
death of, 86
Mzhavanadze, Vasilii, 125
Nabiev, Rakhman, 167, 171, 172
Nagorno-Karabakh, xiii, 91, 97, 98, 99, 101-02, 103,
105, 109, 111, 112-15, 117
Armenian immigration into, 112
and Armenian self-defense units, 113
Azerbaijani control of, 99, 112
border arrangements (1922) regarding, 99, 112
cease-fire (May 1994) in, 113
conflict over, xi, 91, 101-02, 112-15
khanate of, 98
map of, 93, 96, 108
Moscow’s declaration (1989) of direct control over,
113
Operation Ring and, 113
and refugees, 113
unofficial Armenian military groups in, 102
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, 101, 112
declaration of independence (1991) by, 113
declaration of separation from Azerbaijan by, 112
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, 102
declaration of independence (1992) of, 113
Nakhichevan. See Nax$ivan
Namangan, 187
Nanai, 33
Napoleon, 53
Narimanov, Nariman, 111
Naryn River, 154
National delimitation policy of 1924, 202. See also
Nationalities policy
Nationalities policy, xiii, 188
dividing Armenians and Azerbaijanis, 111
in Moldavia, 65
national delimitation policy of 1924, 155, 166, 169,
178, 188
national homelands as part of, 13-15
national self-determination, 110, 188, 202
Native Americans, 3, 36
comparison of Siberian indigenous people with, 37-38
NATO expansion, 198
NATO Partnership for Peace Program, 57, 71
Natural resources. See individual countries
Nax?ivan, 91, 93, 97, 99, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114,
115
Nazarbaev, Nursultan, ix, 115, 145, 147, 149
extension of executive powers by, 147-48
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), x, 17, 53, 67, 79
Near abroad, Russians of the, 3, 25, 145, 202
Nebitdag, 177
May 1989 riots in, 182
Negidal, 33
Neman (Nyoman) River, 51
Nemtsov, Boris, 21
Nemtushkin, Alitet, 37
Nenets, 15, 33, 37
Neva River, 13
Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement, 135, 146-47, 148
Nezavisimaia gazeta (Independent Newspaper), 200
Nganasan, 33
Nicholas I, 98
Nikolaev. See Mykolayiv
Nino, St., 124
Nishanov, Rafik, 189
Nivkh, 33
Niyazov, Saparmurad, 179, 180, 181-82
authoritarian leadership of, 181-82
his commitment to expanded Western investment, 180,
182
cult of personality surrounding, 182
elected Turkmen president, 181
Nizhnii Novgorod (Gorky), 13, 21
NKVD. See KGB
Nomadism, 37-38,156, 178, 202. See also Siberia,
indigenous peoples of
of Kazakhs, 143, 144
of Turkic peoples, 135, 178
Nome (Alaska), 41
Nomenklatura, ix, 20, 80, 115, 135, 197, 202
in Belarus, 56, 57
in Kazakhstan, 147
in Kyrgyzstan, 160
in Turkmenistan, 181
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 198
222
Index
Norilsk, 36
North Korea, 29, 40
North Ossetians, 14-15, 124
North Ossetiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15, 93, 124
Northern Dvina, 13
Norway, 11
Novgorod, 13
Novorossiia, 63
Novorossisk, 116
Novyi Uzen, 148
June 1989 riots in, 149
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 57, 84, 150
Nuclear power plants. See Chernobyl; Chernobyl nuclear
disaster; and Medzamor nuclear power plant
Nuclear weapons
in Belarus, 23-24, 57
in Kazakhstan, 23-24, 150
in Russian Federation, 23-24
in Ukraine, 23-24, 81, 84
Nuclear weapons-grade materials, 24
Nukus, 187, 195
Nurek, 167
Nuri, Said Abdullo, 173
Ob River, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39
Oblast. See Autonomous regions
Odessa, 77, 79
Oghuz Turks, 109
Ogonek, 126
Oil industry, 198
in Azerbaijan (Baku), 110, 115, 116
in Kazakhstan, 141, 148-50
in Turkmenistan, 180
Western development of Azerbaijani, 110, 115, 116
Oil pipelines, 116, 123, 149, 198
Baku-Batumi, 131
and Checheniia (Chechnya), 116
Okhotsk, 34
Okhotsk, Sea of, 31-32, 33, 34, 36
Okrug. See Autonomous regions
Olcott, Martha Brill, 141
Olenek River, 32
Oman, 149
Onega Lake, 13
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 125
Orel, 13
Orok people, 33
Oryx Energy Company, 149
Osh, 154, 159. See also Farghona (Fergana) Valley
dispatch of Soviet Internal Affairs Ministry troops
to, 159
1990 uprising in, 159
unemployment in, 159
Uzbek majority in, 159
Ossetians, 91, 124, 127. See also North Ossetians; and
South Ossetians
Eastern Orthodox, 124
Muslim, 124
Ostiak-Samoyed. See Nganasan
Ottoman Empire, 45, 63, 98, 109-10, 111, 112, 116, 124,
125, 178
Armenians in, 99, 112
Ovezov, Balysh, 179
Ozbek. See Uzbeks
Ozbekistan adabiyati va san”ati, 194
Pacific Ocean, 16, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 40, 149
Pagan traditions. See Shamanism
Pakistan
Tajiks in, 166
Pale of Settlement, 45, 52, 78, 203
Paleo-Asiatic language group, 33, 37, 203
Chukchi, 33
Eskimos, 33
Itelmen, 33
Iukagirs, 33
Koriak, 33
Lower Amur people (formerly Giliak), 33
Nivkh, 33
Palestine, 98
Pamir Mountains, 165
Pamir-Alay Mountains, 154, 165
Pamiri people, 166, 169, 172, 198
Afghan arming of, 172
Pan-Turkism, 99, 117, 148, 182, 188, 195
Aitmatov appeal on behalf of, 159-60
Paropamiz Mountains, 177
Patiashvili, Dzhumber, 127
Pavlodar, 141
Paznyak, Zyanon, 55, 56, 57
Pechora River, 13
Pennzoil, 115
People’s Democratic Party (Uzbekistan), 192
“Peoples of the north.” See Paleo-Asiatic language group;
and Siberia, indigenous peoples of
Pereiaslav, Union of, 78
Perestroika, 3, 18, 80, 100, 145, 146-^7, 160, 171, 203
Permafrost, 11, 110
Persia, 98, 110
Armenians in, 98, 104, 112
Georgia under rule of, 124
revolution of 1909 in, 110
Safavid, 110
ties of Azerbaijan with, 109-10
Persian language, similarity of Tajik to, 165
Persian peoples, 98, 109
Peter the Great, 16, 34, 77, 110, 202
Petliura, Simon, 79
Petrograd. See St. Petersburg (Leningrad)
Petrosian, Lev. See Ter-Petrosian, Levon
Pilsudski, Jozef, 52
Pinsk, 52
Pishpek fortress, 154, 155. See also Bishkek
Plenum, Communist Party, 203
223
Index
Pobeda (Victory) Peak, 154
Pogosian, Stepan, 101
Pogroms, 65, 72, 203
Poland, 11, 16, 198
interwar, 52, 79
Jews in, 78
partitions of, 52, 59
Polatsk, 51, 52. See also Polock principality
Polish Catholic clergy, 59
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16, 45, 52, 59, 77,
78, 200
Jewish settlement in, 45, 52
Polish-Soviet war (1919-20), 79
Politburo, Soviet Communist Party, 203
Polock principality, 52
Poltava, 77-78
Poltoratsk, 177. See also Ashgabat
Poverty
in Central Asia, 135
in Farghona Valley, 193
in Tajikistan, 167
in Turkmenistan, 179
in Uzbekistan, 193
Pravda, 103
Primakov, Evgenii, 25
Pripet Marsh, 51, 75, 77
Pripet River, 51, 52
Protestant missionaries, 34
Protestantism, 34
Protopopov, Dmitrii, 167
Provideniia, 41
Provisional Government, 204. See also Russian Provi-
sional Government (1917)
Prut River, 63, 65, 75
Pskov, 13
Pulatov, Abdurrakhim, 192, 193
Purges, Soviet, 17, 53, 203
in Azerbaijan, 111, 118
in Kazakhstan, 143
in Tajikistan, 167
in Turkmenistan, 179
in Uzbekistan, 189
Qaraghandy (Karaganda), 141, 149
Qarshi (Karshi), 187
Qorbashi. See Basmachi movement
Qudayberdiev, Shakerim. See Shakerim Qudayberdiev
Qiiqon (Kokand), 154, 187
Qurghonteppa (Kurgan-Tiube), 170
Rakhmonov, Imomali, 170, 172, 173
Ramkavar (Democratic Liberal) faction, 104, 105
Rashidov, Sharaf, 189, 191
corruption under, 189, 191
Rasputin, Valentin, 40
Rastokhez (Renewal), 171, 172, 173
Rasulov, Jabar, 167
Razdan River, 97
Razzakov, Ishak, 156
Rechitsa, 51
Red Army, 16, 17, 28, 35,53,99, 111, 112, 125, 142,
155, 166, 178, 188, 199, 203
Red Cross, 28
Red Tents, 37
Religion. See individual countries
Repentance (Monanieba), 126, 127
Republics. See Autonomous regions
Reservations, Native American, 37
Riasanovsky, Nicholas, 17
Riga, 66
Riga, Gulf of, 51
Riga, Treaty of (1921), 52
Rioni River, 123
Rivers
in Armenia, 97
in Belarus, 51
diversion projects for, 35, 39
in European Russia, 13
in Georgia, 123
in Kazakhstan, 141
in Kyrgyzstan, 154
in Moldova, 63
in Siberia and the Russian Far East, 31, 32, 35-36
in Tajikistan, 165
in Turkmenistan, 177
in Ukraine, 75
in Uzbekistan, 187
Rodionov, Igor, 127
Roman Catholic Church, 78, 85, 200
in Belarus, 52, 59
Roman Empire, 98, 124
Romance languages, 63
Romania, 45, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68
Moldovan relations with, 69-70, 71
Romanian language, 45, 63, 65, 70, 71
as official language of Moldova, 70
Romanian Orthodox Church, 71
its Metropolitanate of Bessarabia, 71
Romanians, 63
Romanov dynasty, 16
Rome, 85
Roosevelt, Franklin, 77
Rosneft, 149
Rostov na Donu, 13
“Round Table/Free Georgia,” 128, 129
RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
(RSFSR)
Ruble zone, x, 203
Rukh, 80-81
Chomovil faction of, 80-81
and Greek Catholics, 80
in 1989 parliamentary elections, 80
224
Index
platform of, 80
Russia. See Russian Federation
Russian Civil War, 16, 17, 35, 79, 124, 188, 203
in Kazakhstan, 148
Russian Congress of People’s Deputies, 18,19, 203
challenge to Boris Yeltsin, 19, 20
on Crimean status, 83
legislation on autonomous regions (April 1992), 15
Russian Duma (Russian Parliament, 1993-), 3, 20-21,
26, 200
elections (1995) to, 21
Russian Empire, ix, 15-17, 45, 52, 66, 78, 97, 98, 110,
135, 189-90, 202
annexation of Transcaucasia, 98, 110
Armenians in, 98
and the Baltic republics, x-xi
and the Chechens, 27
expansion into Central Asia, 135, 155
and Georgia, 124, 125
Napoleonic invasion of, 63
proposed restoration of, 26
Russian Federation, ix-x, 3-41, 83-84, 123, 135, 141
and Abkhazian question, 127, 130-31
agriculture, 10, 13, 31, 32. See also Virgin Lands
Armenians in, 97
autonomous regions of, 13-15,91, 124, 199
Belarus agreement (1996) with, 58
Central Bank of, 22
change of name to, 3
Commission for Combating Corruption and for
Financial Control in, 25
in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 19
its conflict with Ukraine, 45, 83-84
constitution (1993) of, 20-21, 197
as constitutional democracy, 3
crime in, 22-23
currency, 10
demography, 7, 9
Duma. See Russian Duma
economic restructuring in, 20, 21-23
education, 8-9
ethnic groups, 7, 13-15, 26-28, 32-33, 36-38
executive branch of, 3
Federal Security Service (FSB) of, 25
federal treaty (March 1992) of, 26-27
Foreign Intelligence Service in, 25
foreign investment in, 23
GNP, per capita, 10
industrial output, 10, 35-36
internal republics, 8, 14
Japanese relations with, 40-41
judicial branch of, 3
legislative branch of, 3. See also Russian Duma
(Russian Parliament, 1993-); and Russian
Federation Council
map of, 6, 12, 30
military command structure of, 24
military troops outside the border of, 24-25, 173
Ministry of Internal Affairs in, 25
Moldovan relations with, 71
as multi-ethnic state, 3, 7, 13-15, 26-28
natural resources, 10, 13,29, 31-32, 34-36, 38-40
northerly latitude of, 13
as nuclear power, 23-24, 57
parliament. See Russian Duma
physical description of, 11, 13
political conflict in, 19-20
price deregulation (January 1992) in, 19-20
privatization in, 21-23
production declines in, 23
referendum on legislative and executive power (April
1993), 20
regional leadership within, 21
religion, 7, 15, 16-17, 28, 33-34
Russian national identity within, 26, 28
secessionist threats within, 26-28
size of, 3, 45
standard of living within, 9, 23
statistical profile, 7-10
Tatarstan within, 26-27
Transcaucasian interests of, 105
ultranationalism in, 26
and war in Checheniia, 27-28
Russian Federation Council, 3, 21
Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, 25
Russian history
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn on, 16-17
Marxist view of, 16
statist view of, 15-16
as taught in Soviet Union, 16
Russian language, xiv
in Azerbaijan, 118
in Belarus, 60
in Kazakhstan, 146
in Kyrgyzstan, 157
in Moldova, 67, 68
in Ukraine, 79
Russian Orthodox Church, 17, 28, 34, 71
Belarus Exarchate of, 59-60
conversion of indigenous peoples in Siberia by, 34
and Georgian Orthodox Church, 125, 128
Kievan Exarchate of, 85
Moldavian Exarch of, 71
in Ukraine (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the
Moscow Patriarchate), 85-87
Russian Parliament, 19-20. See also Russian Duma
(Russian Parliament, 1993-)
law on security (1992), 25
its ouster of Egor Gaidar, 20
popular opposition to, 20
renunciation of Crimean transfer to Ukraine, 83
Yeltsin’s dissolving of (September 1993), 20
225
Index
Russian Plain, 11
Russian Provisional Government (1917), 78
Russian Republic. See Russian Soviet Federated
Socialist Republic (RSFSR); and Russian Federa-
tion
Russian Revolution of 1905, 78, 110, 200
Russian Revolution of 1917, 16-17, 35, 78, 91, 110, 132,
125, 142, 148, 154, 155, 166, 178, 188, 199, 203-04
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 17, 199, 202,
204
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 3,
16, 18, 203
autonomous republics within, 13-15, 21
declaration of independence by, 3
incorporation of Far Eastern Republic, 16
Kazakh Autonomous Republic within, 143
Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast within, 155-56
Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic within, 143, 155-56
movement for autonomy by, 18-19
sovereignty declaration (1990) of, 3
Russian Supreme Soviet. See Russian Parliament
Russian Turkestan. See Turkestan, Russian
Russian-Ottoman War (1806-12), 63
Russians, 3, 15-16, 32, 33, 34-35, 78, 124, 201
in Baltic republics, x
in Crimea, 83
in ethnic republics of Russia, 14-15
exodus from Central Asia of, 145
as minority in Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova, 59-60,
65, 78
of the near abroad, 3,45, 144-45
in Siberia, 3, 33, 34-35
in Trans-Dniester region, 68, 69, 70
in Turkmenistan, 178
Russification, 197, 204
in Armenia, 98-99
in Azerbaijan, 111
in Belorussia, 52, 53
in Georgia, 125
in Kyrgyzstan, 155, 157
in Moldavia, 66-67
in Siberia, 36-38
in Turkestan, 155
in Ukraine, 78, 79
in Uzbekistan, 194
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), 35
Russo-Persian wars, 110
Russo-Turkish wars, 63
Rustaveli, Shota, 125
his “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin,” 125
Rustavi, 123
Rusyns, 78, 85
Rybnita, 68
Rysmendiev, A., 156
Safavi, Ismail, 109
Saian Mountains, 31, 33
Saidov, Abdulla, 170
St. Petersburg, 13, 188, 202. See also Leningrad
regentrification of, 22
St. Sophia, Cathedral of (Kiev), 77, 85, 86
Sakartvelo (Georgia), 124
Sakha (Iakutiia), Republic of, 14, 30-32, 33, 35, 37, 38
diamond mining in, 38
Sakha people (Iakuts), 14, 33, 34, 37, 38
Sakhalin Island, 32, 33
Sakharov, Andrei, 126, 130
Sal or tribe, 177
Samanid dynasty, 165
Samara (Kuibyshev), 13
Samarqand, 141-42, 165, 166, 168, 187, 188
Tajik claims upon, 169
Samoyedic peoples, 15, 33. See also Nenets; Selkup; and
Nganasan
Saratov, 13
Sarts, 165, 187
Saryk tribe, 177
Seljuk Turks, 98, 178
Selkup, 33
Semey (Semipalatinsk), 141
Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site, 141, 150
Semireche, 142
Sevan, Lake, 97
depletion of, 104
Sevan-Razdan hydroelectric plant, 103
Sevastopol, 45, 83, 84
Shakerim Qudayberdiev, 148
his Basic Tenets of Mohammedanism, 148
his History of the Kazakh Clans, 148
Shamanism, xiv, 15, 33-34, 204
Soviet policy against, 33-34
Shaposhnikov, Evgenii, 24
Sharia, xiv, 110, 204
vs. Russian law codes, 110
Sharifov, Mufti Fatkhulla, 170-71
SharqYulduZy 190
Sheehy, Ann, 146
Sherali, Loiq, 169
Shevardnadze, Eduard, ix, 115, 125-26, 128, 130, 131,
145
his Union of Citizens of Georgia (SMK), 131
Shevchenko. See Aqtau (Shevchenko)
Shevchenko State University. See Kievan State University
Sheviakov coal mine, 40
Shi’ite Muslims, 91, 109, 113, 183, 204. See also Islam
in Azerbaijan, 109, 113, 116-17
in eastern Tajikistan, 169. See also Pamiri peoples
in Iran, 166
Shirkousky, Eduard, 57
Shock therapy, 22, 23
Shor people, 33
Shusha, 112, 113
226
Index
Shushkevich, Stanislau, 55-56
corruption charges against, 56
Siberia (Sibir), xiv, 29-41. See also Far East, Russian
Altaic language group of, 33
autonomous regions of, 29, 35
Bolshevik government in, 35
early Kyrgyz people of, 154
Eastern, 29, 31, 33, 38, 40
environmental issues in, 38-40
ethnic Russian population in, 32, 33
exploitation of natural resources in, 35, 36-40
independence movements within, 38
indigenous peoples of, 32-33, 36-38
Indo-European language group of, 33
industrial development of, 35, 36-40
land use in, 36-38
map of, 6, 30
modernization of, 36-38
Mongolic language group of, 33
Paleo-Asiatic language group of, 33
physical features of, 29-32
political prisoners in, 36
Protestant missionaries in, 34
Russian Civil War in, 35
Russian conquest of, 34-35
Russian settlement of, 34, 36
Russification in, 36-38
Samoyedic peoples of, 33
Tatar Khanate of, 29, 34
Tungusic language group of, 33
Turkic language group of, 33
Ugrian peoples of, 33
Ukrainians in, 33
Uralic language group of, 33
Western, 29-31, 33, 35, 40, 141
Siberian Rivers Diversion Project, 39
Siberian Tatars, 33, 34. See also Altai people (of Altai/
Saian Mountains); Khakass people; Shor people; and
Tuvinians
Sikhote-Alin Mountains, 32
Skobelev, General, 178
Skoryna, Francis, 59
Slavonic language. See Church Slavonic
Slavs, 204. See also East Slavs
Sliunkov, Nikolai, 54
Slovakia, 75
Smolensk, 13
Snegur, Mircea, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72
Sokhumi, 123, 124, 130
Solidarity movement, 53
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 26, 36
The Gulag Archipelago, 36
Soros Foundation, 198
South Ossetians, 124,126, 129, 131
South Ossetiia Autonomous Oblast, 124, 129, 130, 131
autonomous status abolished, 129, 131
drive for secession from Georgia, 127
map of, 93, 122
Southern Bug River, 75, 77
Soviet, 204
Soviet Parliament. See All-Union Congress of People’s
Deputies
Soviet State Commission for Arctic Affairs, 37
Soviet Union, xii-xiv, 3-4, 63, 197, 198
administration of Siberia by, 35
annexation of Bessarabia, 63, 65, 67
armed forces of, 23-25
autonomous republics of, 13-16, 91
census (1989) of, xi
centralized planning in, x
collapse of, ix, 3, 19
collectivization in, 17
Communist Party (CPSU) of, 79
Congress of People’s Deputies, 18
constitution (1918) of, 16
constitution (1936) of, 99
control over Nagorno-Karabakh by, 101-02
as empire, ix, xiii
and environmental issues, x, 104
federalism of, 16
formation of, 16
incorporation of Transcaucasia into, 91, 99, 111
industrialization in, 17
intelligentsia of, 198
Jews in, 17, 18
language policy of, 65-66
literacy levels within, xiv
Ministry of Internal Affairs troops of, 38
national self-determination in, 110, 188, 202
nationalities policy of, x, xiii
non-Russian nations in, ix
perceived as Russia, xiv
size of, 3
World War II impact upon, 17, 79
Spitak, 102
Stalin, Joseph, 17, 36, 53, 77, 79, 99, 100, 111, 118,
124, 125, 126, 143, 156, 189, 193, 194, 203
and Georgia, 125
as organizer of Baku workers, 99
transfer of Caucasian people to Central Asia by, 28,
193
Stalingrad, Battle of, 17
Stalinir. See Tskhinvali
Stalinism, 17, 28, 126, 128, 167
de-Stalinization vs., 17-18, 125-26, 189
in Ukraine, 79
in Uzbekistan, 189
“Varlamism” as, 126
Stanovoi Mountains, 32
START agreements, 57, 84
227
Index
Stepanakert. See Xankandi
Stephen the Great, 63, 71
Steppe, 11, 13, 29, 75, 158, 204
Kazakh, 141
Stony Tunguska River, 31, 34
Sufism, 204. See also Islam, Sufi movements within
Suleimenov, Olzhas, 147,148
Suleymanov, Nizami, 114
Sumqayit, 112
Sunni Muslims, 109, 116-17, 204-05
of the Caucasus, 15, 116-17
of Dagestan, 15, 116-17
of Kyrgyzstan, 155
of Tajikistan, 166, 169
of Turkmenistan, 183
of Volga region, 15
Supreme Soviet, 205. See also Russian Parliament
Surami mountains, 123
Svans, 124
Sverdlovsk, 3, 18. See also Ekaterinburg
Sweden, 77
Syr Darya River, 39, 141, 154, 165, 187, 190
Syria, Armenians in, 104
Sysyn, Frank, 85
Tabriz, 118
Taiga, 11,29,31,32, 205
Taimyr Peninsula, 31, 33, 36
Tajik language, 165
Persian roots of, 165, 168
Tajik popular front (Rastokhez), 171, 172, 173
Tajik Socialist Party, 172
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, 166, 171
Tajik Supreme Soviet, 170, 172
declaration of sovereignty (August 1990) by, 172
and Tajik civil war, 172
Tajik Union of Writers, 169
Tajikistan, 118, 135, 154, 157, 162-73, 187
agriculture, 163, 165
antinatalist campaigns in, 167
Armenian refugees sent to, 171
autonomous republic of, 166, 168
cease-fire (December 1996) in, 173
civil war in, 171-73
collectivization in, 167
Communist Party of, 166-67, 170, 171-72. See also
Tajik Socialist Party
conflict with Uzbekistan, 168
corruption in, 167
cotton monoculture in, 167-68
currency, 163, 168
declaration of independence (September 1991) in,
172
Democratic Party of, 172
East Slavs in, 168, 169
education, 162
environmental issues in, 168
ethnic groups, 162, 165-66, 168-70
exodus of Slavs and Jews from, 170, 171
glasnost in, 169
GNP, per capita, 163
Government of National Reconciliation of, 172
industrial output, 163
informal political groups in, 168, 171-72
Institute of Oriental Studies in, 169
interethnic conflict in, 169
international relations of, 173
Islam in, 170-71
Islamic guerrilla forces (mujahedin) in, 169, 173
Islamic Renaissance Party in, 170, 172,173
Kazakhs in, 166
KGB in, 171
Kyrgyz in, 166
map of, 164
Mountain Tajiks of, 166
natural resources, 163, 165
overpopulation in, 167
Pamiri people of, 166, 169, 198
physical description of, 165
poverty of, 167, 171
presidential elections (November 1991) in, 172
production declines in, 168
purges in, 167
Rastokhez (Renewal) popular front in, 171, 172, 173
religion, 162, 165-66, 170-71
Russian conquest of, 166, 169
Russian language use in, 166
Russian troops in, 24-25, 172
Sharifov murder in, 170
sovereignty declaration (August 1990) of, 172
statistical profile, 162-63
Turkic (non-Tajik) population of, 166
United Nations hostages in, 173
Uzbeks in, 166, 169
water resources in, x, 167, 168
Tajikistan Democratic Party, 172
Tajiks, 135, 165, 166, 168
ethnic origins of, 135, 165
outside of Tajikistan, 166, 168
as settled people of Central Asia, 165
Uzbek rivalry with, 165-66, 168, 169
in Uzbekistan, 135, 165, 166
western, 169
Talas River, 154
Tamar, Queen (1184-1212), 125
Tamarlane (Timur), 187, 190
Tambov, 13
Tashkent. See Toshkent (Tashkent)
Tatar Khanate of Sibir, 29, 34
Tatar Supreme Soviet, 26
Tatars, 141, 178. See also Volga Tatars
Tatarstan, Republic of, 14-15, 26-27
228
Index
Communist Party role in, 26
map of, 12
referendum (March 1992) of, 26
sovereignty claims of, 26-27
Tatevosyan, Ara, 113
Treaty with Russian Federation (1994), 26
Tatimov, Makash, 144
Tbilisi, 92, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 131
Bloody Sunday (9 April 1989) in, 127-28
pro-Stalin demonstrations in (1956), 125
student protests (1978) in, 126
Tedzhen River, 177
Tehran, 117
Tekke tribe, 177
Tengiz oil fields, 149
Teoctist, Romanian Patriarch, 71
Terek River, 13
Termiz, 187
Ter-Petrosian, Levon, 101-02, 103, 105, 113
elected Armenian president, 101, 113
repressive policies of, 102
Terrorism, 102
Tian Shan Mountains, 141, 154, 158, 165, 187
Tigran the Great, 98
Time of Troubles, 16
Timur. See Tamarlane (Timur)
Tiraspol, 63, 68
Tiridates III, 98
Titular nationality, 205
Tiumen, 31, 33, 34, 40
Tobolsk, 34
Tokombaev, Aaly, 157
Tom River, 31
Tomsk, 33, 34, 40
Toshkent (Tashkent), 166, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193
demonstration against official Islamic clergy in, 192
earthquake (1966) in, 187
Muslim spiritual jurisdiction in, 192-93
Slavic population of, 193
Toshkent Pedagogical Institute, 194
Tovmasian, Suren, 100
Trans-Alay Mountains, 165
Trans-Baikal, 32, 33, 34, 40
Transcarpathia, 78, 85
Transcaspian oblast, 178
Transcaucasia, x, 11, 91-131. See also Caucasus
Armenian migration into, 98
map of, 93
Russian settlement in, 98-99
Transcaucasian Federation (1918), 111
Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
(TSFSR, 1922-36), 16,99, 111, 112, 125
collectivization in, 100
industrialization in, 100
Trans-Dniester region, 66, 67, 68, 198
conflict over, xi, 68, 198
East Slavs in, 68, 69, 70
map of, 64
Russian troops in, 25, 27, 68
Russian-Moldovan agreement (1994) over, 68
Trans-Dniester Republic, 45, 68
formation of militia in, 68
1990 establishment of, 45, 68
Transnistria. See Trans-Dniester region
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 142
Trotsky, Leon, 203
Tskhinvali, 124, 129
Tudeh Party, 118
Tula, 13
Tundra, 11,29,31,32, 33, 205
Tungus. See Evenk
Tungusic language group, 33, 34. See also Orok people;
Evenk; Even; Negidal; Nanai; and Udegei people
Tunguska River. See Lower Tunguska River; and Stony
Tunguska River
Turajonzoda, Ali Akhbar, 170-71
Turan, 190
Turan Lowland, 187
Turkesh, Arpaslan, 117
Turkestan, Russian, 135, 155, 166, 168, 178, 188, 205
Turkestan Mountain Range, 187
Turkestan National Committee, 156
sympathy for German war aims of, 156
Turkestan Soviet Socialist Republic, 155, 166
Turkey, 91, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 117, 123, 124,
173, 182-83, 192
Armenians in, 104
as model of secular democracy, 117
relations of Azerbaijan with, 116, 117
Turkmen in, 178
Turki people, 187
Turkic language group, 15, 26, 33, 135, 187. See also
Dolgan; Sakha people (Iakuts); and Siberian Tatars
Turkic peoples, 15, 91, 117, 154, 158, 187
Azerbaijani, 109, 117
of Central Asia, 141, 178
Farghona conflict between, 159
Gagauz, 65
nomadic customs of, 187
Turkic warlords, 154
Turkish language, 109
Turkmanchai, Treaty of (1828), 110
Turkmen, 177-78
in Afghanistan, 178, 183
Chowdor tribe of, 177
Ersary tribe of, 177
ethnic origins of, 177-78
Geok-Tepe, massacre of, 178
Goeklen tribe of, 177
in Iran, 178, 183
in Iraq, 178
Islamization of, 178
229
Index
Turkmen (continued)
nomadic existence of, 177-79
resistance to Soviet rule, 178-79
and Russians, 178
Salor tribe of, 177
Saryk tribe of, 177
Seljuk Empire founded by, 178
Tekke tribe of, 177, 181
in Turkey, 178
water resources in, x
Yomud tribe of, 177, 181
Turkmen Academy of Sciences, 181
Turkmen Communist Party, 179
Turkmen Council of Ministers, 181
Turkmen language, 177-78, 183
Arabic script for, 178, 183
Azerbaijani Turkish and, 177
Cyrillic alphabet for, 177
Koran in, 183
school instruction in, 183
Turkic (Chagatai) roots of, 177-78
Turkmen military, Russian training of, 183
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, 178-79, 181
Communist Party of, 179
economic dependency of, 179-80
purges in, 179
Turkmenistan, 109, 135, 141, 165, 174-83, 187
agriculture, 175, 179-80
and the Aral Sea disaster, 190
collectivization in, 179
and Commonwealth of Independent States, 183
Communist Party of, 181
corruption in, 179
cotton monoculture in, 179, 190
and Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, 182
currency, 175, 180
drug trafficking in, 182
economic restructuring of, 180
education, 174
environmental problems in, 180-81
ethnic groups, 174, 177-78
GNP, per capita, 175
high infant mortality in, 179
human rights issues in, 182
independence referendum (October 1991) in, 181
industrial output, 175, 177
interethnic peace in, 182
and International Monetary Fund, 182
international relations of, 182-83
Islam in, 183
Kazakhs in, 178
map of, 176
May 1989 riots in, 182
natural resources, 175, 77
nomenklatura in, 181
oil and gas resources of, 179-80
physical description of, 177
political repression in, 181-82
poverty in, 179-80
presidential elections (June 1992) in, 181
recovery of cultural identity in, 183
religion, 174, 183
revisionist history in, 183
revolt of 1916 and, 178
Russian conquest of, 178, 183
Russian Revolution (1917) and, 178
Russians in, 178, 182
statistical profile, 174-76
Tatars in, 178
as Transcaspian oblast, 178
tribal divisions within, 177, 181, 182
Ukrainian gas imports from, 180, 183
Uzbeks in, 178
Western investment in, 180, 182
Turks, 63, 99
Armenian terrorism against, 105
Azerbaijani, 116
Tuva, Republic of, 14, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38
Slavs and, 38
violence against Russians in, 38
Tuvinians, 14, 33, 38
Udegei people, 33
Udmurtiia, Republic of, 12, 14-15
Udmurts, 14-15
Ugrian peoples, 33. See also Khanti people; and Mansi
Ukraine, 11,26, 45,73-87, 197
agriculture, 74, 77
“Black Tuesday” and religious schism in, 86
coal miners’ strike (June 1993) in, 81
in Commonwealth of Independent States, 19, 84
Communist Party leadership from, 79
constitution (1996) of, 81-82
Crimean status in, 82, 83-84
currency, 74, 83
currency reform in, 83
deteriorating economy of, 82
Donets coal mining region (Donbass) of, 40
education, 73-74
ethnic groups, 73, 78
eastern, 75, 77, 81
Eastern-rite Christianity in, 78, 84-87
ecclesiastical divisions within, 84-87
energy dependence of, 82
establishment of independent armed forces in, 24
establishment of Soviet rule over, 79
famine in, 79
GNP, per capita, 74
independence of (1917-20), 79
industrial output, 74, 75, 77, 82
map of, 47, 76
230
Index
and Moldova, 63, 67
national independence movement in, 78
natural resources, 74, 75, 77
nuclear policy of, 23, 84
parliamentary elections (1993) in, 81
physical description of, 75, 77-78
Poles in, 78
presidential elections (1994) in, 81
proclamation of independence (1991) by, 80
proclamation of sovereignty (1990) by, 80
Protestantism in, 84
its relations with Russian Federation, 83-84, 87
its relations with the West, 84
religion, 74, 78, 84-87
Russian oil and, 82
Russians in, 78
Russification in, 78
size of, 75
Soviet troops in, 74
statistical profile, 73-74
State Council as independent advisory body of, 81
Transcarpathian, 78
Turkmenistan oil and, 82
western, 77, 78, 81
World War II in, 79
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 77
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC),
85-87
conflict with Moscow Patriarchate, 85-87
merger with Metropolitan Filaret (Denysenko), 86
in North America, 85
parishes in Ukraine of, 85
Ukrainian Catholic Church, 84, 85
parishes in western Ukraine of, 85
Ukrainian Central Rada (1917), 78-79
proclamation of independence by, 78
recognized as Ukrainian government, 78
Ukrainian Communist Party, 79-81
endorsement of Ukrainian sovereignty by, 80
name change to Ukrainian Socialist Party by, 80
Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army (UPA), 79
Ukrainian language, 78, 82
Ukrainian National Republic, 78-79
and German military, 79
Ukrainian National Self-Defense Organization, 86
Ukrainian Nationalists, Organization of (OUN), 79
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate
(UOCKP), 86
use of Ukrainian language in liturgy by, 86
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarch-
ate (UOCMP), 85, 86-87
leadership crisis within, 86-87
number of parishes in, 85
Ukrainian Parliament. See Ukrainian Supreme Soviet
Ukrainian Popular Movement for Perestroika. See
Rukh
Ukrainian Socialist Party, 80
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 16, 79
Chernobyl nuclear disaster in, 53-54
inclusion of Moldavian ASSR within, 63
parliamentary elections (March 1989) in, 80
territorial transfer of Crimea to, 45, 77
Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, 79, 80, 84
Ukrainians, 33, 35, 45, 77, 78, 202
abroad, 78, 86
as Eastern-rite Christians, 78, 84-87
in Moldova, 65, 67
in World War II, 79
Uljabaev, Tursunbai, 167
Ulug Beg, 187-88
Uniate church. See Greek Catholic Church; and Ukrainian
Catholic Church
Union for National Self-Determination (Armenia), 101
Union of Citizens of Georgia (SMK), 131
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet
Union
Union republic, 205
United Nations, 130, 173
hostages in Tajikistan, 173
Security Council resolution (1996) on Abkhazia, 131
United States, 3, 84, 105, 118,173
Armenians in, 97, 104
and Kazakhstan, 150
response to 1988 Armenian earthquake by, 103
Rusyns in, 85
and the Trans-Dniester conflict, 68
United Tajik Opposition (UTO), 173
Unocal, 115
Ural Mountains, 3, 11, 13,15, 29, 34
movement of factories to (World War II), 35
Ural River, 13, 141
Uralic language group
Samoyedic peoples (Nenets, Selkup, and Nganasan),
33
Ugrian peoples (Khanti and Mansi), 33
Urganch, 187
Usmankhojaev, Inamzhon, 189
Usubaliev, Turdakun, 156, 158
Uzbek Communist Party, 189, 191
corruption in, 189, 191
ethnicity of party first secretary in, 189
purge of, 189, 191
renamed “People’s Democratic Party of
Uzbekistan,” 192
Uzbek Fatherland Progress (Vatan Tarakkeiti), 192
Uzbek language, 135, 187, 194. See also Turkic language
group
in Arabic script, 194
andBirlik, 191, 193
and cultural nationalism, 169
in Latin script, 194
legislation regarding, 191, 194
231
Index
Uzbek language (continued)
as official language, 191, 194
politics of, 191, 194
and Russian, 194
Uzbek intelligentsia and, 191
and Uzbek universities, 194
Uzbek national front, 159
Uzbek National Security Committee, 192
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, 188-89
collectivization in, 189
Congress of Agricultural Workers in, 191
corruption in, 191
“Cotton Affair” in, 189, 191
and national delimitation policy, 188, 190
Tajikistan Autonomous Republic within, 188
Uzbek Supreme Assembly (Olil Maglis), 192
Uzbek Supreme Soviet, 168
Uzbekistan, 135, 141, 154, 157, 165, 177, 184-95
agriculture, 185
Aral Sea disaster in, 190
Birlik movement in, 159, 191-92, 193, 194
conflict with Tajikistan, 169
cotton monoculture in, 189, 190-91
Crimean Tatars in, 193
currency, 185, 195
economic restructuring in, 194-95
education, 184-85
environmental issues in, 190-91, 195
Erk (Freedom) Party in, 192, 194
ethnic groups, 184, 187
Farghona Valley riots in (1989), 193-94
Fatherland Progress (Vatan Tarakkeiti), 192
Germans in, 193
GNP, per capita, 185
industrial output, 185
informal political groups in, 191-93, 194-95
interethnic conflict in, 193-94
Islam and Democracy group in, 192
Islam in, 188, 192-93
Islamic Renaissance Party in, 193, 194
Islamic women in, 189
Jadidism and, 189, 192, 193, 195
Jews in, 193
map of, 186
Meskhetians in, 193
National Security Committee of, 192
natural resources, 185
parliamentary elections (December 1994) in, 192
physical description of, 187
poverty in, 190, 193, 194
presidential elections (December 1991) in, 192
reinterpreting the history of, 189-90
religion, 184, 192-93
Russian Civil War in, 188
Russian conquest of, 188, 189-90
Russian Revolution in, 188
Russification in, 194
Slavic migration into, 188
Soviet Interior Ministry troops in, 193
statistical profile, 184-85
Sufism in, 192-93
Tajik claims upon, 169
Tajiks in, 135, 166, 187
as Turan, 190
as Turkestan, 188, 190
Uzbekization in, 192
Wahhabi movement in, 193
water resources in, x
Uzbeks, 141^42
ethnic origins of, 187-88
as heirs of Tamarlane (Timur), 190
intellectual imperialism of, 169
Kypchak subgroup of, 187
Muslim identity of, 187-88, 190
national identity of, 189-90, 195
and non-Uzbek nationals, 193
in Osh, 159
as “privileged” Soviet nation, 190
Sart subgroup of, 187
in Tajikistan, 166
Turki subgroup of, 187
in Turkmenistan, 178
Vahabzade, Bakhtiyar, 118
Vakhsh River, 168
Vakhtang, King, 124
Valdai Hills, 11
Vasiugan Swamp, 29, 30, 31
Vasken I, Armenian Patriarch Catholicos, 103, 105
Venice, 104
Verkhoiansk, 32
Verkhoiansk Mountains, 32
Vernyi (Alma-Ata), 142
Vezirov, Abdul-Rakhman, 114
Viliui River, 32
Virgin Lands, 31, 36, 141, 144, 205
Vistula River, 51
Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk), 52
Vladimir (city), 13
Vladimir (Volodymyr), Grand Prince of Kiev, 16, 77,
84
Vladivostok, 16, 35
Vlasov, Aleksandr, 18
Voice of Free Tajikistan, 173
Volga Germans, 144
Volga River, xiv, 11, 13, 15, 16
Volga Tatars, 14-15, 26
Volgograd, 13. See also Stalingrad, Battle of
Volodymyr (Romaniuk), Kievan Patriarch (UOCKP),
86
death of, 86
Volodymyr (Sabodan), Metropolitan of Kiev (UOCMP).
85-86
Vologda, 13
232
Index
Voronezh, 13
Vorontsov, Nikolai, x
Wahhab, Abdul, 205
Wahhabi movement, 170, 193, 205
exclusion of women from public life in, 205
Wallachia, 63
Warsaw, 51
Warsaw Pact, 23
Water resources
in Central Asia, x, 39, 141, 154, 165, 187, 195
and hydroelectric power projects, 38
in Siberia, 38-39
Western Bug River, 51
Western Dvina River, 11,13, 51, 52
Western Siberia. See Siberia, Western
Western Siberian Lowland, 29
White Army, 35,203
White House (Russian parliamentary building), 20
White Russia, 51, 52. See Belarus
White Sea, 11, 15
Wimbush, S. Enders, 177
Women
in Azerbaijan, 117
and the Wahhabi movement, 205
World Bank, 70, 102
World War I, 45, 63, 67, 79, 124, 188
Armenian holocaust in, 99, 104, 105
demands upon Kazakhs in, 142
revolt in Central Asia (1916) during, 142, 155, 178,
188
World War II, x, 17, 35, 40, 45, 77, 78, 125, 143
in Belorussia, 52
and Crimea, 84
Holocaust of, 78
mobilization of Central Asians during, 156
in Moldova, 65, 67
Operation Barbarossa of, 17
refugees in Kazakhstan during, 143
Xankandi (Stepanakert), 91, 112
Xinjiang (China), 144, 158
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Republic, 150
Yagnobis, 166
Yalta, 77, 84
Yalta peace conference, 40, 77
Yeltsin, Boris, ix, 3-A, 18-21, 24, 57, 118, 131
and the Black Sea naval fleet, 84
his break with Gorbachev, 18-19
and Chechen-Russian war, 27
and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 24-
25, 56
and Democratic Russia, 19-20
deployment of troops by, 25
and economic reform, 22, 200
elected president of RSFSR, 3, 18
and federal treaty (March 1992), 27
health problems of, 21
his meeting with President Clinton (April 1996), 24
and Moscow Party apparatus, 18
his opposition to the attempted Moscow coup, 19
and the Ossetian question, 131
his reelection (1996) as Russian president, 21
his resignation from Communist Party, 19
and Russian Parliament, 19-20
and Tajikistan, 171, 173
and Tatarstan, 26
and the Trans-Dniester region, 68
travel to Japan by, 40
Yomud tribe, 177
Young Turks, 99
Ysyk-Kol, 153, 154, 158
Rescue Committee for, 158
Yugoslavia, 91, 130, 148, 172
Zangezur,99, 111, 112
Zaporizhzhian Cossacks. See Cossacks
Zaporizhzhya, 77
Zarobian, Iakov, 100
Zeravshan River, 165, 187
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 20, 26, 102
support for Dashnaks by, 102
Zhytomyr, 79
Ziyaev, Hamid, 190
Zoroastrians, 109
Zviazda, 60
Zyuganov, Gennadii, 21
f Bayerische
Staai$biLT..^hs:
l München
j
233
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Batalden, Stephen K. 1945- Batalden, Sandra L. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13219905X |
| author_facet | Batalden, Stephen K. 1945- Batalden, Sandra L. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Batalden, Stephen K. 1945- |
| author_variant | s k b sk skb s l b sl slb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV011777041 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)231713316 (DE-599)BVBBV011777041 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV011777041 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:15:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0897749405 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007947973 |
| oclc_num | 231713316 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-12 DE-706 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-12 DE-706 DE-11 |
| physical | XIV, 233 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Oryx |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Batalden, Stephen K. 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)13219905X aut The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics by Stephen K. Batalden and Sandra L. Batalden 2. ed. Phoenix, Ariz. Oryx 1997 XIV, 233 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Communauté d'Etats indépendants - [dictionnaire] rero Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (DE-588)2128486-6 gnd rswk-swf Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 s DE-604 Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (DE-588)2128486-6 b 1\p DE-604 Batalden, Sandra L. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007947973&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007947973&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Batalden, Stephen K. 1945- Batalden, Sandra L. The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics Communauté d'Etats indépendants - [dictionnaire] rero Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (DE-588)2128486-6 gnd Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2128486-6 (DE-588)4073972-7 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics |
| title_auth | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics |
| title_exact_search | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics |
| title_full | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics by Stephen K. Batalden and Sandra L. Batalden |
| title_fullStr | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics by Stephen K. Batalden and Sandra L. Batalden |
| title_full_unstemmed | The newly independent states of Eurasia handbook of former Soviet republics by Stephen K. Batalden and Sandra L. Batalden |
| title_short | The newly independent states of Eurasia |
| title_sort | the newly independent states of eurasia handbook of former soviet republics |
| title_sub | handbook of former Soviet republics |
| topic | Communauté d'Etats indépendants - [dictionnaire] rero Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (DE-588)2128486-6 gnd Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Communauté d'Etats indépendants - [dictionnaire] Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten Landeskunde Nachfolgestaaten Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007947973&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007947973&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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