Verfügbarkeit: The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland

The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland: 1808 - 1918

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Luntinen, Pertti 1934-2013 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Helsinki Suomen Historiallinen Seura 1997
Schriftenreihe:	Studia historica 56
Schlagworte:	Russia. > Armii͡a > History Russia. > Voennyĭ flot > History Geschichte 1808-1918 Geschichte Militär Finnland Russland Finland > History > 1809-1917 Finland > Military relations > Russia Russia > Armed Forces > Finland > History Russia > Military relations > Finland
Online-Zugang:	Register // Gemischte Register Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusaetzliche Angaben
Beschreibung:	486 S. Ill.
ISBN:	9517100671

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804126306860793856
adam_text	Illustrations Swedish prisoners of war in Russia ..................... 37 Company Commander Baron Aleksander Wrede receiving a report at the Hamina Cadet School ...................... 65 Captain Karl Andreevich Hallberg of the Finnish Naval Equipage ........................................... 67 Imperial Guards; the Finnish Rifle Battalion .............. 69 An English boat surrendering at Kokkola in 1854 ......... 81 Grenadiers of the 1st Grenadier Division ................ 86 The Crimean War, Tammisaari 20 May 1854; the steam frigate Arrogant destroys a Russian battery on the coast, while the steam corvette Hecla captures a Russian ship ___ 89 The Finnish indelta troops 1854-55 ................... 92 The Bombardment of Sveaborg ...................... 94-95 Military parade on the Senate Square in Helsinki in 1863 ... 109 General Ramsay returning with his men from the Turkish war in 1878......................................... 124 The arrival of the Emperor at Lappeenranta in 1885 ....... 144 The Finnish Guards on manoeuvres at Lappeenranta in the presence of Alexander III in 1891 ...................... 146 Helsinki, Market square 18 April 1902 ................... 174 A Cossack detachment ready to restore order ............. 176 Russian warships in the Helsinki naval base in the winter of 1916-17............................................ 273 An artillery firing position on the dry-land front of the Helsinki-Sveaborg fortress during the First World War ..... 300 Long live the free Finnish people! Let all nations unite in the free realm of sacred work! Long live free Russia and Finland! ........................................... 327 Russian soldiers and Finnish Reds in Tampere in 1918..... 369 German soldiers advancing along the Aurora Street in Helsinki in April 1918................................ 381 Maps The border between Russia and Sweden .................. 17 The Russian conquest of Swedish Finland in 1808-1809 . 32-33 The formation of the Grand Duchy of Finland ............ 40 Military garrisons in the 1820s ...................... 49 The defence of Finland in 1854-55...................... 83 The Rifle Troops in the 1890s .......................... 150 The Defence of St Petersburg in 1914-1917 ........... 274-275 Defence works of Sveaborg-Helsinki 1914-1917........... 276 German advance in 1917-18 and the Finnish Civil War ..... 379 British intervention in the Baltic Provinces and in the North in 1919-20.......................................... 400 10 Index Aberdeen, Lord 76 Åbo see Turku absolute power, absolutism 43, 155-6, 161, 169, 181, 187, 310 access to Arctic Sea 390, Baltic Sea 261 Acht, Nikolai von 53 Acht von Achtfelsen, Christian 53 acting governor-general 66, 95 acknowledgement of Finland s inde¬ pendence 365-6, 376, 394, by Britain 399, by France 399, by Germany 366, by Lenin, Soviet government 372, 374-5, 393, by the USA 399, refusal by Russian Whites 399 Active Committee 311, 330 active detachment of Bolshevik fleet active military service 206 activist Delegation abroad for the Libe¬ ration of Finland 312, 330, 334-5 active resistance, Activist movement, activists 173, 179, 183-4, 187, 189, 193, 205, 251, 311n, 314, 316-9, 323, 332-5, 337, 345-6, 349, 355, 364, 374, 386, 393, 398, Finnish, see also Jäger movement, Voima Activist spies 342n Activists, Swedish 308-9, 312 Adlerberg, Nikolai, Count 43n, 112, 117-8, 130 administration of Finland 210, 239, 256, 277, see also autonomy, Finnish go¬ vernment, Senate administration of fortresses 114, see also fortress administration Admiral-General 102 Admiralty of Russia 154, 227 Admiralty Staff, Admiralstab 264n, 286, 314-7, 359, 375-8, 384-5, 390 Adolf Fredrik, King of Sweden 25 aeroplanes 246, 267, 290, 295, 379 Afghanistan 139 Agar, Augustus, Lieutenant Commander 401-2 agents 268, 326, 332, 335, 383, 385, 385n, see also British, German agents agitation, agitators 239, 245, 254, 326 agrarian party, agrarians, Agrarian Uni¬ on 208, 398, 405 Ahvenanmaa see Åland aircraft tenders 316 airships 316, 349n, see also Zeppelins Akashi Motojiro, Colonel 184 Åland (Ahvenanmaa) 16, 32m-33m, 36, 38-9, 47, 49m, 51, 62, 73, 90, 100, 196, 199n, 230-2, 263, 269, 272, 286, 290, 294-6, 298, 304-5, 308, 314-8, 323, 338, 341-2, 353, 359-60, 377-8, 379m, 380, 399 Alanen, Periti 12, 62, 71η Albatros 287 Alekseev, Mikhail Vasilevich, General 343 Alexander I 27, 30, 36, 38, 41-2, 45, 54, 58-9, 75, 77, 130, 135, 191, 235, 330-1 Alexander И 43, 90, 93, 100-2, 108, 110, 118-9, I19n, 130, 132, 134, 138, 165, 191, 195, 248, 330-1, 405 Alexander III 43, 102, 138, 141, 144-5, 147, 159, 159n, 160-1, 165, 191, 248, 291, 291n, 314, 330-1, 341 Alexander III see also Border Guards, Libau Alexander gimnaziia 249,381i Alexander the Great 206 Alexander Theatre 251 Alexander-Sinclair, Edwyn, Rear Admi¬ ral 393 Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress 307 alien garrisons, races 250, 254 Alix of Hesse 282, see also Alexandra Fedorovna Alliance of Three Emperors 148 Allied Control Commission 286n Allied fleet 88, 296, 318, floating batte¬ ries 96 Allied Powers, allies 77, 80, 90-1, 100, 258, 292, 303, 400m Alsace 386 Ältester deutscher Seeoffizier in Finn¬ land 384 America, American, Americans 24, 318- 9, 366, 393, 410, rebels 25, see also 453 454 USA Amu Daria 254 Anadyr 240 anarchy, Anarchists 246, 328, 354, 356 anchorage 122, і 79-80, 229, 260, 272, 276, 285, 287, 289, 297, 302, see also Kruunuvuorenselkä ancien regime 375 Andrei Pervozvannyi 401 Anglo-French entente 196 Anglo-German agreement 148 Anglo-Japanese alliance Anglophile 310 Anjala 235 Anna, Empress 22 annexation of Arctic coast 389 by Fin¬ land, of East Karelia by Finland 386- 7, 394, 399, 403, of Aland by Ger¬ many 377, of Scandinavia by Ger¬ many 262, in the East by Germany 309, 339, 361, Courland and Lithu¬ ania by Germany 333, Ino fortress district by Russia 235, Karelian Isth¬ mus, Viipuri guberniia by Russia 236-7, 252 anti-Christian Turks 88 anti-Finnish Russians 204, see also Fen- nophagi anti-German propaganda 337 anti-Russian alliance 77, Finns, propa¬ ganda 263, 322, 330, 335 anti-submarine craft 349n Antrea 30 In approaches to St Petersburg 137, 277, 299, 303, 385 Apraksin, Fedor 20 Arakcheev, Aleksei Andreevich, Gene¬ ral 38-9 Archangel 72, 186, 286, 288, 388, 392 Archbishop of Turku archipelago 91, 230, 254, 258, 268, 272, 296, 339, see also Turku-Aland po¬ sition Arctic base 391, arctic coast 308, 323, 385, 389, 405, harbour 389, 399, see also Murmansk, Petsamo Arctic Ocean aristocracy 7 In armaments race 262, 253 Armed Neutrality 24 armed peace 137, 262 armed resistance 210 Armenia, Armenians 145, 156, 238 Armfelt, Alexander 58n, 59, 95n, 137 Armfelt, Gustav Mauritz 43, 43η, 55-6, 58 armoured cars 356 armoured cruisers 271-2, 273 i, 285-8, 401 armoured open sea fleet 142 armoured ships 138, 141-2, 189, 230, 271, 287-8, 302, 317, 377 armoured train 298, 346 Army, 1st 352 Army, Vth 220, 352 Army, Vlth 220-4, 226, 230, 232, 276, 277m, 282, 292, 294-9 Army, Vllth 220, 278n Army, Vlllth 220, 278n Army, IXth 278n Army, Xth 278n Army, Xlth 278n Army, Xllth 294, 299, 352 Army, Xlllth 352 army, see also British, Bug, Finnish, French, German, Narev, Niemen, North, Russian, South, South-West, Swedish Army Corps, 1st 138, 147-8, 186,223-4, 230, 255n Army Corps, 10th Militia Army Corps, 13th 239 Army Corps, 16th 186, 240 Army Corps, 18th 220, 224, 230-1, 255n Amy Corps, 20th 223, 353 Army Corps, 22nd 190, 209,222-4,226, 231-3, 239-41, 248, 252-3, 255, 255n, 277, 278n, 290, 313, 409 Army Corps, 42nd 277, 292-300, 30 In, 302-3, 305, 324, 326, 338-41, 344-5, 350-2, 356-7, 362-3, 366-7, 369, 409 Army Corps, 43rd 294, 298 Arrogant 89i artel 51, 117 Artillery 18-9, 30-1, 35, 38, 61, 84-5, 102, 107, 115-6, 118, 121, 123,127, 133, 135, 337, 151, 162, 164, 183, 190, 194, 224-5, 233, 238, 240, 253, 291, 303, 305, 326, 344n, 353, 373 Artillery Academy 10 Artillery 22nd Brigade 113 Artillery 23rd Brigade 60, 114, I21n Artillery 24th Brigade 136-7, 149, 150n Artillery 41st Brigade 240 Artillery 50th Brigade 233 Artillery 120th Brigade 293n, 301n Artillery 4th Garrison Brigade 87 Asia, Asian 21, 74m 119, 137, 196m 260 Asiatics 249, 270, 311, 365 Aspo see Haapasaari assimilation see Russification Atlantic coast, Ocean 43, 72, 78, 262, 290, 308, 390 attack through Finland to St Petersburg 135, 269, 409 Augsburg 285, 288, 336 Aunus (Olonets) 393-4, 400m Ausbildungstruppe Lockstedt 312, see also Jäger movement Ausfeld, Eduard, Captain 335 Austerlitz 30 Austria, Austrian, Austrians 22, 24, 30, 35, 45, 77-8, 91, 104-5, 112, 120, 126, 139, 147-8, 154, 164, 220-1, 227, 238-9, 253, 261, 266, 270, 279, 307, 391 Austria-Hungary 136 Austro-German-Italian Triple Alliance 148 Auswärtiges Amt 312, 333, 375, 378 autonomy of Finland 111, 118, 134, 136, 156-8, 167, 170, 183, 188, 202, 212, 216, 247, 269, 280, 284, 310-2, 316, 321, 323, 331, 334, 354-5, 362, 408-9, international guarantee for 323, 331 autonomy of Baltic Germans 269 auxiliary ships 133, 195, 273i, 316, 370n, 376 aviation 256, 292n, 295, 305 Avtroil 393 Azard 401 Azev, Evno 184, 247 Aziia 184 Azov 20 Backmansson, Hugo 67i Bagration, Peter, Prince, Lieutentant Ge¬ neral 31, 35, 38, 39 Baian 336, 401 Balabin, Colonel 246 Balkan 72, 77, 119-20, 124, 129-30, 142, 147-8, 226, 246, 264, 270 Baltic Army Corps 87 Baltic 3rd Cavalry Regiment 301, 340 Baltic coast 55, 75, 100, 103-4, 122, 137, 139, 141, 149, 157-8, 220, 229, 285-6 Baltic countries, nations, peoples, pro¬ vinces, states 16, 20, 24, 35, 47, 87, 96, 99, 136, 146, 154, 156-7, 200, 207, 215, 220, 230-1, 269, 294, 316, 358-60, 365, 367, 374, 387-9, 395-7, 398, 400m, 403 Baltic 2nd Detached Cavalry Brigade 301, 340 Baltic Division, Ostseedivision, 378, 388, 391 Baltic fleet (Russian) 24, 6 5 im 116-7, 122, 137, 142, 197, 234, 246, 261, 264, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296, 299, 302-3, 324-5, 328, 333, 335-8, 341, 346, 351-2, 357, 357n, 362, 370, 387, 406, 408-10 Baltic Germans 24, 54, 127, 238, 268-9, 282, 309, 396 Baltic German Freikorps 396 Baltic military district 103 Baltic region, world 12, 50, 72, 180, 400m, 404, 411 Baltic Sea 17, 17m, 19, 21, 23, 26, 34, 39, 47-8, 50, 63, 72, 75, 78-9, 94, 96, 101, 106, 108, 139, 141-3, 145i, 148, 180, 187, 196-7, 221, 228-9, 232, 257n, 261-3, 265-7, 270-1, 275, 279, 285, 290, 307, 315, 317, 336, 338, 349-50, 359-60, 376, 379m, 388-9, 390-3, 395-7, 404, 406, 409 Baltischport 230, 289 Bank of Finland 242, 279, 282, 306 Baratynski, Evgeni Abramovich 53 Barck, Minister of Finance 281-2 Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich 33m, 39 Barclay de Tolly Grenadier Regiment 86i barracks 51, 63, 65i, 73, 107, 113-4, 132-3, 152, 175, 188-9, 201, 225, 248-9, 256, 278-9, 370, 407 Bashkirs, Bashkiria 57, 87, 365 battlecruisers 257, 257n, 287-9, 316 battlefield 284 battle fleet 336 battleships 142, 189, 195, 221, 227n, 228, 263, 265, 267, 286-7, 289, 302, 315-7, 325, 332, 349-50, 381 Bauer, Lieutenant General 282 Bay of Kronstadt 229 Bay of Viipuri 115 Bayern 349n, 350 Befehlshaber der Baltischen Gewässer 383 Behrendts, Professor 212 Belomorskii 89th Regiment 114, 230 Beloostrov see Valkeasaari Belts 261, 285, 396 Berdan rifle 104 Berezina 48 Berg, Fredrik Wilhelm Rembert von, Governor-General 43η, 60, 92, 94, 96-9, 117 Berlin 71η, 120, 125, 196, 261, 311-2, 315η, 365, 375, 380, 387η 455 456 Bermondt-Avaloff, Prince 396, 396η Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste 34, 46, see also Karl Johan Bespokoinyi 25 7n Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, Chancellor 315, 333 bicycle companies 340 Bishop of Turku 41 Bismarck, Otto von 120 Bizerta 257 Björkö see Koi visto Björneborg see Pori Black Sea 26, 100, 105, 123, 137, 138η, 147, 228 Black Sea fleet 72, 78, 137, 194, 257, 257η Blåfield, Colonel 159 blockade 79, 143, 195, 197, 261, 266-7, 270, 285-6, 302, 336, 390 Bloody Sunday 181 Blue Guard 206 Bobrikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, Governor- Genera! 147, 153, 157-8, 163, 168, 170-2, 174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 203, 208, 211, 216, 218, 237, 251, 259, 262, 279, 310, 330, 339, 395, 407 Bobrikovians 190-1, 200-1, 212, 236-7, 243 Bobr 339, 393n В odi sco, Colonel 90 Boeckmann, Vladimir, General, Gover¬ nor-General 209-10, 212, 215, 226, 247 Boedicker, Vice-Admiral 388-9 Boer War 154 Bogatyr 192 Boisman, Toivo 243 Bokhara 59 Bolsheviks 14, 325, 328-9, 332, 344, 350-1, 354, 356, 357n, 358, 360-4, 367, 369, 371, 373n, 375-6, 384-8, 392-400, 410, see also Red Bolshevik army, forces 399, 404 Bolshevik Empire, Russia 394, 399, 402 Bolshevik fleet, sailors 337, 363n, 385, 393, 395, 397-8, 398n, 399, 401 Bolshevik government, regime 328n, 365, 375-6, 384, 387-8, 404-5, Bolshevik influence, intervention in Fin¬ land 373-2 Bomarsund 51, 54, 73, 75, 82-3, 90-1, 159n, 196 border country (Finland) 112, 129, 149, 155-6, 160, 163, 168, 188, 200, 210, 215, 217, 219, 225, 252, 272, 279- 81, 293, 320-2, 330, 343, 347, 349, 354, 375, 408-9 border lands, regions, states of Russia 73, 126, 177, 379n, 411 border guards 208, 291, 296, 301, 318, 341, 344, 357, 362, 366 Border Guards Finland Brigade 341 Border Guards Petrograd First Alexan¬ der III Brigade 291, 29 In, 301, 30 In, 341 Border Guards Finland Detached Com¬ posite Division 301, 301n, 341, 344, 362 Borgå see Porvoo Borgo 138n Borisov 48 Bornholm Strait 266 Borodino 257, 257n Borodkin, Mikhail, Major General 54, 69, 159, 191 Borovitinov, Mikhail 280, 324 Borovitskii reserve battalion 149 Bosnian crisis 264 Bosphorus 137, 228, 257, 261 bourgeois, bourgeoisie 246, 324-5, 332, 346, 348, 363-5, 368, 372, 409 boycott 249 boy scouts 205 Brahestad see Raahe Brandenburg 287 Bremen 287 Brest, Brest-Litovsk 27n, 70, 72, 227, 358, 360-1, 365, 371, 374, 384-5, 387 Brincken, A.F. von, Lieutenant General 153, 162, 239 Britain 11, 24, 30, 120, 138, 138n, 139, 157, 180, 196, 221, 223, 260, 263-4, 266, 313, 317, 359, 361, 366, 387, 390, 392, 402, see also England British 21, 24, 35, 43, 78, 80, 96, 104-5, 197, 228, 271, 286, 337, 377, 384, 386-9, 397, 405 British Admiralty 79, 244, 377, 397, 402 British agents 383, 385, 385n British Ambassador 157 British army, soldiers, troops 78, 96, 196 British Empire 391, 398, 410 British expeditionary Force 196, 261 British expedition to Murmansk 374, 386, 392, 394, 400n British frigates 80 British influence, intervention in Baltic provinces and Russia 261, 359, 388, 392, 400, 400n, 401, 404, 410 British landings, raids 80, 143, 288, 338 British merchant fleet 122 British military attache, mission 350, 402 British naval officers 25, 71 British Royal Navy 34-6, 47, 79, 101, 125, 196, 260-1, 263, 265, 285, 288, 290, 338, 391, 395-9, 401-2, 404-5, 410 British submarines 303, 309, 338, 350, 375, 381, 381n, 398 brothers-in-arms 8 li, 130, 164, 169, 219, 399, see also Waffenbrüderschaft Brun, Th. 43η Brunnsparken see Kaivopuisto Brunow, G 146i Brusilov, Aleksei Alekseevich, General 278n, 288, 340, 345, 350 Budapest 148 Budberg, Baron 144 Bug 227 Bug Army 148, 220 Bulgaria 120, 138, 147, 382, 387, 391 Bulgarian King 125n Bulgarin, Faddei 53 Bulygin, A.G., Minister of the Interior 181 Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv 12 Bunge, Ivan Khristianovich, Minister of Finance 138, 160 Buxhoevden, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von 30-1, 38, 41 cabinet 187, see also Council of Minis¬ ters cadet, military, officer schools 45, 67i, 68, 102, 103, 169 cadres 127, 132, 149, 191, 227, 255 Calypso 393n capital ships 138n Carabiniers of Prince Barclay de Tolly 86 Caradoc 393n Cardiff 393n, 396n Catherine II 24, 26, 29-30, 36, 76-7 cattle detachments 341 Caucasian, Caucasus 27n, 47, 53-4, 57- 8, 60, 72, 77, 84, 103, 127, 137, 145, 191, 200, 238, 309, 333, 340-2, 365 Caulaincourt, Louis, Marquis de 39 cavalry 18-9, 30-1, 35, 38, 61, 87, 98, 102-3, 121, 127, 133, 135, 162, 176i, 177, 186, 224, 233, 291, 301, 303, 340, 344, 346, 353, 357, 373, see also Cossacks Cavalry 1st Corps 344 Cavalry 14th Division 342, 344 Cedercreutz family 251 censorship 277, 319 Central Asia 103, 119, 139, 142, 200, 238, 322 central defence position in Finland 339- 40 Central Europe 17, 24, 105 Central Powers 330, 334-4, 360, 392, 409 central Russia 127 Ceres 396n Chancery of Finland s Governor-Gene¬ ral 164, 250 Channel 261, 281 Charles XII 19-20 Charles XIII see Karl XIII chauvinism, chauvinists 105, 111, 136, 144, 155, 158, 160, 163--4, 191, 200, 206-7, 260, 280, 283, 310, 330 Chenstokhovo 278n Cherniaev, General 119 China 105, 270 Chinese coolies 304, 304i Chinok 387n cholera 66, 70 Chrichton shipyard 121, 138n Christians 105, Catholic 16, Orthodox 248-9, 386, in Turkey 76, 119, 124, see also Lutheran Chuds/cii 424th Regiment 293n, 297-8, 300, 362, 362n citizens guard 189 citizens rights, civil rights 161, 187, 240 civil war in Finland 12, 361, 367-71, 373, 375, 379n, 380, 393, 395, 410 civil war in Russia 304, 392, 394-5, 411 class battle, struggle 332, 365, 372 clipper ships 142 coastal artillery, coastal batteries 194, 298, 300, 301n, 305, 336, 338, 340, 345, 349 coastal defence 72, 82, 88, 122, 141, 157, 323, see aiso Naval Fortress of Peter the Great coastal fleet, flotillas, warships 26, 35, 41, 47, 84, 91, 123, 142, 262, 265, 285, 336 coastal guards 153, 178, 187, 222, 228, 234, 271, 296-7, 341, 387, 408 Coastal Motor Boats, CMB, 399 collaboration, collaborators 190, 204, 218, 309, 31 In commandant s offices 63, 175n commander-in-chief 102, 131, 207, 209, 226, 239, 241, 245, 253, 350 457 458 Commander of the Baltic fleet 271, see also Essen, Kanin, Maksimov, Nepe- nin, Razvosov, Verderevskii commander of Finnish troops 131 commander of German Baltic fleet 285, see Henry, Prince of Prussia commander of dry-land forces of the Baltic fleet 305 commercial war 122, 267 Committee for Finnish Affairs 42, 135n, 200, 212 committee for Finnish naval service 133 committee for planning the defence of Finland 82, 121, 123 Committee of Imperial Defence 194, 203, 226 committees of War Ministry on Finnish military service 159-60, 163, 165, 168 conscription, conscripts 21, 55, 100, 161, 168, 170, 201, 219, 278, 323, 326, strike 170, 216 conservative, conservatives 126, 130, 163, 167, 252, 310, 322, 330, 349, 383 Constantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke 24, 53, 58 Constantinople 34, 60, 76, 125 Constituent Assembly 183, 324, 345, 364 constitution 26, 43, 74, 109-11, 118, 130, 134, 159-61, 167, 210-11, 215- 8, 310, 330, 354-4, 364, 408 Constitutional Committee of the Diet 331, 355 constitutional conflict 157, 201, 211, 214, 225, 249, 254, 269, 331, see also legislation for Finland, Finland - s position, Finnish question constitutional procedure, principle, rights 179, 183, 189, 203, 213, 215, 346 Constitutionalist Democrats, Russian 218 Constitutionalist Party, Constitutiona¬ lists 156, 163, 168, 170-1, 179, 183, 189-91, 200, 204, 208, 211-2, 216, 235, 277, 310, 355, 399, 408 Continental Blockade 30, 36, 45 continental coalition 196 continental enemies 224 continental front, war 145, 147, 149, 231, 259, 270, 278, 304, 333, 340, 344 convoy 288-90, 309, 336, 361 Copenhagen 184-5, 361 cordon sanitaire 404 Corps of Pages 7 In, 103 Cossack, Cossacks 21, 30, 57, 61-2, 64, 84-5, 87, 103, 106, 114, 120, 127, 137, 140, 151, 176І, 178-9, 186, 224, 232-3, 239, 291, 293-4, 301, 325, 341, 343-4, 351, 353, 353n, 356, 388 Cossack 5th Caucasian Division 340, 342, 344 Cossack 1st Caucasian Regiment 341 Cossack 8th Don Regiment Cossack 19th Don Regiment 120 Cossack 43rd Don Regiment 340, 345 Cossack 44th Don Regiment 87 Cossack 53rd Don Regiment 116 Cossack 3rd Ekaterinodarskii Regiment 353, 353n Cossack ŞrdKubanskii Regiment 353 Cossack 8th Orenburg Regiment 173, 256, 291, 293-4, 301 Cossack 1st Taman Regiment 341 Council of Ministers 201, 210-1, 213, 215-8, 236-7, 243, 254, 256, 277, 279, 321 Council of People s Commissars 358, 363, 365, 372, see also Soviet go¬ vernment counter-revolutionaries 392, 401, see also Whites coup d état 167, 189, 333, see also Feb¬ ruary Manifesto Courland 140, 147, 268, 286, 289-90, 296, 333, 358n, 396 courts martial 208, 341 Coventry 396n Cowan, Sir Walter, Rear Admiral 396, 396n, 401-2 Cracow 278n Crimea 19, 24, 26, 27n, 47, 60, 77-9, 91, 404 Crimean War 60, 66, 71, 75, 80, 88, 89i, 93, 95n, 101, 106-8, 111, 114, 117, 119, 122, 178,270 crofters, srofter soldiers 91, 92i, 93, 117, 321-2, see also indelta Cromie, Francis, Commander 303 cruisers 122, 138, 140, 142, 195, 227n, 228, 271, 276, 302, 306, 317, 339, 349n, 370n, 389, 397, 401, 402 Curacao 396n Curlew 396n customs office, service 157, 184, 243- 244 Czar see Tsar Czechs 388 Daehn, Woldemar von 43n, 156 Dagö see Hiidenmaa Dalkarleby 305n Danae 396n Danes 79, 96, 196, 262 Danilov, Iu.N., General 259 Danish attack, fleet, threat 26, 34, 36 Danish Straits 34, 196-7, 261-2, 265-7, 271, 302, 336, 350 Danube 77, 119, 199 Danubian Principalities 76-7 Danzig 263, 265, 285, 287, 397, 400m, 403 Dardanelles 257 Davidstad see Taavetti Decembrists 53, 58-9, 71n defeat of Russia 181, 218, 226-7, see also Russian army, Tsushima defeatism 306 defence of Baltic coasts 139, 141, 158 defence of St Petersburg 135, see also Finland glacis for St Petersburg Degerö v. Laajasalo Deiatel nyi 362n Delegation Abroad for the Liberation of Finland 311-2, 330, 334-5, see also Activism, Jäger movement Demidov 38 demilitarization 100-1, 195-6, 199n, 263, 378 demobilization 93, 336, 367-70 democracy, democratic, democratizati¬ on, democrats 98, 156, 208, 251, 308, 326, 328n, 330, 346 Denisov, Lieutenant Colonel 61 Denmark 19, 34, 40n, 72, 96, 112, 126, 196-7, 262, 288, 316, 400m Denmark-Norway 43 Desnenskii 512th Regiment 305, 324, 353n destroyers 228-9, 257n, 271, 336, 397-8 Detached Corps of Finland 50, 60-1 Deutrich, Privy Councillor, Deputy Go¬ vernor-General 163, 181, 200, 208-9 Deutschland battleship 266, 271 Deutschland minelayer 286 Devil 284 Diana 339 016141,43-4, 109-10, 118, 129-31, 133- 4, 160, 163, 165-7, 170, 176-7, 181- 3, 190, 208, 211, 213-4, 217-8, 236, 244, 247, 280, 329, 331-3, 343, 345- 6, 348, 354-6, 363-4 diplomacy, diplomats 185, 196, 213, 257 disarmament 164-5, 169 disarming Russians by Finnish Whites 367 disloyalty of Finns 156, 234, 237, 243 disorder 188, 199, 203-4, 237, 322-3, 344, 388, see also criminal activity, disloyalty, rebellion, revolt, revoluti¬ on dissatisfaction 238, 249, 310, 312, 320, 322, 325-6, 347 Disunited States of East Europe 206 divided command of the defence of Bal¬ tic coasts 146 division, divisions 220, 227 division, Finnish 135 Division, 1st 239 Division, 4th 35 Division, 5th 31, 34 Division, 6th 35 Division, 17th 31, 35 Division, 21st 31, 34 Division, 22nd 64, 83, 85, 106, 113-4, 120, 230, 255n Division, 23rd 114, 136, 147, 230-1, 255n Division, 23-19-20-21 -22nd, Russian Division in Finland 61-2, 68, 120, 121n Division, 24th 120, 136-7, 147-9, 230-1, 255n Division, 25th 66 Division, 29th 353, 353n Division, 36th 239 Division, 37th 120, 147, 230, 239, 255n Division, 41st 186, 240 Division, 45th 342-4, 356 Division, 50th 224, 233, 253, 255n, 278 Division, 62nd 253 Division, 67th 224 Division, 74th 278 Division, 79th 253 Division, 84th 278 Division, 106th 293, 296, 300, 301n, 351, 369, 398-9 Division, 107th 293, 295-7, 305, 353n Division, 108th 294 Division, 110th 294 Division, 112th 343-4 Division, 115th 300-1 Division, 116th 294n Division, 118th 305 Division, 128th 305, 338, 345, 351, 353, 353n, 356 Dniester 27n, 227 Dolgorukov, Prince, Minister of War 85, 91, 102 Domination of the Baltic Sea 21-2, 228, 267, by Germany 290, 302, 359 Don 61-2, 87, 103, 114, 116, 120, 232, 459 460 340, 343, 345, see also Cossack Dorpat see Tartu Douglas, Gustaf Count 21 Dragomirov, General 103 Dragon 386n Dragoon 20th Regiment 255 Dragoon 55th Finland Regiment 175 dragoons 162, 168, 233, see also Finnish Dragoon Regiment Dreadnought, dreadnoughts 96, 196, 228-9, 257, 265-5, 271, 272n, 286, 288-9, 302. 349-50, 376-7, 389, 397, 408 Drumsö see Lauttasaari Dual Alliance 148, 157, 196, 227 Dual Monarchy 136 Dubno 72 Dubrovskaia, Elena 348 Dudzhanskii 458th Regiment 300 Duma 199-200, 206, 209-10, 216,218-9, 227, 229-30, 238, 254, 257, 324 Dünamunde 72, 82, 137, 141, 197 Dundas, Sir Richard Saunders, Rear-Ad¬ miral 94 Dvina 47-8 Dvìnskii 91st Regiment 114 Dybenko, Pavel 332, 354 E 8 289 E 9 287 E 18 290 E 19 289 East Central Europe 309, 403 East Karelia, Russian Karelia 15, 46, 202, 237, 334, 386-7, 391-2, 400m, 403, 405, self-determination of 405, independence of 386, see also Grea¬ ter Finland East Prussia 147, 278n, 307 Eastern Europe 105 Eastern Front 197, 288, 306, 321, 323, 366, 392, 394, 409 Eastern Rumelia 147 Eastern Swedish nation 136 Egorov, Ivan 249 Ehrnrooth, Casimir 32n Einkreisung, encirclement 199, 333 Ekenäs see Tammisaari Ekenes 138n Ekman, Sergeant Major 124i Ekman, Torsten, a journalist 124i Elbe 264 elections in Finland 199, 208, 280, 345, 348, 398 Elimäki (Elimä) 56 Elisenvaara 202 Elizabeth, Empress 22-5, 29 emigrantion, emigrants 118n, 172, 301, 312, 318-9, 328 Emir Bukharskii 138n Emperor of Russia 11, 22, 33, 42, 44-5, 50, 58, 70-1, 80-1, 90, 98-100, 102, 109-11, 113, 118, 124-5, 127-8, 131, 138, 159-60, 167, 169, 179, 181, 203, 212, 215-6, 251, 324, 329, 331, 345, 407, see also Alexander I, Ale¬ xander II, Alexander III, Nicholas I, Nicholas II, Paul, Peter I Empire see Bolshevik, British, German, Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Muscovite, Polish, Russian, Swedish, Turkish Empress of Russia 105, 307, see also Alexandra Fedorovna, Anna, Cathe¬ rine II, Elizabeth, Mania Fedorovna Enckell, Carl 330, 345-6, 356, 361, 367 Endén, Rauno 13 Enehjelm, af, police officer 143 enemies, enemy of Russia 88, 135, 150m, 151-2, 154, 178-9, 194, 221- 4, 227-32, 258-9, 268, 279, 281, 288, 296-7, 299-301, 303, 310, 318, 320, 322-3, 326, 339, 341, 346, 377, 408, see also naval enemy enemy invasion, landing 229, 232, 234, 255-5, 259, 263, 278, 297, 299, 306- 7, 318, 323, 331, 323, 341, 343, 346 engineers, engineer troops 64, 102-3, 115-6, 133, 135, see also sappers England 74, 78, 118, 147, 172, 221, see also Britain English 74, 8li, 186, 188, 316, 382-3, 392n, 398, see also British, naval enemy Enisei 290 Eniseiskii 94th Regiment 137, 230 enlisted detachments, soldiers 18-9, 44, 56-7, 66, 68, 91, 125, 128, 132-3, 406 Entente 196, 199, 221, 260, 307, 307, 310, 333, 359, 374, 376-7, 390, 392, 402, 404, see also Allies, Western Powers Epantsin, Vice-Admiral 84 Equity 374, 374n Eremin, Colonel 247, 318-9 Ermak 380 Esbo see Espoo escort craft, ships 288, 290, 316, 336 Espoo (Esbo) 84, 91, 179, 273, 276m Essen, N.O. von, Vice-Admiral 246, 264, 271-2, 286 Estonia 17-8, 18n, 19-22, 95-6, 140, 147, 22, 268, 294, 335, 358η, 361, 374η, 376, 380, 393, 398η, 399, 400m, 402, 404 Estonian, Estonians 195, 206, 269, 393η, 395-6 Estonian army, troops 402 Estonian coast 230, 272, 295, 338, 279 Estonian constituent assembly 396 Estonian islands 230, 290, 352, see also Hiidenmaa, Saarenmaa Estonian-Livonian army 206 Estonian navy 380n, 395 Estonian Provisional government 395-6 ethnically separate troops 57, 64, 134, see also Finnish army, troops Etter, von 53 Europe, European 18, 22, 25, 310, 330, 359-60, 386 European opinion, public 119, 269 European Powers 30, 260, see also Great Powers European scientists 170 evacuation 144, 306, 342-3 exemption from military service 161, 177, 201, 213, 256, 322 exile 331 explosives 195 extreme Right 207 Falkenhayn, General 288, 307-9, 311-2, 317 Fangs toss 361 Far East 138η, 142-3, 180-1, 186-7, 194, 197, 220, 223, 227-8, 274, 407 Far West 59 Farman 295 Fashoda 154 fatherland 131 Fatio, Morel 81i February Manifesto 1899 168, 170, 189 Fennomans,fennoman 74,99-100,118, see also Finnish nation, Finnish par¬ ty, nationalism Fennophagi 164 Fennoscandia 386 Fenno-Ugric 99-100, 206, 238 field armies, troops 102, 121-2, 147, 151-2, 180, see also Russian army field kitchens 195 field telegraphy 224 Filin 387n Finland 11-3. 16-7, 19-23, 25, 27n, 34-5, 38, 41, 43-50, 53, 55, 59, 66, 71n, 72-5, 77, 80, 84, 86, 90-1, 95, 97-9, 108, 112, 117, 121-3, 129, 136, 138, 146-7, 155, 165, 178, 181, 185-8, 191, 195, 200, 203-4, 207-9, 213, 215, 219, 221, 223, 231-2, 235-8, 191, 200, 203-4, 207-9, 213, 215, 219, 221, 223, 231-2, 235-7, 39-40, 245, 249, 251, 254, 259, 262-3, 266, 273, 277, 279, 281-2, 284, 286, 293, 295, 299, 301, 303, 306-8, 321, 324, 327, 329, 331, 335, 338-40, 342-3, 350, 352-5, 359, 365, 370, 372n, 373-6, 381, 384, 388-91, 399, 403, 405, 407-9 Finland 66 Finland (Russian) Artillery Regiment 175 Finland glacis for St Petersburg 99, 137, 143-4, 259, 296, 303, 316, 408 Finland Germany s ally, vassal 390-1, 410 Finland (Russian) lines of communicati¬ on staff 295 Finland Military District 103, 113-4, 116, 121, 141, 143, 146, 148, 151-4, 162, 169, 172, 175, 178, 183, 226 Finland (Russian) Rifle Brigades 253-5, 255n, 25 6n, rifle troops 149, 225, 233, 235, 248, 253-6, 278m Finland Station in St Petersburg 211 Finland Swedish province 408 Finland s position in Russian Empire 81, 118, 128-30, 135, 155, 157, 161, 168-9, 188-9, 192, 200, 205-6, 210, 219, 222, 237, 245, 259, 284, 330-2, 335, 355, 361, 399, 408-9, see also autonomy, finliandskii vopros, inde¬ pendence, Russification Finliandskaia Gazeta 219, 251 finliandskii vopros, Finnish question, problem 11, 129, 136, 155-6, 158, 161-7, 170-2, 174, 181, 200, 207, 210, 214, 218, 220, 239, 284, 311-2, 315, 318, 346, 408-9 Finliandskii zheleznyi most, Finland rail¬ way bridge 212 Finn, Finns, inhabitants of Finland, Fin¬ nish people, population 16, 18, 23, 26, 28, 33, 36, 37n, 42-5, 48, 52, 54, 68, 74, 80-1, 89, 91, 98, 100-1, 109- 11, 113, 118, 124, 127, 131, 134, 139, 151, 153, 155-8, 167, 169, 181, 184-5, 190, 195, 197-8, 201, 203-4, 207, 209-10, 212, 217-9, 225, 234, 238, 342-3, 246, 249, 251, 254, 260, 269, 269n, 277, 280-1, 283, 312, 316, 318-9, 323, 327І, 330-1, 333-5, 337, 343, 351, 354-5, 360, 372, 385- 7, 391, 398, 402, 407-8 461 462 Finn 138η Finns in Russian service 44, 50, 53, 66, 62, 93, 113, 117, 124, 128, 167, 214, 282, 407 Finnish administration, bureaucrats, of¬ ficials 42, 53, 68, 73-4, 98, 112, 117, 130, 155-6, 171, 200, 207, 210, 226, 23-6, 239, 277, 281, 328 Finnish army, forces, troops 55, 74n, 91, 131-2, 136, 144, 149-50, 158-60, 162, 164-5, 167-70, 175, 184, 189, 191, 201, 205-6, 210, 212-3, 218, 238, 248, 252, 283, 315n, 330, 334, 367, 369n, 371, 382-3, 394-5, 406 Finnish artillery 135 Finnish aspirations, cause, influence, op¬ position, schemes 171-2, 202, 237, 286, 311, 334, 403-4 Finnish blood 239 Finnish Bolsheviks 365 Finnish borders 26, 46, 133, 202, 202n, 301, 385, 394, 405 Finnish businessmen, industrialists 283, 393 Finnish citizens 68, 203 Finnish coast 36, 74, 97, 139, 143, 195, 202, 221, 235, 259, 294, 296-7, 299, 306, 335, 341, 368, 378, 409-10 Finnish Communist Party 398 Finnish Division 124 Finnish Dragoon Regiment 133, 135, 137, 151, 175 Finnish engineers 133, 135 Finnish expansion, expeditions, inter¬ vention 386, 395, to Artie Ocean 390, to Estonia 395-6, to Karelia, Olonets, Viena 393-4, 393, 398n, 399, 400m, 403-4, see also Greater Finland Finnish General Staff 65, 153 Finnish-German naval treaty 390n Finnish government 53, 57, 160, 171, 204, 279, 355, 376, 393, 3938, 405, see also Senate Finnish Historical Society 13 Finnish-Karelian Society 202n Finnish language 24, 28, 43-4, 75, 98, 136, 170, 269n, 312, 386 Finnish leaders, party leaders, politicians 125, 130, 161, 169, 171, 214, 218, 249, 252, 311, 331, 399 Finnish merchant fleet, ships 80, 110, 376, 408, 410 Finnish nation 16, 40m, 44, 74, 99-100, 125, 128, 156, 330,411 Finnish national economy 117, 128, 135 Finnish national military service 129-30, 136, 156, 158-60, 165, 168-9, 176, 181, 209, 217, 219 Finnish naval service, navy 66, 68n, 133, 384, 387, 399 Finnish Office in Berlin 311 Finnish officers in Swedish service 44, 73 Finnish parliament 201, 204, see also Diet Finnish Party 170-1, see also Old Finns, Young Finns Finnish pilots 268, 317 Finnish-Polish relations 403 Finnish press 236 Finnish prisons 242 Finnish provinces 43, 207, 236 Finnish regiments, soldiers, troops of Swedish army 12, 13, 22, 31, 34, 38- 9, 44, 54 Finnish-Russian peace 405, 411 Finnish society 171, 189, 193, 362, 347, 410 Finnish sovereignty in Åland 377-8 Finnish state 43, 73, 112, 134-6, 160-1, 164, 169, 177, 188, 213, 217, 225, 242, 247, 256, 335, 371, 407-9 Finnish State Railways 112, 122, 125, 141І, 187-8, 201, 211, 221, 241, 277, 280, 407 Finnish training battalion 49m, 57, 64, 68, 71n Finnish treason 174, see also finliandskii vopros Finnish treasury 201, 242 Finnish vagrant population 55 fire brigades 205, 238, 334, 349, 364, see also Activists First World War 80, 118n, 126, 138, 270, 300i, see also Great War Fischer-Lossainen, naval attaché 314, 315n Fisher, Sir John, Admiral 261, 288 fishing boats, craft 186, 290, 366 flagship 302, 324, 382 Flanders 390 fleet in being 285 floating batteries 96, 123, 302 flotillas see coastal, lake, minesweeper, river, torpedo boat flotillas Flottenverband för Sonderunterneh¬ mung 349 Foreign Ministry 111 foreign policy 189 foremost defence line in Finland 296, 406 fortifications, fortification works 227, 258, 278, 280, 282, 296-7, 300, 303- 4, 308, 340, 343, 347 Fortral 387n fortress administration, commandant, district, esplanade 114, 179-80, 202- 3, 228-9, 235-6, 241, 258, 273, 292n, 294-5, 305 fortress artillery 116, 121η, 175, 180, 228-9, 258, 292η, 294-5, 305 fortress battalions, infantry, troops 64, 106-7, 114-6, 121, 121n, 151-2,224, 228-9, 258, 340 Fort Slava 73, 82 France 30, 45, 72, 76, 78, 100, 109, 112, 118, 126, 138n, 148, 196, 259-60, 264, 266, 366, 392, 398-9, 404, 410 Frankfurt 389 Franz Charles, Archduke 86 Fredric, Prince of Netherlands 86, 86i Fredrikshamn see Hamina Freiburg i. Breisgau 12 French, Frenchmen 41, 96-7, 126, 157, 197, 229, 257, 161, 404 French allies 238-9 French archives 12 French capital, credits 117, 138n French diplomats 39, 336, 337n, 338n French forces 78-9, 197, 266, 410 French front 196 French language 45 French philosophers 25 French revolution 26, 55, 126 French subsidies 18 Fria Ord 183 Friberg, an officer 53 Friedland 30 Friedrich der Grosse 349n Friedrich Karl, Prince of Hesse 383, 391, see also German King for Fin¬ land Friedrich Karl 285 Führungschaos 264η Furious 289 Furuhjelm family 54 Galitsia 148, 220, 278n Gallén, Jarl 13 Gallipoli 288 Gambier, Admiral Lord 34 Gamlakarleby see Kokkola Gangut, gangut-class battleships 257, 257n, 271, 349-50 Gapon, Father 184 Garrison Artillery 4th Brigade 87 garrison infantry 90 Gatchina 400m, 402 Gavriil 401 Gazelle 285 Gel singfors see Helsinki gendarmes 64, 162, 171, 173, 184, 188- 9, 194, 201, 205-6, 214-5, 223-4, 238-9, 241, 243-7, 253, 256, 277, 279, 292n, 295, 309, 318 General-Admiral 229 General Staff Academy 161 general strike 187, 189-91, 193-4, 204, 223, 226, 254, 277, 363, 408 Geneva 183 Geok Tepe 138 Georgia, Georgians 206, 335 Gerard, Nikolai, Governor-General 191, 200, 203, 208-9, 215, 226, 247 German, Germans 149, 156-7, 196-7, 199-21, 227, 229, 238, 262, 264-5, 296, 311, 321, 330, 342, 349-50, 358, 360, 365-7, 380-1, 385-7, 395- 7, 403, 408 German Admiralty Staff 264n, 286, 314-7, 359, 375-8, 384-5, 390 German advance, attack, invasion, ope¬ rations 221, 234, 269, 271, 284, 308, 312, 334, 379n, 409 Germa agents, saboteurs, spies 266, 268, 322, 335, 337, 373, 385n Germany army, troops 196-7, 232, 264, 286, 288-9, 293, 298, 361, 381І, 389, 391-2, 395 German 8th Army 349 German-Austrian front 257 German-Austrian protectorate of Poland 333 German Baltic Division, Ostseedivision 378, 380, 388, 391 German Baltic fleet 197, 264n, 267, 285-8, 302, 309, 336, 361, 387, 389 German Bight 390 German-British conflict in Finland 389 German business circles, businessmen 374, 390 German capital, investments 330, 390 German chancellor see Bethmann-Holl- weg, Bismarck, Hertling, Michaelis German coast 34, 142, 197, 265-6, 272, 287, 336 German colonies 410 German consul 268 German control of the Gulf of Kronstadt 385 German defeat, fall, retreat 310-1, 378, 390n, 391, 410 German domination of the Baltic Sea 463 464 197, 290, 302, 359, 382 German embassy in Moscow 383 German Empire 311-2, 358, 378, 391, 405 German Emperor, Kaiser 143, 264n, see also William II German expedition, intervention 269, 298, 311, 313, 333-4, 373, 374n, 374-5, 377-8, 380, 388-9, 392, 410, see also German liberators German-Finnish joint company 374 German fleet, navy 138, 142, 197, 261, 264, 264n, 265, 271-2, 288, 290, 298, 314, 316, 349, 358, 360, 382, 389 German Foreign Office 359, 383, see also Auswärtiges Amt German freighters, transports 289, 298, 336 German government, leaders 264n, 309, 375, 387, 390n, see also Ludendorff, OHL German hegemony, imperialism, in¬ fluence, occupation, schemes, sphere of interest, war aims 269, 309-10, 315, 333, 337, 359, 361, 373-6, 379m, 382-6, 389-91, 396n, 400m, 404, 410 German harbours 266, 361 German King for Finland 373, 383, see also Friedrich Karl of Hesse German landing, raids 147, 265, 269, 271, 287, 298, 306, 335-6, 338-9, 343, 378, 382, 389 German language 24, 44-5 German liberators 375, 381i, 382 German military staffs 269, 309, 323, 335, 388, see also OHL German Ministry of Marine 264n, 374 German Ministry of War 312, 374 German naval base in Murmansk 390-1 German naval staffs 263, 269, 309, 338, 388, see also Admiralstab German orientation, Germanophiles in Finland 262, 270, 308, 384, 398, 409 German principalities 19, 196 German spies 266, 268, 337, 373 German submarines 390 German victory 308, 310-1 German war aims Germanic Empires 262, 270, 308, 409 Germany 11, 16, 118, 126, 138n, 139, 147-8, 154, 164, 183, 196, 221, 223, 239, 253, 259-60, 263, 267-9, 281, 289, 305, 309, 312, 320, 333-35, 362, 367, 373, 377, 397-8, 400m, 403 glasnost 12 Glazov, Lieutenant General 153, 169 Glorious 289 God 331 Gogland 138n Golitsyn, Mikhail 20-1, 35, 38 Goltz, Rüdiger von der 391, 396, 396η, 378, 383 Golub 387η Goncharov, S.O., Lieutenant General 164 Gorchakov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Prince, Chancellor llln Gorchakov, Dmitri, Prince 31 Goremykin, Ivan Logginovich 199, 284 Gornyi Dubniak 124 Gottleben, Sofia Charlotte 53 Gough, Sir Herbert, General 402 Governor-General of Finland 24, 39,42- 3, 50, 56-7, 59, 61, 70, 75, 84-5, 87- 8, 91, 95, 97-8, 100, 102,112-3,117, 120, 125, 130-1, 137, 143, 147, 150, 157, 163, 171-2, 178, 181, 183, 188, 190-1, 200, 203, 210, 212, 215-6, 219, 226, 239, 247, 251, 283, 312, 318, 330, 344, 346, 351, 354, see also Adlerberg, Berg, Bobrikov, Hei¬ den, Menschikoff, Nekrasov, Rokas- sovskii, Seyn, Stakhovich, Steinheil, Zakrevskii Governor-General of Vilna 179 governors 306-7 Grand Duchy of Finland 13, 40n, 48-50, 53-4, 60, 70, 75, 82-3, 87, 91, 98-9, 101, 113, 118, 121, 129, 134, 137, 140, 145i, 149, 150m, 157-8, 166-7, 169, 179, 207, 218, 239, 260, 277, 284, 296, 322-3, 337, 351, 363, 386, 394, 399 Grand Duchy of Warsaw 45 Grand Duke of Finland 22-3, 42, 81, 102, 310, 331, 362, 410 Grande Armée 47 Grand Fleet 285, 288-9 Grand Prince of Muscovy 16 grand vizier 252 Grazhdanin 336 Great Northern War 19, 22 Great Powers 73, 76, 100-1, 112, 119, 164, 198, 253, 260, 269-70, see also Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Russia great programme of Russification 284, 310 Great Russia 388 Great War 115, 144, 199, 237, 243, 253, 257-8, 265, 270, 279, 283, 310, 324- 5, 333, 335, 362, 373, 376, 390-1, 395, 405, 409-10, see also First World War Greater Bulgaria 120 Grater Finland 314, 386, 394, 399, 405 Greater Poland 403-4 Greater Rumania 386 Greece, Greek, 54, 74 Greek War of Liberation 74, 124 Grenadier Artillery Brigade 113 Grenadier Corps 61, 71 Grenadier 1st Division 83m, 84-6, 86i, 87, 106, 112-3 Grenadier Regiment of Prince of Prussia 86І grenadiers 48, 61, 70-1, 83m, 84-6, 86i, 87, 90-1, 93, 96, 106, 112-3, 224, 227 Grigorovich, I.K., Admiral 257 Grisslehamn 33m, 39 Grodno 72, 191, 208-9, 225, 227 Grodno Hussars 84- 87 Gromoboi 339 Grosser Kurfürst 349n, 350 Grossherzöglich Meckelnburg Jäger Battalion no. 14 377 Grot, Jakov, Professor 51 Gruz 387n guard duty 116, 134, 136, 178 guardships 370n Guards 125, 326, 380 Guards Artillery Brigade 230 Guards Finnish 3rd Rifle Battalion 69- 70, 71n, 73, 91, 93, 110, 113-4, 116- 7, 124-5, 125n, 128, 131-3, 135, І46І, 150m, 162, 168-9, 182, 185, 191, 200n Guards cavalry 230, 239 Guards Corps 27, 50, 53, 103-4, 124, 130, 177, 186, 203, 207, 220, 226, 230-1, 239, Guards Finland Regiment 23, 27, 50 Guards infantry 230 Guards Jägers 50 Guards military band 124Ì Guards Rifle detachments 230, 239 Guards sapper battalion 240 Guards Ural Cossack Regiment 239 guerillas, partisans, popular uprising 21, 34, 36-7, 39, 42, 91, 162, 211, 222-3, 231, 234, 238, 254, 259, 388 Gulevich, General Lieutenant 324 Gulf of Bothnia 15-7, 33, 33m, 34, 38-9, 42, 48, 79-80, 97, 108, 140, 153, 184, 195, 197, 206, 221, 231, 233, 254, 266, 274, 289-91, 296-301, 307- 8, 316-8, 335, 340-1, 345, 376, 378 Gulf of Finland 15, 23, 29, 34, 79, 87-8, 94, 97, 101, 110, 123, 142, 186, 194, 197, 221, 228, 230-1, 258, 263-4, 266-7, 271-2, 274, 276m, 285-6, 286n, 287-9, 298-9, 301-4, 315-7, 339, 341, 352, 356, 374n, 376, 380, 382-3, 386, 389, 391, 395, 398, 401, 405-6, 408 Gulf of Kronstadt 385 Gulf of Riga 141, 197, 259, 264, 266, 286, 286n, 287-8, 302, 336, 338-9, 349-50, 352 Guldenstubbe, Lieutenant General 85 gunboats 122, 133, 138n, 272, 286-7, 335, 339, 387 Gustav V 308, 377 Gustavssvärd see Kustaanmiekka Gustavus III 25-6, 43 Gustavus IV Adolf 30, 42 Gzhatskii 509th Regiment 305, 324, 353n Haapamäki 202 Haapaniemi Officers School 45 Haaparanta (Haparanda) 318, 330 Haapasaari (Aspo) 341 Habsburg Empire 104, 308 Hague 165, 169, 355 hakkapeliitta 18n Hakkri Iiro, a sailor in a story by Hj.Nortamo 71 Hallberg, Karl Andreevich 65i Häme 35, 40m Hämeenlirma (Tavastehus) 32m, 33 m, 35, 41, 49m, 50-1, 56-7, 62-4, 71, 83m, 85, 93, 98, 107-8, 112-4, 114n, 116, 121, 132, 137, 143, 149-50, 150m, 166η, 173η, 175η, 178, 202, 222-3, 228, 233, 255, 255n, 256n, 290η, 291η, 293η, 297, 300, 303, 339, 356 Hämeenmaa 387 Hamina (Fredrikshamn) 23, 27, 32m- 33m, 39, 40n, 43, 45, 49m, 50, 52, 62-4, 73, 83, 83n, 113-4, 116, 121, 137, 140, 149-50, 150m, 153, 175n, 186, 221-2, 233, 248, 255n, 278, 304, 340 Hamina Cadet School 103 Hammarskjöld, Hjalmar 308 Hammerfest 308 Hangö see Hanko Hangöudd see Hankoniemi 465 466 Hanko (Hangö) 33, 56, 62-4, 72-3, 83, 83m, 84-5, 88, 122, 195, 221, 232, 289, 291η, 297-8, 338, 341, 350, 352-3, 368, 378-9, 379η, 380, 387 Hankoniemi (Hangöudd) 20-1, 23, 34, 94, 122, 338 Hansa 16 Harwich 396 Hecla 89i Hedlund, Vietor, Major General, Sena¬ tor 251 Heiden, Fedor Logginovich, Governor- General 43η, 102, 143, 147, 157, 161 Heinola 49m, 56-7, 64, 83m, 98 Heligoland 148 Helsingfors see Helsinki Helsingfors Dagblad 110-1 Helsinki (Helsingfors) 20, 23, 32m-33m, 38, 42, 44, 49m, 50-1, 56-7, 59, 62- 4, 65i, 66, 68, 70, 75, 80, 83, 83m, 84-6, 88, 91, 96-7, 106, 109-10, 112- 4, 114η, 116, 116n, 122-3, 125, 128, 132, 137, 138n, 140, 144, 149, 150m, 171-3 , 173n, 174i, 176i, 178- 9, 185-6, 188-90, 193, 195, 197, 214, 221-2, 225, 228, 231-5, 238-40, 249, 251, 255n, 256, 265-6, 268, 271, 273, 273i, 276-7, 283, 286n, 287, 289-90, 29 In, 293, 294n, 295-6, 299, 300І, 302-3, 306, 314, 324-5, 328-9, 329n, 330, 332, 336-8, 341, 343, 345, 353, 366, 372-3, 375, 379m, 380-1, 381І, 397, 400m, 402-3, 405 Helsinki rural district 272, 276m Helsinki soviet 327, 333, 346, 348, 354, 363 Henry, Prince of Prussia, Commander of Baltic Fleet 285-8, 302, 317, 336, 359 Herat 138 Hertling, Georg, Chancellor 333 Hesse 282-3 High Seas Fleet, Hochseeflotte 197, 264n, 265-7, 285, 289, 302, 361, 378 Hiidenmaa (Dagö, Hiiumaa) 230, 287-8, 349 Hindenburg, Paul von Beneckendorff und von, Field Marshal 307, 331 Hippopotam 107 Hintze, von 195n historians, historiography 328, 328n, 354 Hjelt, Edvard 209, 211-2, 215, 311, 365, 375 Högland see Suursaari Hohenzollern Empire 307 Hollóla 56 Holtzendorf, Admiral 375 Home Guards 348-9, 374n Hoplax see Huopalahti Hopmann, Admiral 286-7, 289, 336 hospital ships 329, 376, 384 hostility of Finns to Russians 218, 223, 231, 237, 259-60, 322 Huvudstadsbladet 124i Huittinen (Hvittis) 56 Huitín, Eelis, Captain 190n Hungary, Hungarians 70, 76, 136 Huopalahti (Hoplax) 273 Hussars 84, 87, 342 Hvittis see Huittinen Hyvinkää (Hyvinge) 143, 152 Iamburg see Jaama icebreakers 372, 378, 380, 393 Idensalm see Iisalmi Ignat ev, Nikolai Pavlovich, Count 120 Iisalmi (Idensalm) 303, 314 Immediatvortrag 264n Imperator 264n Imperator Aleksandr III 257η Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaia 257n Imperatritsa Mariia 251 η Imperial see Russian Imperial banners 219 Imperial Council 167-8, 191, 216, 219 Imperial Militia 29 Imperial Palace in Helsinki 80 Imperial prerogatives 187, 212, see also absolutism Imperial proposals for legislation 211, 213 Imperial yacht 244 imperialism 19, 76, 392n import of grain 320-1 indelta 18, 31, 31 η, 45, 70, 74, 83m, 91-2, 92i, 93, 107, 117,262 independence of East Karelia 386 independence of Estonia 402, 404 independence of Finland 110, 134, 161n, 215, 249n, 250, 312, 313η, 314η, 323, 331-5, 337, 343, 346, 364-6, 372n, 374-5, 383, 393, 399, 402, see also acknowledgement of, finliands- kii vopros, Finnish aspirations, War of Liberation India, Indian 72, 270, 396n Indrenius, Johannes, Rear Admiral 129 infantry 18-9, 30-1, 35, 38, 61,114,116, 120, 133, 135, 149, 162, 165, 178, 195, 226-7, see also Divisions, fort¬ ress infantry, rifles informers, informants 171, 205-6, 247 Ingå see Inkoo Ingermanland, Ingria, Inkeri 15, 17-8, 22, 206, 230, 237, 253, 394, 400m, 402 Inkoo (Ingå) Ino fortress, fortress district 229, 235, 237, 274, 276, 385 Inspector of Artillery 194 Inspector of Finnish Troops 57, 71 Inspector of Military Schools 68 Inspector of Rifle Troops 71 internal independence, sovereignty 188, 312, 331, 343, see also autonomy, separatism, finliandskii vopros International Court at the Hague 355 international law, regulations 272, 289 international waters 385 internationalists 183 Internationalist Mensheviks 354 intervention in Balkan, Greece 74, 120, 124 intervention in Russia 104-5, 120, 392, 397, 400n Irben Strait 290, 336 Irish rebellion 336 Irkutskii 93rd Regiment 137, 230 iron ore transports from Sweden to Ger¬ many 289, 309, 315-6, 336, 359 ironclad ships 107 Isokyrö (Storkyro) 20 Italia irredenta 386 Italian, Italy 30, 104, 266, 396 Iudenich, Nikolai Nikolaevich, General 401-2 Iurev see Tartu Ivan, a soldier 52 Ivan III 16 Ivan IV the Terrible 19 Ivangorod 72 Ivanov, General, Aide-de-Camp 281 Izborskii reserve battalion 149 Izmail 257n Izvol skii, Aleksand Petrovich, Minister of Foreign Affairs 195, 260 Jaarna (lamburg) 136, 402 Jacobin Fennomans 99 Jade 383 Jäger troops 55, 60-1 Jäger Royal Prussian Battalion no. 27, Jäger movement, Jägers 313, 313n, 318-21, 324, 333-5, 374, 374n, 376- 7, 383n, 387n, 393, 399, 409, see also Activists, independence, War of Liberation Jakobstad see Pietarsaari Janin, Colonel 239 Jänissaari 20 Japan 180, 196, 223, 392 Japanese 186, 223 Japanese General Staff 184 Japanese guns, mortars 344n Japanese legation in Stockholm 215 Japanese spies, spionage 215 Japanese War 80, 138n, 227, 248, 263, 270, see also Far East Järvinen, Markku 337η Jassy 26 Jews, Jewish 51, 161, 238, 309 Joensuu 202, 205, 299-300, 339 John Grafton 184 judi cal academy 103 Jungfrusund 295 Jurmo 295 Jutland 288-9 Jyväskylä 98, 314 kagaali 170 Kaipiainen 235 Kaiser 375, see also William II Kaiser 349n Kaiserin 349n KaiserWilhelm Kanal 262 Kaiserliche Marine 261, see also Ger¬ man fleet, navy Kaivopuisto (Brunnsparken) 96 Käkisalmi (Kexholm) 22, 49η, 56, 62-4, 72, 186 Kalevala, national epic 99, 386 Kalevala 66 Kalix river (Kainuunjoki) 43 Kalmucks 54, 57 Kamensku, Nikolai Mikhailovich 31, 34-5 Kangasala 56 Kanin, Vice Admiral 286, 289, 325 Kantsov, an officer 53 Kaps ul 387n Karakalpachians 206 Karakozov, terrorist 1 1 7 Karelia, Karelian, Karelian populations, Karelians 16-7, 27, 35, 38, 149, 202, 236, 386, 388, 394, see also East Ka¬ relia, Greater Finland Karelian Isthmus 20, 22, 25, 46, 143, 153, 186, 207, 223, 233, 239-40, 252, 278, 291, 301, 341, 371, 382, 385, 405 Kargopolskii 425th Regiment 293n Karjaa (Karis) 84 Karjala 387, 387n 467 468 Karl XII see Charles XII Karl XIII 46 Karl XIV Johan (Bernadotte, Jean Bap¬ tiste) 46, 77 Kaskinen (Kaskö) 297-8 Katkov, Mikhail 105, 111, 155 Kaulbars, an officer 53 Kaulbars, A.V., General 192 Kaunas (Kovno) 400m, 404 Kausala 303 Kazan 103, 149 Kazanskii Regiment 230 Keith, James 22 Keksgol mskii Regiment 27 Kemi 205, 298 Kemijoki 38, 43, 231 Kerava 294 Kerch 137 Kerenskii, A.F., Minister of Justice, of War, Prime Minister 330-2, 337, 343, 345, 350, 354, 356, 358, 361 Keuruu 299 Kexholm see Käkisalmi Kharkov 103, 181, 189 Khiva, Emir of 58 Khivinets 339 Khokholians 206 Khrabryi 286, 286η, 288 Kiel 196, 265, 268, 285, 288, 336, 350, 389 Kiev 103, 137, 224, 298, 404-5 Kilo 276m Kilpisaari 303 Kinburn 257n King of Finland 391, see also Friedrich Karl of Hesse Kirby, David, Professor 12 Kirkkonummi (Kyrkslätt) 84, 222, 233 Kitchener, Herbert, Field Marshal Lord 396n Kivennapa 114n, 236 Knorring, Bogdan von 38-9 Knox, Sir Alfred, Major General 350 Koivisto (Björkö) 186, 195, 222, 229- 30, 232-4, 278, 302-3, 359, 387, 389, 398-9, 400m, 401, 405 Kokkola (Gamlakarleby) 56, 80, 8 li, 90- 1, 197, 297-8, 300m, 341 Kokovtsov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, Mi¬ nister of Finance 139n, 201, 213, 218-9, 245, 252, 256, 270, 284 Kola peninsula 289 Kolberg 287-8, 336, 389 Kolpinskii 422th Regiment 293n, 297, 300, 362, 362n Koltchak, Admiral 398n König 349n König Albert 349n Kononov, a Russian tradesman 51 Konstantin Konstantinovich, Grand Duke 119n Kontupohja 367 Korff, Sergei, Baron, Deputy Governor- General 330 Koria 235, 293n Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich, General 350, 354 Korochanskii 457th Regiment 300 Kothen, Casimir von 92 Kotka 194, 221-2, 233-5, 274, 302, 304 Kotka 138η Kotlin Island 20 Kouvola 114, 153, 180,233, 256η, 291η, 298, 301η, 303, 367 Kővel 225, 227 Kraatz, Paul, Colonel, Senator 251 Krambol 387n Krasnaia Gorka 229, 274, 376, 399, 402 Krasnoe Selo 402 Krasnoe Znamia 286n Kranoiarskii 95th Regiment 137, 230 Kremlin 404 Kristiinankaupunki (Kristinestad) 297, 300η Kronobergsfjärden see Kruunuvuoren- selkä Kronprinz 349η Kronshlott 20 Krönshlottskii 200th Regiment 102 Kronstadt 20, 23, 36, 47, 63, 72-3, 80, 82-3, 83m, 96, 106, 115, 123, 137, 141-2, 157, 189, 192, 194,215,221, 228-9, 233-5, 237, 253, 258-9, 268, 274, 276, 286n, 290, 294, 30 In, 363n, 380, 38On, 382, 385, 397-9, 401, 405, 410 Kruunuvuorenselkä (Kronobergsfjärden) 97, 272, 276, 276m Krylenko, Nikolai Vasil evich, Ensign 368 Kuokkala 341 Kuolemajärvi 253n Kuopio 32m.33m, 49m, 57, 64, 83m, 93, 98, 114n, 116n, 132, 150m, 166η, 175n, 205, 233, 248, 250,300,306, 314, 340n Kuropatkin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, Gene¬ ral, Minister of War 141,163-5,167, 172, 176-7, 218, 308, 321 Kustaanmiekka (Gustavsvärd) 266 Kutusov, Field Marshal 306 Kuznetsov, Major 90 Kvick, Jyrki 340n Kymenkartano, Kyminkartano (Kym- menegård) 40m, 41, 49m, 62-3, 114, 116η, 121-2, 175 Куті battalion 56 Kymijoki, Куті river 23, 29, 97, 107, 122, 202, 222, 227-8, 231, 235-6, 295-6, 339, 304, 382 Kyminlinna 27, 137 Kyyrölä 11 6n Laajasalo (Degerö) 152, 180, 276n labour troops 64, 323 Lacy, Peter de 22 Ladoga lake (Laatokka) 17, 22, 274, 339, 386, 389,400m Ladoga 290 Laene 393n Lahti (Lahtis) 180, 249, 256n, 3293, 303, 342, 353, 356 lake district, plateau, region 34, 112, 231, 274, 297, 303, 318, 339 Lakhta 240 Lambsdorff, Count, Minister of Foreign Affairs 196 land attack from Livonia towards St Pe¬ tersburg 299 landing 36, 83m, 85, 87-8, 90-1, 98, 108, 117, 123, 137-9, 143, 150m, 151, 153, 179, 197, 222-4, 228-9, 231-4, 257, 259, 265, 297, 314, 343 landing boats 80 Langemak, Admiral 388-9 Langhoff, August, General, Minister State Secretary 200, 200n, 217 language see Finnish, French, German, Russian, Swedish Länsipohja (Västerbotten) 41 Lapland (Lappi) 41 Lappalainen, Jussi T. 18η Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand) 22-3, 27, Згт-ЗЗт, 50, 57, 63-4, 83m, 93, 107, 116, 116η, 166, 133, 137, 145i, 151, 168, 175, 256, 256η, 294, 299, 301η, 342, 367 Lappo see Lapua Lappohja (Lappvik) 232, 289, 295, 297, 299, 325, 338 Lapps 78 Lappvik see Lappohja Lapua (Lappo) 34, 62 lateral attack through Finland 354, 304 Latin scripture 14 Latvia, Latvian, Latvians, Letts 269, 388, 395, 402-4 Latvian Bolsheviks, riflemen 394-5 Latvian-Soviet peace 404 Lauenstein Army Group 286 Lauttasaari (Drumsö) 96, 152, 180, 273, 276m Lavansaari 303, 341 Lazarev, M.P., Admiral 72 League of Russia s Oppressed Minori¬ ties 309 Lebensraum 307 Left 163, 190, 194, 200, 218-9, 327i, 333, 348, 350, 354, 358-9, 362, 364, 372, see also Social Democrats, so¬ cialists, workers Left opposition in German Reichstag 375 Left Socialist Revolutionaries 354 Leipzig 66 Leitenant Win 257n Lembit 394n Lempäälä 303 Lempi, aunt of a memoirist 52 Lenin, V.l. 332-3, 351, 360-1, 361i, 362, 364-6, 372, 385n Lennuk 393n Levant 76, see also Near East, Orient Libau 141-2, 149, 197, 229, 263-6, 268, 271, 279, 286-90, 302, 317, 333, 336, 361, 383, 396, 400m Liberal opinion, liberals 77, 88, 95n, 108, 136, 161, 163, 190n, 199, 207, 310, 324, 330, 398 liberation army 314, 335 liberation movement 336, see also Acti¬ vists, Jäger movement liberation of Bulgaria 125n, of Finland 309, 311-2, 391, of Karelia 389, 393, of oppressed peoples 183, see also independence, Greater Finland, Ger¬ man guidance Library of Congress 14 Lieska 387n light craft 383 light cruisers 257, 287, 316, 365, 396, see also cruisers lighthouses 144, 198, 372, 376, 379, see also Pilot and lighthouse service Lilius, Aleko 303n line battalions, troops 55, 61, 83, 90-1, 113 lines of communication staffs 341, 367, 395 line tactics 68, 146І liquidation commission 371 Lithuania, Lithuanian, Lithuanians 27n, 105, 161, 220, 293, 299, 361, 388, 400m, 403 469 470 Lithuanian rebellion 97 Lithuanian-Soviet peace 404 little entente 404 Livonia 17-8, 21, 27n, 53, 96, 265, 268, 296, 358n, 361 Livonian coast 230 local administration 203, 210, 213, 216, 242, see also Diet, fìnliansdskii vop- ros, Finnish government, Senate local detachments, troops 55, 102, 106, 116, 140, 161, 227 local languages 169, 171, 173, 247, see also Finnish language, Swedish lan¬ guage, Russification local rebels 224, 233, see also finliands- kii vopros, Voima Lockstedt 314, see also Ausbildungs¬ gruppe Lockstedt, Jäger movement Lodeinopoleinyi 428th Regiment 294n, 305, 324, 353, 353n, 356, 356n, 362 Lohja (Lojo) 84, 341 Loimu 387n Lojo see Lohja London 72, 94, 100, 318 Lorraine 386 Louhi 387n Loviisa (Lovisa) 49m, 62-3, 114, 116n, 146, 221-2, 233-4, 380 loyal opposition 193 loyalty of Finns to Emperor, Russia 101, 106, 108-11, 118, 125, 136, 155, 161, 167, 179, 240, 252, 319- 20, 355, 408-10, see also disloyalty Lübeck 197 Lucius von Stoedten, H.E., Baron 309 Ludendorff, Erich, General 307, 333-4, 349-50, 359-61, 354, 374, 378, 389- 91 Luzhskii 423rd Regiment 293n, 297, 300 Luleå 33m Lutheran, Lutherans 16, 24, 42, 237, 249-50 Maar ianham ina see Mariehamn Macdonald, Field Marshal 47-8 Macedonia 24 machine guns 104, 205, 231, 238, 247, 303, 305n, 344 Magdeburg 285 Main Staff 57, 65, 147, 159-60, 177, 224 Makarov 287 Mäkiluoto 272m 393n Maksimov, A.S., Vice-Admiral 325, 330-2, 336, 351 Malmi 291n, 292n, 276m Maloiarskii 116th Regiment 353 Manchuria 186-7, 196 Manderstern 53, 68 manifesto on martial law 240, on mili¬ tary contribution 214 Manner, Kullervo 346 Mannerheim, Carl 251 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil 251, 366, 372, 382, 383η, 391, 393η, 399, 407 Manninen, Ohto 12 manoeuvres 115, 153, 162, 231, 234 Mäntyluoto 297 mare clausum 24, 72, 199η, 261, 389 Mania Fedorovna, Empress 145i, 164, 168 Mariehamn (Maarianhamina) 290, 305 Market Square in Helsinki 174i Markgraf 349n, 350 Markov, Vladimir, Lieutenant General 214 Marmara Sea 125 Martens, Fedor Fedorovich von 261 martial law, state of war 178, 190, 202, 207-9, 237-46, 277 Marxist 351, 411 Masons 308n massacre in Balkan 119-20, of Russians in Finland 382 Maude, George 13 Maynard, General 392n maximalist 373, 373n MCB see Motor Coastal Boat Mechelin, Leo 136, 190-1, 193, 200, 203, 205, 208-11, 215, 240, 249 Mecklenburg 377 Medical academy 103, 129 Mediterranean Sea 19, 72, 120, 261, 266 Mediterranean flotilla, squadron 24, 30, 79, 137, 257 Mellunkylä (Mellungsby) 273 Memel 285 men of independence 355, 364, see also Activists, Jäger movement Menschikoff, Menshikov 14n Menschikoff, Aleksandr Sergeevich, Prince 59, 61, 63n, 75-6, 83, 92, 95, 99 Menschikoff, Leonid 246 Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, Prin¬ ce 21, 43n Mensheviks 329, 331, 346, internationa¬ list Merv 138 Metkii 362n Meurer, Vice Admiral 376, 378, 380-3, 390 Mexmontan, Nikolai, Colonel 146i, 334-5, 342η Michaelis, Georg, Chancellor 333 Middle East 407 Mikhail Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov 19 Mikkeli (St Michel) 32m, 33m, 83, 93, 98, 114n, 116n, 132, 150m, 166n, 175n, 186, 225, 233, 300, 306 militarism, militarist, militarists 310, 330, 360 Military Academy of the General Staff 103, 161n military administration zone 320n military assistance to civilian authorities 204 military bands 407 military burden, contribution, expenditu¬ re, tribute of the Finns 59, 73-4, 74n, 106, 113, 127-8, 130, 134-5, 155, 158-60, 163, 165-6, 169, 176-7, 181- 2, 192, 201, 211-14, 217, 227, 243, 256, 281-2, 285, 322 military camps 116, 136, 145І, 185 military chaplains 248 Military Committee 311, see also Acti¬ vists, Jäger movement military communications 222-4, 227, 234, 254, 295, 333, 335, 339, 344, 366, 368 Military Court of Appeal 65 Military Department of the Senate 57 military districts 103, 129, 141, 146, 148, see also Finland, St Petersburg military district military governor 54, in Åland 378 military headquarters, leaders, staffs 277, 297, 299, 309, 312, 347 military hospitals 258, 283, 292n, 295, 321, 341 military intervention 190, 194, 211-2, 239, see also martial law military judges 242 military plans 269, 308, 318, 335, 354, see also war plans military revolts 192-3, 205, 220, 246, see also Sveaborg revolt military settlements 102 militia 29, 87, 127, 278, 290, 292-4, 298, 301 militia infantry 19 Militia 1st Brigade 290 Militia 60th Brigade 290, 29 In Militia 62nd Brigade 292 Militia 68th Brigade 291, 291n Militia 69th Brigade 292n Militia 92nd Brigade 301, 324, 340, 344, 362 Militia 10th Corps 290 militia druzhiny 290, 290n, 291n, 293, 301, 326, 357 Miliutin, Dmitrii Alekseevich 102-3, 104n, 114, 119, 126-7, 129-30, 140, 147, 158-9, 165, 227 mine companies, detachments 253, 292n, 295, 340, 344 minelayers 141, 195, 230, 266, 271, 286-8, 290, 302, 339, 370n minefields, mines, mine warfare 115, 194, 197, 228, 258, 161, 265, 267, 272, 274, 285, 287-9, 296-8, 302, 305, 336, 341, 379, 385, 398, 400, 408 minesweepers, minesweeping 287-8, 316, 336, 339, 349n, 350, 361, 370n, 374, 379 383-5, 387, 397, 399 Minister of Finance 138, 139n, 196, see also Barck, Bunge, Kokovtsov, Witte Minister of Foreign Affairs 144, see also Gorchakov, Izvol skii, Lambsdorff, Sazonov Minister of the Interior 66, 242, see also , Goremykin, Plehwe Minister of War 39, 83, 85, 87-8, 91, 102-3, 113, 126, 129, 130-1, 135, 166, 185, 194, 201, 203, see also Dolgorukov, Kerenskii, Kuropatkin, Miliutin, Shuvaev, Sukhomlinov, Sukhozanet, Vannovskii Minister State Secretary 43, 118, 130- 131, 156, 166, 172, 200, 208, 211, 330, 345-6, Ministry of Communications 157, 242 Ministry of Finance 160, 167, 201, 211, 218, 227, 242, 244, 281 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 111, 195, 257, 260, 284 Ministry of the Interior 172, 181, 185, 242 Ministry of the Navy 72, 245, 257-8 Ministry of War 111, 120, 141, 147, 149, 153, 158-9, 163-4, 164n, 169, 175, 182-3, 194, 225-6, 239, 243, 254, 256, 258, 260, 280, 323 minorities 127, 155, 161, 163, 190, 199-200, 238, 252, 330-1, 309 Minsk 47 mobilization 18, 27n, 48, 104, 106, 108, 120, 125, 141, 147-8, 151-2, 178, 180, 186, 190, 194, 197, 220-3, 225, 227, 230, 240, 243, 253-6, 277-8 471 472 mob rule 383 moderate socialists 329, 331, 333, 354, 358, see also Mensheviks, Social Re¬ volutionaries Moldavia, Moldavians 76, 238 Moltke, Helmuth, General 262, 307 Moltke 349n Monarch of Finland 70, 110, 129, 136, 201, 310, 408, see also Grand Duke, Friedrich Karl, German King, Pro¬ visional Government monarchism, monarchists 99, 192, 208, 260, 383-4, 388 monarchy 383 monitors 96, 122, 302 Moon Sound 141-2, 195-6, 230, 258, 266, 274, 286, 294n, 298, 304, 350 mortars 104 Mosabacka see Tapanila Moscow 12, 17, 20, 47, 103, 164, 187, 191, 224, 264, 298, 326, 361-2, 357n, 383, 398, see also Muscovy Mosin 104, 175 Moskovskiia Vedomosti 105, 111 motor boats 244, 246, 256 motor cars 256 Motor Coastal Boats, MCB 401 Motorcycle 42nd Detachment 301n, 340 motor torpedo boats 286n, 290 Muonionjoki (Muonio Älv) 40m, 41 Murav ev, N.K., Count, Governor-Ge¬ neral of Vilna 60, 179 murder of officers 350, 409 Murmansk 280, 308, 374, 385, 387-8, 392, 394, 400n Murmansk coast 142, 384, 389-90 Murmansk Legion 386, 392 Murmans railway 308, 376, 386, 389 Muscovites, Muscovite Empire 16, 22, 335 Muscovite nightmare 315 Muscovy 16, 19 Muslims, Mahommedans 51, 124 Mussin-Pushkin, Vladimir 53 Nadezhnyi, Dmitrii Nikolaevich 366 Naissaari (Nargen) 230, 258, 266, 271, 274, 296, 298 Napier, Sir Charles, Vice-Admiral 79, 94 Napoleon 30, 34, 36, 41-2, 45-8, 55 58n, 79 Napoleon III 76, 100, 104-5 Napoleonic Wars 75 Napue 20 Narev army 220 Nargen see Naissaari Narva 19-20, 28, 136, 194, 227-30, 235, 274, 388-9, 395, 397m, 402 Narvik 316 Näsijärvi 107 Nassau 287, 376-7, 389 nation-in-arms 159 National Archives of Finland 12 National Guard 189, 193 national military service 68, 126-7, 131, 133, 135-6, 191, 210, 406, tribute in lieu of 192, 201 national teaching 184 National Socialist People s Red Army 371 nationalism, nationalists 44, 52, 95n, 118-9, 149, 155-6, 160, 1634 169- 70, 191, 200, 206, 210, 218, 248, 250-2, 260, 328n, 348, 387n, 393, 405-6, 408 Nationalist Party, Russian 199 nationalist press 236 native peoples 127, 248 nautical charts 268 naval administration 72, see also Minis¬ try of Marine naval agreement 261 naval attaché Fischer-Lossainen 317 naval base 272, 273І, 286-7, 294, 302, 361 naval battle 158, 267, 314 naval construction, naval construction programme 137-8, 141-2, 149, 194, 196, 227-9, 256-8, 271 naval defence 258, 263 naval duel 264, 266-7 naval enemy 139, 179, 260, 377, 391-2, 408 Naval 1st Equipage 65i, 66, 7 In, 72, 84, 93, 117, 133 Naval 2nd Equipage 67, 91, 93, 117 Naval Fortress of Emperor Peter the Great 258, 272, 286-7, 294, 294n, 295-6, 301, 305, 338, 341, 351-2 Naval General Staff 229, 257 naval manoeuvres 230 naval plans 258, 268-9, 318 naval powers 139, 143-4, see also naval enemy, Western Powers naval rear position naval rivalry 253 naval scare 74 naval station 186 naval war 264, 317 Navarin 25 7n navy see British, German, Russian navy Navy Ministry 229, see als Ministry of Marine Near East 72, 75-6, 228, 257, 407, see also Levant, Orient Neishlott see Savonlinna Neishlottskii 87th Regiment 27, 49, 60- 1, 63, 102, 113, 230 Nekrasov, Nikolai Vissarionovich, Go¬ vernor-General 347, 351, 355-6, 361 Nenonen, Marko, Dr 395 Neo-Byzantian 248 Nepenin, A.I., Vice-Admiral 324-5 Netherlands 72, 86, 86i, 110-1 neutral, neutrality 77, 100, 110-1, 263, 271, 296, 308-9, 312, 316 neutralization 405 Neva 15, 20, 211, 395 Neva bridge 211-2, 232 Nevanlinna (Nyenschantz) 20 New Russia 77 Nicholas I 24, 43, 59, 61-2, 68, 7 In, 72, 74-7, 82-3, 90-1, 100, 102, 118, 130, 248, 331 Nicholas II lOOn, 102, 154, 162-5, 167- 70, 181, 185, 187, 189-90, 194, 196, 199-200, 207-11, 213-7, 228, 244, 251-2, 257, 279-80, 284, 307, 310, 324, 331, 343, 408 Nicholas Nicholaevich the Elder 119-20 Nicholas Nicholaevich, Supreme Com- mander-in-Chief 103-4, 194, 203-4, 207, 223, 226-7, 235, 239, 307 Niemen army 148, 223, 227 Nikolaev Station 211 Nikolaistad lOOn, 141, 173n, see also Vaasa nomads 127, 322 non-combatants 38, 120, 305 non-Russian population 192, 200, 260, 282, see also minorities non-Socialist parties in Finland 347-8, 364-4 Nordenstam, Lieutenant General 84 North Africa 396n North Sea 77, 186, 196-7, 261-2, 264-5, 270, 272, 285, 287-90, 298, 302, 315, 317, 336, 349n, 349-50, 396 North Sea Canal 266, see also Kaiser Wilhelm Kanal Northern Army 147, 232, 295 Northern Front 267, 277, 294, 319, 321, 339, 350, 356n Northern Quai 176i North-Western front 278n Norway, Norwegian, Norwegians 40m, 43, 46, 196, 221, 263, 280, 288, 313, 316, 359, 400m Norwegian border, coast 78, 280, 308 Norwegian separatism 263 Norwegian fhips 318 Norwich, John Julius 14 Nöteborg see Pähkinäsaari November Manifesto 1905 189-90, 203, 240 Novgorod, Novgorodian 15, 17, 46, 90, 113-4, 230, 301, 335, 386 Novgorodskii 114th Regiment 353 Novik , novik-class 389, 393 Novoe Vremia 219, 236, 322 Novogeorgievsk 72 Nummela 153 Numminen, Pirkko 13 Nurmes 202, 299, 314 Nurmijärvi 84 Nyenschantz see Nevanlinna Nykarleby see Uusikaarleby Nyland see Uusimaa Nyslott see Savonlinna Nystad see Uusikaupunki oblast committee, Finland region com¬ mittee 327, 354, 363 Obolenskii, Ivan, Prince, Governor-Ge¬ neral 181-3, 185, 188-91, 226 Obruchev, N.N., General 102, 139-41, 147, 153, 158 occupation of Finland 241 Ochakov 137 October 1917 Manifesto 187, 199 October revolution 363n, see revolution Odensholm 266 Odessa 103, 192 officer for Finnish affairs in the Ministry of War 131, 169 OHL, Oberste Heeresleitung 194, 262, 264, 317, 317η, 335, 349, 358, 368, 387-8 Oker-Blom, Theodor, Major General 135 Okhrana 215, 247 Öland 266, 271 Old Finland 29, 40m, 50, 55 Old Finns, Old Finnish Party 170-1, 188, 193, 208, 211-2, 246, 251 Old Russia 364 Oleg 397n, 401 oligarchy 189 Olkhovskii, Lieutenant General 153, 209, 222, 234-5, 253, 254 Olonets 386, 388, 398n, see also Aunus Omsk 103, 137 Omskii 96th Regiment 137, 230 473 474 Onega lake 15, 17, 314, 385-6, 389, 392, 400m Onega 77 Onezhskii 90th Regiment 114, 230 opolchenie 87, 127, 278, 290, see also militia oppressed peoples, oppression 217, 262, 269n, 310, 312, 320, 330-1, 348, 362, 408, 411 Oranienbaum 142 Oranovskii, Lieutenant General 350 Örebro 47 Orel 239 Orenburg 27n, 103, 291, 293, see also Cossacks Orient, oriental 19, 110, 270, see also Levant, Near East Orovaiskii reserve battalion 149 Orthdox Christians, church, creed, mo¬ nasteries, priests 15, 42, 46, 51, 72, 75-6, 119, 124, 236, 248-9, 386 Oscar I 77 Ösel see Saarenmaa Osman Pasha 124 Österbotten see Pohjanmaa Ostfriesland 389 Östland 16 Ostrov 301 Ostseedivision 378, 382, see also Ger¬ man Baltic Division Ottoman administration 119 Oudinot, Field Marshal 47 Oulu (Uleåborg) 32m-33m, 38, 40m, 41, 47, 52, 80, 83m, 93, 114n, 116n, 132, 150m, 166, 173n, 197, 202, 205, 255, 255n, 256n, 297-9, 291n, 301n, 314, 341, 366 Oulu river 231 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti 251 pacification 190, 199, 203, 252, 386 Pacific Ocean 206 Pacific Squadron 142 Pähkinäsaari (Nöteborg) 15-6, 17m Päijänne lake 107 Pallada 285 Palmerstone, Lord 72, 76-7, 100 Palmstierna, Erik, Swedish Minister of Marine 377 Pamiat Azova 382, 397n, 401 Pan-Fennic, Pan-Finnish 202, 206, 254, see also Greater Finland Pan-Islamists 238 Pan-Slavic, Panslavist 105, 119 paralysis of Russian power 226 Paris 76, 100, 104, 183, 318, 337, 364 Parkhomov, Lieutenant General 351 Parliament, British 80, Finnish 108,131, 355, 398 parliamentarism 156, 187, 208, 212, 214 Parola 57, 108, 116 Particular Service Squadron 139 Paschenko, Lieutenant General 324 Pasila 276m passive resistance 171, 179, 210, 216, 277 passport control 319 patrol boats, craft, ships 195, 228, 339 Päts, Konstantin 403-4 Paukku 387n Paul I 22, 27, 30 peace, peace conference 331, 360, see also Brest-Litovsk, Paris, Versailles peasant army 382 peasant revolts 220, 327i Pechorskii 92nd Regiment 114, 230 Peipohja 293n, 297 penal companies, battalions 64, 195, 316 Penaud, Charles, Rear-Admiral People s Commissars 366-7, 370, see also Council of, soviet government people s militia 331 Perceval-Deschênes, Alexandre, Vice- Admiral 79 Pereiaslavl 151 Peremyshl 278n perjurer Emperor, Monarch 310, 409 Perkjärvi 342 Pernau (Pärnu) 197 Persia, Persians, Persian war 72, 74, 105, 270 Peter I 19-22, 24, 29-30, 79 Peter and Paul Fortress 20 Petersburg 361, 361n, 362, 371-2, 376, 379m, 380, 387-9, 393-5, 398n, 402, 405 Petrograd 275, 279-80, 291, 294, 298-9, 307-8, 314, 316, 318, 320, 324-6, 330, 332, 338-9, 343, 345-6, 349, 352, 354, 356, 361η, 363η, 365, 367, 375 Petrograd military district 339 Petrograd Revolutionary Military Com¬ mittee 357n Petrograd road 346 Petrograd Soviet 350 Petropavlovsk 257n, 271, 397, 401 Petrovskii 88th Regiment 49, 53, 60-2, 102, 113, 230 Petrozavodsk 400m Petsamo 385, 399, 400m, 405 Pieksämäki 202 Pietarsaari (Jakobstad) 197, 221, 297, 300η, 366 Pihlajakari (Rönnskär) 266 Pillau 263 Pilot and Lighthouse service, pilots 133, 144, 157, 208, 244, 268 pioneers 359 Pilsudski, Jozef 403 Pingvin 387η pink Soviets 392 Pitäjänmäki (Sockenbacka) 291η Pitka, Johan, Admiral 395 PL 19 290 Plamią 387η platsmaior 63 Plehwe, von, General 320 Plehwe, V.K. von, Minister State Secre¬ tary, Minister of the Interior 14, 172, 181 Plumridge, Rear-Admiral 80, 94 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 163, 170 Podvoiskii, Nikolai Il ich 367 Pohjanmaa (Österbotten) 58, 83, 85, 91, 299, 366-7, 372, 374, 374η, 377 Poland 16, 19, 24, 26, 29, 41, 45-6, 53, 70, 71η, 72-3, 77, 99, 102, 105, 108, 137, 145, 147-8, 155, 157, 200, 220, 227, 286, 293, 296, 307, 315, 333, 374, 400m, 403-4 Poland a German-Austrian protectorate 333 Poles 104, 110-1, 156, 161, 206, 238, 284, 309, 403-5 police 171, 173, 176i, 189, 191, 193, 200, 204-5, 204-5, 207, 223, 235, 243, 246, 362, 348 Polish army, troops 58, 65, 181, 404 Polish insurrection, rebels, rebellion 65, 70, 74, 95n, 97, 104-5, 108, 110-1, 114, 127, 181, 284 Polish Kingdom 105 Polish-Lithuanian army 206 Polish pans 54 Polish refugees 76 political criminals 242 Polonia rediviva 386 Polotsk 48 Poltava 20-1 Poltava 257n, 271 Polvinen, Tuomo 12 Pomerania, Pomeranian coast 47, 196, 261, 288 pomestnik 24 Pommi 387n Popov, A.A., Admiral 123 popular rising 172, 178, 187, 192, 195, 224, 231, 246, 326, 334, 339, 343, 368, 394, see also disorder, guerilla, revolt Pori (Björneborg) 32m-33m, 40m, 56-7, 83m, 84, 93, 197, 221, 292n, 293, 293n, 297, 299, 300n, 341 Porkkala 91, 230, 232, 234, 258, 271, 274, 294, 296-8, 338, 387 Port Arthur 154 Port Imperator Aleksandr III (Libau) 142 Porte 76, 83, 119 Porthan, Henrik Gabriel 33 Portugal 24 Porvoo (Borgå) 42, 83n, 93, 140 Posen 287, 377, 379, 383 Posnania 403 Possiet, Nikolai, Lieutenant Commander 66 Prästö 195 pre-dreadnought battleships 287, 401 President of Estonian Republic, riigi- vanem President of Finnish Republic 251, 277, 353, 399, 401 Prime Minister of Estonia 403 Prime Minister of Finland 277, see also Paasikivi, Svinhufvud Prime Minister of Russia 187, 210, 218, 345, see also Goremykin, Kerenskii, Kokovtsov, Lvov, Stolypin, Sturmer, Witte primitive populations 161 Prinz Adalbert 287, 289 Prinz Heinrich 287 Prinzregent Luitpold 349η prison guards 242 prisoners of war 37i, 90, 325, 382 Procope, Viktor Napoloen, General 164 Procope, Major General 153 pro-Entente 402, see also Anglophile pro-Finland 402 pro-German 263, 335, 374-5, 402, see also Germanophile Progressive liberals 405 proletariat 184, 331-2, 365 prostitution 258 Provisional Government 324, 329-34, 342-3, 346, 348-9, 354, 356, 358, 409 Prussia, Prussian, Prussians 22, 24, 30, 35, 45, 69i, 77, 86i, 97, 112, 126, 220, 258, 312, 358 Pskov 28, 149, 379m, 388 Public Record Office 12 Pudozhskii 426th Regiment 294n 475 476 Pugachev, Emelian 59 punitive expeditions 194, 199-200 Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich 53 Pyrrhic victory 136 qahal see kagaali quartermaster s branch 258 Quartermaster General 259 Qvanten, Emil von 77 Raahe (Brahestad) 40 Raevskii, Nikolai 34 raids 36, 39, 202, 230, 234, 271, 287, 302, 336 Räisänen, Maija 13 railway, railways 112-3, 135, 187, 202, 222-3, 241, 288, 298, 306, 320, 324, 340, 342, 345, 367, Finnish 187-8, 211, 221, 241, 277, 280, 407, Hel- sinki-St Petersburg 122, 125, 145i, Murmansk 308, 376, 386, 389, Rus¬ sian 201, 227, 280, 328 railway bridges in Finland 122, 153, 180, 198, 202, 211, 302 Railway Square in Helsinki 188 railway troops 224, 242, 254 Ramsay, Anders Edvard, General, Sena¬ tor 68, 71, 71n, 84, 96, 124І, 131, 407 Ramsay, Georg Edvard, Colonel 131 Rasputin 307 Rauma (Raumo) 62, 71, 107, 221, 293n, 297, 299-300, 300n, 324 Rautu 387n Rautu (Rautus) raw materials in Finland 374, 390 Razvosov, A.V, Rear Admiral 351 reactionaries, reactionary 101, 216 rear defence position in Finland 274, 299-300, 304, 306, 339, 341, 345 rebellion, rebels, resistance 156, 168, 178-9, 185, 188, 205, 207, 212, 215, 222-4, 232-3, 239-41, 243, 246, 253- 4, 277, 310-14, 318-9, 321, 334 recruitment, recruits 18, 22, 28, 49-50, 60, 64, 71, 87, 106, 125-6, 128, 148, 167, 238, 313, 319-20, 323, 326, 341 Red Army, Workers and Peasants 371, 372n, 394, 402, 404 Red Cross 283 Red epidemic 364, 404, menace 400m, see also Bolshevism, Reds, revoluti¬ on Redern, von, Colonel 383 Red Estonian-Russian army 395 Red Finland 379m Red Finns 193, 328, 362, 366-7, 369І, 369n, 371-3, 372n, 373-4, 378, 380- 2, 391, 394, 398, defeat of 372 Red government in Finland 374, 377, 382, 386 Red Guards 189-90, 193, 206, 238, 349, 363, 369-71, 373, 376 Red Jägers 313n Red Manifesto 188 Red Russia 337, 363n, 364, 373, 375, 404 Red, revolutionary sailors 383, 397, 401 Red soldiers 388 Red terror 383-4 Reds, revolutionaries 183, 200, 236-7, 242, 269, 337, 362, 367, 369i, 369n, 371, 373-4, 378, 380-2, 391, 395-6 Regensburg 389 Regent of Finland 391 Regiment, 45 th 62 Regiment, 46th 62 Rehbinder, Robert Henrik, Count, Mi¬ nister State Secretary 43 n, 58, 58n Reich, German Empire 333 Reichenau, Franz von 309 Reichsland 387 Reichstag 375 Reinsurance Treaty 148 reserves, reservists 106, 120-1, 126, 148-9, 151, 180, 192, 195, 206, 217, 220, 230, 238, 240, 243, 326 reserve detachments, troops 132-3, 159, 168, 220, 224-5, 227, 230, 233, 248, 253, 278, 297, 300, 340 resistance see active, armed resistance, passive resistance Respublika 401 Restoration of Finland s autonomy 284, 333 restoration, revival of Imperial, Old, Tsarist Russia 330, 354, 383, 385, 389, 397, 403-4, 410 Retusaari (Kotlin) 20 Reuter, Korvettenkapitän 384 Reval (1918 Tallinn) 47, 73, 82, 96, 136, 141, 186, 197, 230-1, 238-41, 258, 265-6, 268, 272, 274, 276, 287, 290, 302, 325, 338, 352, 356, 361, 372, 379m, 380, 393, 396 revolt 192, 238-41, 220, 228, 240, 284, 327i, 332, 335, see also popular ri¬ sing, disorder revolution 12, 26, 53, 59, lOOn, 163, 187-9, 199, 206, 208, 226-7, 250, 260, 270, 372, 328n, 362, 392, 404, see also Bolshevik, Decembrist, French, Russian, World revolution in Finland 361-3, 366, 373 revolution in March 1917 324 revolution in Scandinavia 374 revolutionery activity, movement, spirit 184, 192-3, 237-8 revolutionary central committee in Fin¬ land 363 revolutionary chaos, mob 320, 345 revolutionary Russia 364 revolutionizing 269, see also minorities Reynaud, French Consul in Helsinki 337, 366 Rheinland 377, 379 Riazan 28, 151 rifle battalions, sharpshooter battalions, Finnish 132-3, 135, 137, 147, 150m rifle brigades, regiments, troops 64, 71, 149, 150η, 162, 172-3, 173n, 174-5, 175n, 179-80, 193, 224-5, 227 Rifle Regiment of Officers Rifle School 305, 353 rifle troops 175, 175n, 180, see Finnish Rifle Battalions, Finland (Russian) Rifle Brigades Riga 47-8, 70, 97, 141, 147, 229, 268, 287, 289, 296, 299, 334, 349, 379m, 383n, 400m, 404 Riga 240 Right, rightists 200, 206-7, 210, 218-9, 245, 252, 332, 354, 362 Riihimäki 112, 143, 222, 233-4, 256n, 290n, 29 In, 293, 293n, 294, 298, 345, 356, 380 Riurik 302, 401 river flotilla 119, 119n, 304 Rochensalm see Ruotsinsalmi Rochensalm 138n Rodichev, F.Iu. 324-5, 329, 331 Roediger, A.F., General, Minister of War 185, 190, 194, 201, 203-4, 213, 226 Rokassovskii, Platon Ivanovich, Gene¬ ral, Governor-General 43n, 60, 82, 84-5, 87, 91-2, 95, 95n, 98, 117 Romanov dynasty, family 102, 105, 127, 252 Romanov na Murmane (Murmansk) 280, 308 Rome, Roman 15, 24, see also Catholic Rönnskär v. Pihlajakari Roon 287 Rossiia 339 Rostock 197 Rosyth 261 Rotterdam 318 Rovnenskii 426th Regiment 294n Rovno 72 Royal Navy see British Royal Navy Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion no. 27 Rozhdestvenskii, Z.P. 187, 261 Rumania 120, 148, 226 Rumanian Front 294 Rumiantsev, Count 38 rump Senate 354 Runeberg, Johan Ludvig 71 Ruotsinsalmi (Svensksund, Rochensalm) 26-7, 44, 49η, 50, 62-3, 73, 82-3, 83m, 94, 140 Russare 266, 287 Russia, Empire 11-2, 14-7, 17m, 19, 22, 25-6, 29-30, 33-4, 40m, 43, 45, 48, 50, 53, 55, 58, 68, 72-4, 76-9, 84, 87, 98, 100, 105, 107-8, 110, 112, 114, 121-2, 127-9, 134, 136, 138, 143, 153, 155, 157, 161, 163, 165, 168, 176i, 181, 183, 192, 194, 196, 199, 202, 205, 212-3, 216-9, 221, 225, 231, 242, 244, 252, 263, 266-8, 270, 277, 279, 282-3, 288, 301, 306, 309-11, 314, 319-20, 323, 327i, 329- 31, 334, 343, 349, 355, 358-61, 364, 371-3, 375, 389-92, 400m, 403-4, 409-11 Russia for Russians 163 Russia, Old 397 Russian, Russian nation, Russian people, Russians 29, 31, 45, 55, 74, 78, 80, 91, 94,96,98, 111, 118, 126-7, 151, 161, 179, 184, 188, 195-8, 200, 216, 218, 238, 245, 252, 263-5, 269, 285- 6, 307, 309, 322, 335, 358, 377, 379, 386-7, 391, 394, 403, 405 Russian armed forces 187, 212, 405-7 Russian army 11, 19-22, 47, 52, 57, 62, 68-9, 71, 73-4, 80, 90-1, 101, 113, 115, 125, 134, 158, 160-2, 170, 182, 194, 196, 202, 204, 210, 218, 220, 227-9, 251-3, 259, 264-5, 280, 282- 4, 299, 304, 322-3, 325, 327n, 332, 346, 360, 369i, 373, 394, 406-9 Russian army, garrison, military presen¬ ce, sailors, soldiers in Finland 13, 23, 25, 27-8, 33, 35-7, 37i, 47, 50-4, 58, 60-1, 68, 70, 73, 74n, 82, 83m, 90, 98-9, 101-2, 106, 120-1, 121n, 132, 137, 139-40, 143-4, 156, 162, 165, 167-8, 172, 174-5, 175n, 177-9, 183- 4, 188, 193, 202, 205, 207-8, 221-3, 225, 228, 230, 232, 238, 241, 248- 51, 259, 279, 290, 303, 314, 322, 324, 326, 328-31, 335, 339, 351, 477 478 356, 362, 362η, 364, 366, 369η, 370- 1, 373, 375, 378, 381-2, 397, 407, 410-1, disarmed 366, in Åland 263, 378, in Pohjanmaa 367, 372 Russian attack, raid, offensive 36, 39, 271, 285, 308 Russian authority, domination, influen¬ ce, position, sovereignty in Finland 111, 128, 160, 169, 171, 186, 190-2, 206-7, 210, 236, 239-40, 245-6, 250, 252, 254, 258, 313, 318, 323, 331-2, 337, 342n, 343, 345-9, 354-5, 364, 38 In, 398, 406, 408-9, paralysis of 373, see also chauvism, finliandskii vopros, nationalism, separatism Russian authority in Poland 320 Russian blood 197 Russian Bolsheviks in Finland 365 Russian border 91, 127, 308, 342 Russian casualties, losses 310 Russian coast, harbours, ports 36, 126, 137, 264, 266, 268, see also Baltic coast, Estonian, Finnish, Livonian coast Russian communication, contact with West 390 Russian conflicts far from Finland 407 Russian court 106, 163, 207, 218 Russian culture 99, 118, 251 Russian defeat, retreat 307 Russian delegation of international law specialists 355 Russian Division in Finland 53-4, 60 Russian domination of Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland 336 Russian Empire 11, 13, 15, 19, 22, 24, 28-9, 39, 41, 52-5, 57, 59, 62, 70, 71n, 72, 74, 77, 98, 102, 123, 127-9, 136, 140, 216, 218 Russian Emperor see Emperor Russian fleet, navy, warships 20, 25, 28, 34, 36, 61, 79, 82, 100-1, 122-3, 158, 187, 194, 196-7, 213, 227-30, 240, 244, 251-2, 257, 261, 265-8, 274, 288, 290, 314-5, 317, 323, 326, 339, 349, 380, 382-4, 407, 409 Russian flag 90, 111 Russian flotilla in the Gulf of Riga 336 Russian front 313 Russian General Staff 57, 65, 103, 128, 139, 145, 147, 154, 157, 190, 194, 213, 239, 262 Russian government, ministries 42-3, 53, 60, 74, 99, 105-6, 118-9, 138, 142, 156, 160, 163, 172, 177, 185, 187, 189, 191-2, 194, 196, 200, 206, 209, 211-4, 216, 218, 237-8, 240, 243, 246-7, 252, 260, 281, 283-4, 324, 345, 355, 406, 408, see also Council of Ministers, Council of People s Commissars, Soviet go¬ vernment Russian historiography, Soviet histo¬ riography 328, 398n Russian imperial interests 167, 169-70, 203, 210, 217, 237, 256, see also le¬ gislation for Finland Russian industry 139n Russian influence, interest in the Bal¬ kans 120, 226, 264 Russian Karelia 280, 393, see also East Karelia Russian language 24, 27, 44, 51, 65, 68, 111, 162, 165, 237, 248, 407, see also Russification Russian liberals 330 Russian market 117 Russian merchant ships 118 Russian military, naval headquarters, staffs 306, 338, 352,411 Russian nationalists 408, see also chau¬ vinism, nationalism Russian naval officers 381, delegation of 380 Russian officers, officials, staffs in Fin¬ land 52-4, 68, 70, 117-8, 129, 131, 134, 185, 188, 214, 277, 279, 318, families 248, 306 Russian oppression in Finland 269, 269n, 310, 320, 330-1, 348, 408, 411 Russian parties 219 Russian period in Finnish history 202, 251 Russian Red Guards 358, 363n, 371, 392, 397 Russian republic 199, 354, 364 Russian revolution 257, 274, 314, 318, 320n, 328, 333, 335-7, 342, 347, 351, 361-4, 365, 370, 372, 379n, 382, 409 Russian revolution in Finland 369 Russian society 324, 345 Russian spies 262, 309, 318, 339 Russian state 59, 101, 175, 216, 252, 361 Russian steam roller 307 Russian supremacy in Baltic Sea 138 Russian textbooks 325 Russian tradesmen 248-9 Russian treasury 74, 177, 217, 242, 279, 281, 407 Russian victory, victorious Russia 310 Russian war effort 282 Russian White government 366, Whites 395 (counter-revolutionaries, not to be confused with White Russia, mo¬ dern Belarus) Russification 12, 24, 44, 54, 99-100, 112n, 149, 161, 168-71, 174, 189, 200, 214, 216-7, 244-5, 249, 251, 262-3, 268-9, 280, 284, 38 li, 407 Russkii Invalid 111,1 64n Russo-British relations 47, 76, 265, see also entente, naval enemy Russo-Estonian cease-fire 402, peace 404 Russo-Finnish border 301, 405 Russo-Finnish Committee 182, 355 Russo-Finnish conflict 346, war 367, see also finliandskii vopros Russo-Finnish negotiations 404 Russo-Japanese war, see Japanese war, Far East Russophobes 262, see also anti-Russian Russo-Polish peace 404 Russo-Swedish border 72 Ruszkii, General 320 Saarenmaa (Ösel) 230, 288, 349 Saarijärvi 56 Sablin, Admiral 47 sabotage, saboteurs 241, 244, 313, 320, 330, 322 Saimaa lake 23, 231, 236, 254, 299 Säkkijärvi 222, 233, 299, 367 Saltza, Baron, Lieutenant General 190 Salvation Army 205 Samara Regiment 239 Samogitian Grenadier Regiment 86i Samson 362n Samsonov, Admiral 247 San Stefano 120 Sandhamn see Santahamina Sandvikens Skeppsdocka 138η Santahamina (Sandhamn) 273, 276m, 384 Sapper 40th Battalion 300, 301n, 340, 344 Sapper 41st Detached Battalion 293n sappers 84, 87, 107, 113, 127, 224, 233, 238, 246, 253, 258, 291, 292n, 293n, 294-, 301, 305, 333, 342, 344, see also engineers Saratov 103 Sardinia, Sardinians 78, 96, 104 Saumarez, Sir James, Admiral 34 savage peoples 131 Savo (Savolax) 34-5, 38, 40m Savo and Karjala province 41 Savonlinna (Nyslott) 23, 27, 32m-33m, 63-4, 72, 98, 300, 301n Saxony 19 Sazonov, Sergei Dmitrievich, Minister for Foreign Affairs 284 Scandinavia 185, 262, 315, 359, 362, 365-6, 374 Scandinavian governments 185 Scandinavian Union 263, see also Swe¬ dish-Norwegian Union Scandinavism 77, 96 Scapa Flow 261, 285 Schauman, August 85, 88 Schauman, Eugen 179 Schauman, Fredrik Waldemar, General, Senator 153, 159, 251, 407 Schauman, Th., Colonel 168 Schlüsselburg 20 Schlußstein 388, 391 Schmidt, Vice-Admiral 349 Schoultz, Gustaf, Rear Admiral 288 Screen, J.E.O., Dr 12, 62 Scythian 306 seaplanes 401 seawards approaches to, seaward defen¬ ce of St Petersburg 228-9, 277 secret organization, secret society 110, 171, 246, see also kagaali, Activists, Jäger movement Second World War 286n, 396n Seebefehlshaber Libau 287-8, 302 Seinäjoki (Östermyra) 302 Seitkari, Olavi 12 self-government of Finland 108, 157, 205, 214, 403, 409, of Åland 377, of Baltic Germans 127, of East Karelia 405, see also autonomy, Finland s position in the Russian Empire Semenov Guards Regiment 200n Senate, Imperial Finnish 42, 54, 63, 66, 68, 71, 73, 108, 131, 144, 160, 166- 7, 177, 182, 188, 190-3, 200, 203-5, 208-11, 213-4, 216-7, 219, 225, 235, 247, 251, 254, 256, 279-81, 330, 343, 345, 347-8, 354, 356, 364, 366, 371-2, 382, see also Finnish govern¬ ment Senate Square in Helsinki 109i Senator, Senators 214, 216, 251, 347, 354, 364 Senator for Military Affairs 135n, 153 Senior Naval Officer in the Baltic 396 separate peace 307-8, 333, 360 separatism, separatists, separatist ten¬ dencies 71, 91, 111, 118, 129, 135, 479 480 144, 155, 157, 159, 162-3, 167, 169, 171, 181, 191, 200, 204, 206-7, 212, 217-8, 244-5, 249, 269, 280, 309, 319, 321-3, 310, 330-1, 346, 355, 364, 408-9, see also finliandskii vop- ros, Voima Serbia, Serbs 119, 147, 270, 386, 388 serfdom, serfs, serf soldiers 19, 42, 78, 126, 219 Sergeevskii, Professor 200 Sergei Mikhailovich, Grand Duke 194 Seskar 138n Sestroretsk see Siestarjoki Seurahuone 283 Sevastopol 78, 83, 96, 100 Sevastopol 257, 257n, 271 Seven Years War 24 Seyn, Franz, Lieutenant General, Gover¬ nor-General 14, 162, 164, 164n, 191, 208-9, 215-7, 236-9, 242-3, 245-7, 254-5, 259, 262, 277, 279-80, 283, 319-22, 324, 407 sharpshooters 48, 70, 125, see also rifle Shatsillo, Professor 189n Shcheglov, Admiral 207 Shipov, N.N., Lieutenant General 164 ships of the line 370n shipyards 121, 123, see also Chrichton, Sandvikens Shisko, Pavel 354 Shuvaev, General, Minister of War 322 Shuvalov, Ivan 21 Shuvalov, Pavel 38-9 Sibbo see Sipoo Siberia, Siberian 27n, 28, 53-4, 127, 199, 277, 392, 398n, exile 331 Siberian railway 187 Sick Man of Europe 76 Sideby v. Siipyy Siegfried 197, 265, 271, 285, 287-8 Siestarjoki (Sestroretsk) 142, 230 Siewers, Genral 87 Siilinjärvi 303 Siipyy (Sideby) 339 Sillman, Teodor, Rear Admiral 251 Sillman, Lieutenant General 244 Simo 298 Sinope 76 Sipiagin, D.S., Minister of the Interior 172 Sipoo (Sibbo) 179, 222, 233, 273, 276m Siuntio (Sjundeå) 84 Sivuch 287 Sjundeå see Siuntio Skobelev, Mikahil Dmitrievich, General 138 Slav, Slavs 105, 266-7, 307 Slav Empire 263 Slav menace 308 Slava 189-90, 194, 286-9, 336, 350 slave markets, slavery 21, 322 Slavonic and East European Review 14 Slavophiles 105 Smilga, Ivan 354 Smith & Wesson 175 Smolensk 19, 27n, 47, 239 smugglery, smuggling of arms 66,172, 183, 185, 193, 205, 238, 243, 246-7, 301, see also Activists, Jäger move¬ ment Snappertuna 84 Snellman, Johan Wilhelm 99 social conflict 323, order 328n, 329 Social Democrat, Social Democrats 206, 212, 246, 254, 329, 331-2, 334, 346, 348, 362-3, 405 Social Democratic Party, Finnish 170, 183, 193, 364-5, 372, 392 Social Democratic Party, Russian see Bolsheviks, International Menshe- viks, Mensheviks Social Democratic Senators 347 socialism in one country 372, 404 socialist, socialists, 355, 410, Finnish 171, 187, 345-6, 348, 356, 364, 371, 373, Russian 199, 324 Socialist Revolutionaries 184, 186, 205, 238, 246-7, 329, 331, 346 Society of the Russian People 207 Sockenbacka see Pitäjänmäki Someri (Sommarö) 303, 341, 385 Sonderverband Ostsee 376-7, 380, 388, 390 Sorokin, Lieutenant General 85 Sorokká 400m Sortavala 22, 56, 64, 233, 367 Sound 262, 285-6, 309, see also Danish Straits Southern Army 147 South of Russia 392 South-Western Army 148, 220, Front 278n sovereign authority, supreme power in Finland 346, 354-5, 356, 363, sove¬ reignty in internal affairs 332, 355, of Finland in Aland 377-8, see also autonomy, finliandskii vopros, legis¬ lation for Finland..., Russian sove¬ reignty in Finland soviet, soviets ,324, 328, 329n, 336, 347 350-1, 358 Soviet Army 286n, 369n Soviet delegation at Brest Litovsk Soviet fleet see Russian fleet Soviet government 365, 374, 383, see also Council of People s Commis¬ sars Soviet historians, historiography 392n, 398n soviets in Finland 348, 354, 356, 362, 366, see also oblast soviet, Tsent- robalt Soviet in Helsinki 327 Soviet leaders, regime 365, 368 Soviet, pink 392 Soviet power 388 Soviet Russia, Soviet Union 11, 387 Soviet in Petersburg 187, 350 Soviet tank divisions 411 Spain, Spaniards, Spanish 30, 34, 42, guerillas 39 Spartak 393 speculators 282 Speranski, Mikhail 42 spies, spionage 215, 237, 244, 246, 262, 266, 268, 309, 314, 318, 330, 337, 339, 342n, 373, see also German, Ja¬ panese, Russian spies Sprengtporten, Göran Magnus 25, 31, 33, 39, 42, 45 Sputnik 393n SR see Socialist Revolutionaries St. George Cross 70, 119n St Michel v. Mikkeli St Petersburg 11-2, 20, 22-7, 27n, 28-9, Згт-ЗЗт, 34-5, 39, 41-2, 45-7, 50, 55-7, 70, 7 In, 72, 83m, 87-8, 96-9, 101, 103, 105, 107, 112, 118, 120-1, 125, 135, 137, 138n, 139-40, 143-4, 147-9, 150m, 151, 153-8, 161, 165, 172, 177, 179, 181, 185-7, 189-90, 190n, 192, 194, 200, 202, 205, 207- 8, 211, 214, 217, 220, 222-6, 228-32, 235-6, 238, 247, 253, 256, 258-9, 262-4, 268-9, 271, 274, 277, 361n, 406, 408-9 St Petersburg gubernia 206, 235-6 St Petersburg Military District 152-3, 157, 168, 183, 203, 225-6, 229, 231, 233-5, 239, 241, 245, 254, 278 Ståhlberg, Kaarlo Juho 399, 401 Stakhovich, Mikhail, Govenor-General , 330, 346-7, 351 Stalin, Josif Vissarionovich 364, 366, Stalin s regime 373 standing army 331 Staritskii 428th Regiment 294n Starogubskii 113th Regiment 353 state of war 277, 281, 319, 393, see also martial law state of siege 209 State Secretary 42, 56, see also Minister State Secretary Stavka 281, 321-2 Steinheil, Fabian 27, 39, 43n, 47-9 Stetinin M-9 295 Stjernvall-Walleen, C.E.K. 43n, 130 Stockholm 16, 23, 30, 42, 77, 100, 118, 172, 183-5, 215, 247, 268, 309, 314, 334-5, 342n, 351, 359, 378 Štolbova 17, 17m Stolypin, Petr Arkadevich 199-200, 206, 209-13, 216, 218, 225, 236, 241, 245, 249, 252, 258, 260 Stralsund 197 Stralsund 389 Strassburg 286, 288, 336, 389 strike, strikers, strikes 188, 192, 246, see also general strike Strike 129th Battalion 353 Stuarts 22 students 110, 126, 184, 189, 310-1, 31 In, 312, 326 Stürmer, Boris 307 submarines 228-9, 261, 265-8, 271-2, 286, 288-90, 302-3, 309, 316, 332, 335-6, 338-9, 349n, 350, 361, 370n, 375, 379, 381, 381n, 389-91, 398 Suchtelen, Paul van, General 29, 31, 33, 47 suffrage 189-90 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, General, Minister of War 138n, 139n, 226-7, 235, 254, 258 Sukhozanet, Minister of War 102 Sultan 20, 75 summer 1917 offensive 332 Suni, Leo 149 Suonenjoki 303 Supreme Commander-in-Chief 226, 284, 307, 343, 353 supreme power see sovereign power Suursaari (Högland) 194, 227-8, 230, 235, 274, 286n, 303, 380, 385 Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilevich, Count Suvorov-Rymniksii, Prince Suvorov- Italiskii, Field Marshal 27, 31, 103 Suzdal 151 Svartholma 27, 33, 63, 72-3, 82, 94, 140 Sveaborg (Viapori) 23, 29, 32m-33m, 33, 38, 49m, 50, 62-4, 66, 72-3, 75, 79, 82-3, 83m, 84-5, 94І, 95-7, 106- 7, 114-6, 116n, 120-1, 121n, 122-3, 134, 137, 139-44, 150, 150m, 151-3, 481 482 162, 173η, 175η, 178-80, 183, 186-7, 189, 192-3, 202, 205, 223, 228, 233- 4, 238, 241, 249, 258, 271-4,276, 276m, 282, 292-4, 294η, 295-7, 299, 300i, 302, 304-6, 324, 314, 329η, 338, 341, 345, 351-3, 368, 379m, 380, 387 Sveaborg revolt 192, 238-41 Svensksund see Ruotsinsalmi Svetshnikov, Mikhail Stepanovich, Co¬ lonel 369 Sviatopolk-Mirskii, Petr Dmitrievich, Prince, Minister of the Interior 181 Svmhufvud, Pehr Evind 251, 277, 331, 364-5, 375 svoboda 325, 328 Sweden 11, 15-6, 17m, 19-20, 22, 24, 26, 29-30, 33, 39, 40m, 41, 43, 45-9, 72, 77-8, 88, 100, 128, 136, 143, 149, 153, 169, 196, 198, 223, 262-3, 266, 269n, 271, 284, 286, 289, 296- 7, 304І, 305, 309-12, 313-4, 316, 318, 336, 359, 377, 396n, 400m, 406 Sweden a Great Power 17-8, 22, 25 Swedes 16, 18, 22-3, 25, 30-1, 34-6, 39, 43, 53, 96, 98, 100, 108, 139, 196, 202, 221, 232, 234, 259, 263, 303, 311, 317, 376, 389, 409, in Finland 269, 269n Swedification 54 Swedish Activists 308-9, 312 Swedish army, forces, garrisons, opera¬ tions, troops 17-20, 26-7, 29, 31, 33n, 35-7, 71n, 98, 232, 262-3, 308, 316 Swedish attack, invasion, landing 232-3, 239, 254, 263, 284, 306, 376-7 Swedish authorities 312 Swedish border 29-30, 43, 320 Swedish coast 21, 39, 285, 331 Swedish constitution 130, 134, 212, 280 Swedish court 308 Swedish Crown, sceptre 16, 34 Swedish-Danish-Norwegian Union 77 Swedish Diet 130 Swedish Empire 14-5, 20 Swedish Finland 28, 35, 115 Swedish fleet, navy 19, 26, 34, 66, 138, 271, 315 Swedish General Staff 263, 308-9 Swedish-German military cooperation 308-9 Swedish government 23, 36, 96, 263, 308, 359 Swedish High Command 36 Swedish humanitarian, imperialist acti¬ vity 377 Swedish language 24, 43-5, 53, 57, 65, 88, 99, 117, 130, 143, 161, 269n, 299, 312 Swedish neutrality 310, 312 Swedish-Norwegian Union 78, 100, 130 Swedish parliament 308 Swedish Party in Finland 74, 136, 171, 208, 246 Swedish patriots 45 Swedish period, time in Finnish history 94, 262 Swedish provinces in Finland 54 Swedish slavery 322 Swedish society 308 Swedish-speaking see Swedish language Swedish support for Finns 315 Swedish territorial waters 290, 309 Swedish warships 271, 309, 316, 359 Swinemünde 336 Swiss 184 Switzerland 30, 333 Sychevskii 511th Regiment 305, 324, 353n Sysmä 56 Taavetti (Davidstad) 23 Tahkona 298 Tallinn 397, 400m, 402, see also Reval Tammerfors see Tampere Tammisaari (Ekenäs) 63, 83m, 84-5, 88, 89i, 121-2, 221-2, 232-4, 191n, 294n, 30 In Tampere (Tammerfors) 32m-33m, 56, 143, 188, 202, 205, 255, 256η, 290η, 293, 293η, 298-300, 302-3, 369, 369i, 375, 379m, 382 tankers 262, 349η Tapanila (Mosabacka) 113 Tarmo 380 Tartars, Tatars 19, 24, 51, 238 Tartar-Turkish border 24 Tartu (Iurev, Dorpat) 20, 151 Tashkent 103, 119 Tavastehus v. Hämeenlinna taxation, taxes 214, 281 Täysinä 17m technical troops 192, see artillery, mi¬ nes, sappers telegrams, telegraph 82, 92, 144, 188-9, 195, 198, 223, 237, 242, 339, cables 266 telephone 144, 188, 195, 223, 237, 342, exchanges 242, 339, network, system 231, 234, 242, 254, 305-6 Terijoki 253n, 399 territorial waters 195, 290, 309, 385 terrorism, terrorists 174i, 183, 239 Thaden, Edward 12 Thrace 124 Thesleff family 251 Thesleff, Alexander Amarus 60 Thesleff, Wilhelm 383, 383n Thirty Years War 17 Thüringen 389 Tilsit 30, 45 Toijala 291n, 302-3 Tokio 184 Topelius, Zachris 88 Tornea see Tornio Törngren, Adolf 190n, 208 Tornio (Tornea) 33m, 63, 114n, 116n, 202, 221, 233, 29 In, 297, 299, 318 torpedo boats, torpedo craft, torpedo flo¬ tillas 133, 138n, 141, 186, 194-5, 197, 230, 254, 261, 264-8, 271-3, 273i, 286, 288-9, 298, 302, 316-7, 336, 339, 349n, 370, 376, 387, 387n, 389, 401 traitors 334, treason 110, 156, 193, 268- 9, 283, 310, 320, 331 transport ships, troopships 316, 335, 349n, 376 Traverse, an officer 53 Trepov, F.F., General, Aide-de-Camp 321 tribute in lieu of military service 192, 279, 281 Triple Alliance 148, 232, 253 Troitsko-Sergievskii 221st Regiment 225 Trotha, von, Admiral 378 Trotskii 350, 360, 366, 368, 371, 383, 385n, 398 Tsar, Tsarism, Tsarist government, regi¬ me 11, 19, 22, 52, 77, 163, 170, 183- 4, 188, 197-200, 208, 220, 263-4, 269, 282, 307, 310-1, 320, 324-5, 327І, 329-30, 332, 347-8, 354, 368, 387, 408-9, 411, see also Ivan III, Ivan IV, Mikhail Romanov, Peter I, Nicholas II Tsarist oppression, police methods 110, 171 Tsaritsynskii Regiment 230 Tsarskoe Selo 68, 104, 116, 185 Tsarskosel skii 421st Regiment 297, 293n, 300 Tsentrobalt 328, 332-3, 354, 363 Tsesarevich 192, 194, 289, 336 Tsheka 395, 399 Tsukhna 249 Tsushima Sound 187, 194, 263 Tuchkov, Nikolai Alekseevich, Lie¬ utenant General 31, 34-5, 38, 52 Tudeer, Carl, Lieutenant Commander 133 Turbin, N.M., General 164 Turk, Turks 20, 25-6, 29-30, 76-7, 88, 124, 261 Turkestan 103, 127, 321 Turkey 19-20, 22, 26, 41, 72, 76, 105, 137, 221, 257, 270 Turkish army, troops 78, 119 Turkish Empire 76 Turkish flotilla, navy 76, 257 Turkish forts 120 Turkish frontier 35 Turkish Straits 76, 148, 220, 257, 288-9, 307 Turkish War 25, 95n, 124i Turkmenistan 138 Turkmens 325 Turku (Âbo) 17m, 20, 23-4, 32m-33m, 37-8, 40m, 41-2, 44, 46-7, 49m, 50, 56, 62-4, 83m, 84-5, 93, 98-9, 113-4, 114n, 116, 116n, 120-1, 132, 137, 138n, 140-1, 150m, 166n, 173, 17n, 178, 197, 221, 232-4, 251, 255n, 267, 291n, 292n, 294, 294n, 295-6, 301, 305, 341, 366 Turku-Åland Archipelago Position 272, 274, 296, 298-9, 294, 305, 338-9, 341 Turku archipelago 258 Turku and Pori Province 41 Turunmaa 387, 387n Tuusula (Thusby) 114, 116, 116n, 150, 150m, 175n, 178, 256n, 294, 301 Tver 18, 90 typhus 124 U 26 285 U 28 290 UC 4 290 UC 57 374, 374n Uhlan Regiment of the Guards 380 Uhlan Regiment of 14th Cavalry Divisi¬ on 342 Ukraine, Ukrainians 19, 27n, 46, 147-8, 200, 220, 309, 333, 335, 360, 365, 374, 388, 403-4 Uleåborg see Oulu Umeå (Uumaja) 33m, 39 unconstitutional decrees, laws, measures 166, 170, 174І, 187, 203, 214, 321- 23, 329, see also constitution, fln- liandskii vopros, legislation for Fin- 483 484 land..., oppression. Russification, unification Undine 289 unemployment 347 unification, unificatory measures, poli¬ cy, unity of Empire 155-8, 165, 170, 181, 187, 191, 199-200,203,206-7, 219, 238, 249, 252, 283, 355 uniforms 69i, 146i, 248, 380 unilateral measures, usurpation of sove¬ reign authority by Finns 214, 345, 356, 409 United Kingdom of Sweden-Norway see Swedish-Nowegian Union United Nobility of Russia 207 University in Turku, from 1827 in Hel¬ sinki 44, 51, 84, 136, 311 unrest in Finland 252, 3)9, see also ftn- liandskii vopros, disorder, revolt Upper Silesia 403 Uppsala 42 Ural 239, 384 Urjala (Urdjala) 303 USA 392, 399 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey 13 Usslar, von, Admiral 383 Ust-dvinskii 179th Regiment 342 Utgof, Colonel 238, 247, 319 Utö 285, 287 Uumaja see Umeå Uusikaarleby (Nykarleby) 62, 300n 303n Uusikaupunki (Nystad) 17m, 22, 113 253n, 297, 339 Uusikirkko (Nykyrka) 236, 29 In Uusimaa (Nyland) 40m, 166n, 278 374n Uusimaa 387n Uusimaa province 352 Uusimaa and Häme province 41 Vaasa (Vasa, 1855-1918 Nikolaistad) 32m-33m, 40m, 56-7, 62-4, 83m, 88, 93, lOOn, 114η, 116η, 132, 150m, 155n, 166n, 197, 202, 205, 221, 233, 255, 256η, 292η, 293η, 297, 300 300n, 303, 314, 341, 366, 376, 379m Vaasa province 41 Väinämöinen 380 Valkeasaari (Beloostrov) 278 292 361 Vambola 393n Vammelsuu 230 Vanajavesi 107 Vanemuine 393 η Vannovskii, Petr Semenovich, General, Minister of War 140, 153, 163, 165 Vapaita Sanoja 183 Värälä 26 Vasa see Vaasa Västerbotten see Länsipohja Velikie Luki 28 Verderevski, D.N., Rear Admiral 332, 351 Verdun 288 Versailles 396, 403, 405 Vetterli rifles 184 Viazmenskii 1 15th Regiment 353 victims of Germans 316, victims of re¬ volution 269 victorious Germany 308, 310-1, victo¬ rious Russia 310 victors, Western 395 victory of Whites 38 li, 382 victory parade 382 Viborg see Viipuri Viceroy of Poland 53 Vidskär 285 Viena 388, 400m, 405 Vienna 149 Viipuri (Viborg) 15-6, 20, 22, 24, 26-7, Згт-ЗЗт, 38, 47, 49m, 50,56,624, 72, 82-3, 83m, 85,87-8,106-8,112- 6, 116n, 120-1, 121n, 122-3, 125, 132, 134, 137, 140-1, 144, 149, 150m, 151-3, 157, 162, 166η, 173η, 175, 175η, 180, 183, 186-7, 195, 202, 205, 221-2, 229, 232-6, 239, 241, 253, 255η, 256η, 274, 277-8, 291η, 292, 292η, 294-5, 299-9,303, 306, 338-9, 341, 350, 352, 367-9, 379m, 382, 389, 397 Viipuri fortress 340, fortress artillery 344n, fortress district 368, fortress regiments 356, garrison 344, 356n Viipuri guberniia. province 29, 135η, 208-9, 235-7, 239, 306 Viki, a boy in a story 52 Villmanstrand see Lappeenranta Viľmandstrandskii 86th Regiment 27- 8,49,60-3,102,113,230 Vilna (Vilnius) 103, 147, 179, 186, 400m, 404 Vilppula 387n Vincennes 12 Vindavskii 180th Regiment 342, 344 Vindictive 401 Virtuti Militari medal 70 Vistula 137 Vistula Army 148 Vistula provinces 108 Vitebsk 243 Vladimir 28 Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke 103, 147 Vladivostok 154, 288 Vladivostok mine battalion 353η Vliet, van der, General 282 voennye gimnazii, voennye uchilishche 103 Voima, Finnish secret army 184, 189, 193, 205-8, 210, 214-5, 218, 235, 238-9, 243, 245-7, 253, 277, 283-4, 319, 324, see also Activists, gendar¬ mes Voin 387n Volkhovskii 510th Regiment 305, 324, 353n Volkhovskii reserve battalion 149 Vologda 28, 233, 243, 392 volunteers 283, 330, 371, 395-6, 410, see also Finnish expedition to Esto¬ nia, East Karelia, Finnish division Volynets 372, 380 von der Tann 287 Vsevolod 35 Vyborg see Viipuri Vyborg 138n Vyborgskii 85th Regiment 27, 49, 60- 2, 02, 113, 230 Waffenbrüderschaft, Finnish-German 399 Wallachia 76 Wallenrode, an officer 53 war see Civil War in Finland, in Russia, Crimean War, Far East War, First World War, Great War, Japanese War, Second World War, Turkish War, War of Liberation war aims 287, 307-8, 333, 358n, 360, 388 War Commissariat 65 war of attrition 307 War of Liberation 372 war on two fronts 333, 390 war plans 123, 137, 147-8, 158, 178, 194, 197, 205, 207, 221, 223, 235, 238, 240, 246, 253, 260, 295, 343, 392, 406, 408 Warsaw 53, 70-2, 103, 159, 224, 247, 403-4 warships, 262, 267-8, see also battle cruisers, battleships, cruisers, destro¬ yers, dreadnoughts, light cruisers, submarines, torpedo boats wartime control 323 war-weariness 324, 326, 360, 388, 392, 409 war years 250 Wasa see Vaasa West 74, 77, 110, 123, 220, 270, 288, 310, 312, 337, 359, 390, 398, 398n, 400n, 404-5, 408, 416 Westermarck, Edward 310 Western Allies 100, 310, 398 western ambassadors 332 western border 220 Western culture 77, 311 Westerners 249 Western Front 261, 288, 365, 390, 392 Western governments 396 Western ideas, ideals, inspiration 99, 110, 118, 161, 170 Western inheritance 410 Western market 11 Western model, orientation 74, 99, 100, 337, 398 Western Powers 72, 76, 78, 101, 105, 108, 110-1, 262, 267, 307, 310, 337, 398n Western public 76 Western rivals of Russia 123 Western victors 101, 395 Western world 411 Westfalen 377, 383 West Russian Army 396 Wetterhoff, Fritz 311, 315n, 387, 387n White victory 38 li, 382 White Firms, White army, White Guards, Whites 206, 349, 362, 366- 7, 369n, 371-3, 376n, 375-7, 379m, 380, 382, 386, 393, 398n, 411 White capital 376, see Vaasa White Russia (Belarus) 46, 148, 360, 403-4 Whites (Russian counterreovolu- tionaries) 309, 360, 364, 388, 392-3, 397-8, 398n, 399-400, 403-4 White Sea 17, 72, 77, 114, 314, 385-6, 440m Wiborg see Viipuri Wilcken, von, Admiral 251 Wilcken, von, Sigrid 251 William II 196, 264n, 312, 377, see also Kaiser Windau (Vindava) 141, 197, 286 Wirchow, Rudolf, Professor 157 wireless 208, 292n, 295, see also tele¬ graph Wirenius, Anders, Vice-Admiral 251 Wismar 197 Witte, Sergei Iul evich, Minister of Fi¬ nance, Prime Minister 138n, 167, 179, 187, 189, 190n, 191, 196, 199, 485 270 Wittgenstein, Ludvig Adolf Peter, Gene¬ ral 35, 38, 48 wives, women 43, 51, 54, 208, 250, 329η workers 304, 323, 325, 328, 332, 346, 348-9, 363, 372η, 373, 386, Russian workers 367 workers guards 348-9, see also Red Guards Workers and Peasants Red Army 371, 397 world revolution 362, 372, 404 World War, First 248, see also Great War World War, Second 13 Worth 287 Wrede, Alexander, Baron 67i 486 Yunker Schools 68, 103, 255 Young Finnish party, Young Finns 208, 246 Young Socialists 374 Yrjonkatu 380 Yugoslavia 386, 396n Zabiiaka 362n Zakrevskii, Arzeni, General, Governor- General 43 n, 59-61, 63n, 66, 70 Zalesov, General 128 Zanzibar 148 Zashchitnik 38 7n Zelenoi, Aleksandr Pavlovich, Rear Ad¬ miral, 382 Zeppelin 267, 290 Zhibetskii 427th Regiment 294n Zilliacus, Konni 183-4 251 Zolotarev, General 161, 213 Zwingburg 195 Bayerisch* Staatsbibliothek München Contents INTRODUCTION .................................... 11 THE CONQUEST ..................................... 15 From the Swedish to the Russian Empire ............ 15 Before the Russian conquest ..................... 15 The conquest begins ............................. 19 Russian Finland in the eighteenth century .......... 24 The conquest of New Finland .................... 29 Pacification ..................................... 41 The administration of the conquered country ....... 41 Sweden desists from revanche .................. 45 Steinheiľs corps against Macdonald and Oudinot ... 47 Garrisons in the Grand Duchy .................. 49 A Finnish contribution to the Patriotic War ........ 54 LOYALTY TESTED, PROVED, AND REWARDED ...... 59 Nicholas I and His Army .......................... 59 Governing a generalguberniia ................. 59 Finliandskie troops ............................. 60 Ethnic Finnish troops ........................... 64 Coastal defence ................................. 72 The Test and the Proof .......................... 75 The Near Eastern Question proves difficult to deal with ......................................... 75 The British Royal and French Imperial Navies in the Baltic Sea ................................... 79 Preparations against the menace .................. 82 The native defenders of Finland .................. 91 The penetration of the Gulf of Finland ............ 94 Considerations for an expected campaign of 1856 ... 96 The end of the war ............................ 100 Reforms and Interruptions ......................... 101 From defeat to reform .......................... 101 Preparations against a Western intervention in 1863 . 104 Political consequences in Finland ................. 108 When the danger was over ...................... 112 NATIONAL CONFLICTS ............................. 119 New Enemies and New Ideas ...................... 119 The War of 1877-78 and its consequences ......... 119 National military service ........................ 126 A national Finnish army ....................... 128 Troop rotation ................................. 136 War plans for armed peace ...................... 137 The danger from Germany ....................... 147 Finland as a secondary theatre of war ............. 148 THE RUSSO-FINNISH CONFLICT ..................... 155 The Reform of Finnish Military Service .............. 155 Irritation and provocation ........................ 155 Military separatism discussed .................... 157 The reform carried out .......................... 163 The constitutional conflict ....................... 166 Opposition silenced ............................. 170 Military plans for civil war ...................... 172 Should the enemy attempt a landing ............... 179 Imperial Security Threatened ....................... 181 Temporary measures .......................... 181 Secret enemies ............................... 183 The Finnish usurpation of power ................ 187 The Finnish Voima ........................... 193 The defence-line for St Petersburg is shifted ...... 194 PREPARING FOR A GREAT WAR .................... 199 Revival and Renewed Repression ................... 199 Tsarism revived ................................ 199 Quarrels about money and rules for the military ... 201 Security problems and constitutional pretexts ...... 205 The Finnish military tribute regulated ............ 212 A reliable Governor-General, at last ............. 214 Imperial interests secured ...................... 216 Military Reform After the Far Eastern Debacle ...... 220 Problems of the weakened Imperial army ......... 220 The danger from the north-west ................. 221 Confidence restored ........................... 226 Finland in the defence plans for the Baltic coasts .. 231 Cutting Finland down to size .................. 235 Martial law discussed again ................... 238 In the midst of aliens ......................... 248 On the Eve ..................................... 253 Plans for a great war revised ................... 253 Britain no longer an enemy .................... 260 The question of closing the Baltic Sea ........... 261 Germanic Swedes against the Slavs? ............ 262 German views on the naval situation in the Baltic 263 German plans on the eve of the war ............. 265 Old and new methods ......................... 267 Plans beyond the Baltic Sea .................... 268 THE END OF THE EMPIRE ........................ 270 The Great War ................................. 270 Opening moves in the Baltic Sea ............... 271 State of war declared in Finland ............... 277 Finland in the war economy of Russia ........... 279 Finns in Russian service ....................... 282 Why didn t the Germans attack? ................ 285 Naval war of attrition ........................ 286 The army front in Finland turned westwards ...... 290 Unceasing worries ............................ 302 The Swedish danger .......................... 307 Revolutionizing a minority nation ............... 309 Fantasies of a naval attaché .................... 314 Measures against the Jäger movement ............. 318 The Empire Powerless ........................... 324 The fall of the Emperor and Grand Duke ........ 324 Finland ungrateful ............................ 329 Adventurous activists and cautious Germans ...... 333 Finland out of the reach of the Western Powers ... 337 Preparations against a German landing in 1917 .... 338 Countering Finnish insubordination .............. 343 Russo-Finnish conflict defused but internal tension grows ........................................ 345 German moves in the Baltic towards the north-east .. 349 Military dissolution ........................... 350 Finnish-Russian discussions .................... 354 IMPERIAL RIVALS ................................ 358 From the Russian into the German Empire .......... 358 The German appetite grows .................... 358 Problems on the way to the north ............... 359 Finland divided and detached from Russia ........ 361 The final decline of Russian military might in Finland 366 Civil war in Finland .......................... 371 An expedition to Finland discussed in Germany .... 373 The Åland incident ........................... 377 The expedition to Finland ...................... 378 The Bulgaria of the North ..................... 382 Grandiose dreams ............................. 386 The end of the German Empire ................. 391 The Naval Enemy for the Last Time ............... 391 Western intervention and local conflicts .......... 392 The Royal Navy takes over in the Baltic Sea ...... 395 Feats of light forces ........................... 399 A still-born Empire ........................... 402 CONCLUSION ...................................... 406 8 ANNEX ............................................ 413 SOURCES .......................................... 421 Documents .................................. 421 Documents on microfilm ....................... 423 Published documents .......................... 423 Press ........................................ 424 Works consulted .............................. 424 INDEX ............................................. 453
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author	Luntinen, Pertti 1934-2013
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author_facet	Luntinen, Pertti 1934-2013
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callnumber-first	U - Military Science
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callnumber-subject	UA - Armies
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)38309870 (DE-599)BVBBV011764610
dewey-full	355/.031/0947094897
dewey-hundreds	300 - Social sciences
dewey-ones	355 - Military science
dewey-raw	355/.031/0947094897
dewey-search	355/.031/0947094897
dewey-sort	3355 231 9947094897
dewey-tens	350 - Public administration and military science
discipline	Geschichte Militärwissenschaft
era	Geschichte 1808-1918 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1808-1918
format	Book
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geographic	Finnland Russland Finland History 1809-1917 Finland Military relations Russia Russia Armed Forces Finland History Russia Military relations Finland Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd
geographic_facet	Finnland Russland Finland History 1809-1917 Finland Military relations Russia Russia Armed Forces Finland History Russia Military relations Finland
id	DE-604.BV011764610
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T18:15:22Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9517100671
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007938501
oclc_num	38309870
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-29 DE-37 DE-M352 DE-739 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-29 DE-37 DE-M352 DE-739 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR
physical	486 S. Ill.
publishDate	1997
publishDateSearch	1997
publishDateSort	1997
publisher	Suomen Historiallinen Seura
record_format	marc
series	Studia historica
series2	Studia historica
spelling	Luntinen, Pertti 1934-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)132177919 aut The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918 Pertti Luntinen Helsinki Suomen Historiallinen Seura 1997 486 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia historica 56 Russia. Armii͡a History Russia. Voennyĭ flot History Geschichte 1808-1918 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Finnland Russland Finland History 1809-1917 Finland Military relations Russia Russia Armed Forces Finland History Russia Military relations Finland Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 g Geschichte 1808-1918 z DE-604 Studia historica 56 (DE-604)BV002779616 56 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Zusaetzliche Angaben
spellingShingle	Luntinen, Pertti 1934-2013 The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918 Studia historica Russia. Armii͡a History Russia. Voennyĭ flot History Geschichte Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4017243-0 (DE-588)4076899-5
title	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918
title_auth	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918
title_exact_search	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918
title_full	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918 Pertti Luntinen
title_fullStr	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918 Pertti Luntinen
title_full_unstemmed	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland 1808 - 1918 Pertti Luntinen
title_short	The imperial Russian army and navy in Finland
title_sort	the imperial russian army and navy in finland 1808 1918
title_sub	1808 - 1918
topic	Russia. Armii͡a History Russia. Voennyĭ flot History Geschichte Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd
topic_facet	Russia. Armii͡a History Russia. Voennyĭ flot History Geschichte Militär Finnland Russland Finland History 1809-1917 Finland Military relations Russia Russia Armed Forces Finland History Russia Military relations Finland
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007938501&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV002779616
work_keys_str_mv	AT luntinenpertti theimperialrussianarmyandnavyinfinland18081918

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