Introduction to environmental geotechnology:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
1997
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| Schriftenreihe: | New directions in civil engineering
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| Beschreibung: | 652 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0849382882 |
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| adam_text | INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY HSAI-YANG FANG CRC PRESS
BOCA RATON NEWYORK LABTE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I .1
INTRODUCTION I 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY I 1.2.1
GENERAL DISCUSSION I 1.2.2 POPULATION GROWTH AND RISING LIVING STANDARDS
1 1.3 AIMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY 2 1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES AND
THEIR INTERACTION WITH GEOTECHNOLOGY .4 1.4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .4
1.4.2 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. 5 1.4.3 THE CYCLES OFNATURE 6 1.4.4 WATER
STABILITY IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 7 1.5 MAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT 8
I.5.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 8 1.5.2 SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES 9 1.5.3 SOLID
WASTES (URBAN REFUSE) 9 1.5.4 . WASTE RUBBER TIRES 10 1.5.5
PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL 10 1.6 ACID RAIN AND ACID DRAINAGE I I 1.6.1
ACID RAIN (ACID DEPOSITION) I I 1.6.2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE 12 1.7
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS 13 1.7.1 ARID LANDS AND DESERT 13
1.7.2 MARGINAL LANDS (WETLANDS) 13 1.7.3 COASTAL MARGINS 13 1.7.4 SOIL
EROSION 14 1.8 POLLUTION PROCESSES AND SOIL-POLLUTION INTERACTION 14
1.8.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 14 1.8.2 GROUND POLLUTION SOURCES 01 ROUTES 14
1.8.3 POLLUTION PROCESS MECHANISMS 16 1.9 METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS 16 1.9.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 16 1.9.2
REVIEW OF CURRENT SOIL MECHANICS CONCEPTS 17 1.9.3 PROPOSED APPROACHES
01 METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF SOIL BEHAVIOR 18 1.10 SCOPE AND
ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT 19 1.11 SUMMARY 20 PROBLEMS 21 CHAPTER 2
PARTICLE-ENERGY-FIELD THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION 23
2.2 THE CONCEPT OF PARTICLE-ENERGY-FIELD THEORY 23 2.2.1 FUNDAMENTALS 23
2.2.2 ASSUMPTIONS 23 2.2.3 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 24 2.2.4 PARTICLE
SYSTEMS 24 2.3 ENERGY, ENERGY FIELD, AND PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD 25 2.3.1
ENERGIES BETWEEN PARTICLES 25 2.3.2 ENERGY AND ENERGY FIELD 25 2.3.3
PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD 26 2.3.4 ENERGY FIELDS AND ENVIRONMENTS 27 2.4 THE
STATES 01 AGGREGATION 01 IDEALIZED PARTIELES 28 2.4.1 GENERAL
DISEUSSION 28 2.4.2 TYPES 01 BONDS AND ENERGY RANGES 29 2.4.3 VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS FOR IDEALIZED PARTICLES 29 2.5 CRYSTAL - A TRUE SOLID 3 J
2.5.1 GENERAL DISEUSSION 31 2.5.2 CRYSTAL SYMMETRY 31 2.5.3 THE CRYSTAL
SYSTEMS 32 2.5.4 CRYSTAL CLASSES 33 2.5.5 CRYSTAL LATTICES 33 2.6
GRANULAR PARTICLES AND THEIR PAEKING CHARACTERISTIES 34 2.6.1 GENERAL
DISEUSSION 34 2.6.2 GRANULAR PARTICLE MEASUREMENT. 35 2.6.3 PAEKING
CHARACTERISTIES 01 GRANULAR MATERIALS 35 2.6.4 INTERPARTICLE
CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR PRIMARY STRUCTURE 36 2.6.5 PARTICLE PACKING
SYSTEMS 36 2.7 CHEMIEAL FUNDAMENTALS 37 2.8 PHENOMENA OF
SOLID-LIQUID-GAS AT INTERT AEE 38 2.8.1 SINGLE-PHASE INTERFACE 38 2.8.2
TWO-PHASE INTERT ACE 39 2.8.3 MULTIPHASE INTERT ACE .40 2.9 PARTICLE
BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD - MECHANICAL ENERGY FIELD .41 2.9.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 41 2.9.2 LOAD-DEFORMATION PROCESS .41 2.9.3 PARTICLE DYNAMIES
42 2.10 MULTIMEDIA ENERGY FIELD 43 2.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .43 2.10.2
THERMAL ENERGY FIELD .44 2.10.3 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC ENERGY FIELDS 44
2.10.4 RADIATION ENERGY HELD .45 2.11 LUSTIFICATION FOR APPLICATION TO
GEOTECHNOLOGY 45 2.12 SUNLMARY 46 PROBLEMS 47 CHAPTER 3 NATURE OF SOIL
AND ENVIRONMENT 49 3.1 SOIL AS A NATURAL GENETIC SYSTEM 49 3.2 SOIL AS A
POLYDISPERSE SYSTEM .49 3.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS 01 THE SOLID PHASE 50
3.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIQUID PHASE 50 3.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS UEF
SOIL-AIR INTERFACE 50 3.2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AT IN SITU CONDITION
51 3.3 SOIL TEXTURE, STRATA, HORIZONS, AND PROFILES 53 3.3.1 SOIL STRATA
AND TEXTURE 53 3.3.2 HORIZONS AND PROFILE 53 3.3.3 PODZOL SOIL PROFILES
53 3.3.4 PCA SIMPLIFIED SOIL PROFILE AND HORIZONS SYSTEM 54 3.4
IDENTIFIEATION AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 01 SOILS 56 3.4.1 GENERAL
DISEUSSION 56 3.4.2 UNIFIED SOI1 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (ASTM D2487-83)
56 3.4.3 AASHTO SOI1 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (AASHTO MI45-88) 57 3.4.4
OTHER SOI1 C1ASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 57 3.5 USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
60 3.5.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 60 3.5.2 ORDERS - ZONAL, INTRAZONAL, AND
AZONAL 60 3.5.3 GREAT SOI1 GROUPS AND SOI1 SERIES 60 3.5.4 SOIL TAXONOMY
62 3.6 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL SOI1 AND CLAY FRACTION 62 3.6.1
GENERAL DISCUSSION 62 3.6.2 GENERAL CHEMISTRY OF THE SOIL... 62 3.6.3
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER 63 3.6.4 SI1ICAJSESQUIOXIDE RATIO (SSR) OF C1AY
FRACTION 64 3.7 GRANULAR SOI1S (COBBLE, BOU1DER, GRAVEL, SAND, AND SILT)
66 3.7.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 66 3.7.2 AGGREGATES 67 3.7.3 SAND AND GRAVE1
67 3.7.4 SILT (0.02-0.002 MM) 68 3.8 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF CONTAMINATED SOI1S 68 3.8.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 68 3.8.2 VISUA1
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SOI1S 68 3.8.3 COLOR OF GROUND SOI1 AND
WATER 70 3.8.4 ODORS IN THE ENVIRONMENTS 71 3.8.5 CRACKING PATTERNS OF
GROUND SOI1 72 3.8.6 PROPERTIES EMP10YED IN CHARACTERIZATION OF
CONTAMINATED SOIL 72 3.9 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SOI1S 73 3.9.1
BASIC CONCEPT 73 3.9.2 SENSITIVITY OF SOIL TO ENVIRONMENT.. 74 3.9.3
POLLUTION SENSITIVITY INDEX (PSI) 74 3.10 DUST: MICROSCOPIC DEBRIS 74
3.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 74 3.10.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DUST 75 3.10.3
DUST IN THE ENVIRONMENT 75 3.11 SUSPENSION: DUST IN THE WATER 75 3.11.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENSION 75 3.11.2 SUSPENSION IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
76 3.12 SUMMARY 77 PROBLEMS 77 CHAPTER 4 SOIL TECHNOLOGY 79 4.1
INTRODUCTION 79 4.2 CLAY MINERA10GY 79 4.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 79 4.2.2
MINERA1OGICA1 DATA REQUIREMENTS 80 4.3 STRUCTURA1 UNITS OF SOILS 80
4.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 80 4.3.2 CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURES 81 4.3.3
IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF C1AY MINERALS 81 4.4 SIZE AND SHAPE
MEASUREMENT OF SOI1 82 4.4.1 EFFECTIVE SIZE AND UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT
82 4.4.2 SIZE AND SHAPE MEASUREMENT FOR GRANULAR SOILS 85 4.4.3 SURFACE
AREA FOR FINE-GRAINED SOIL 85 4.5 PARTICLE BONDS, BOND ENERGIES, AND
LINKAGES 86 4.5.1 PARTICLE BONDS 86 4.5.2 BOND ENERGIES 86 4.5.3 LINKAGE
BETWEEN PARTICLES 88 4.6 INTERPARTICLE ENERGIES OR FORCES 88 4.6.1
DIPOLE MOMENT AND ORIENTATION EFFECT 88 4.6.2 ATTRACTIVE ENERGY OR FORCE
89 4.6.3 REPULSIVE ENERGY OR FORCE 91 4.7 PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT AND CLAY
STRUCTURES 91 4.7.1 PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT AND STRUCTURES 91 4.7.2
ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION 92 4.8 ION-EXCHANGE REACTION AND ION EXCHANGE
CAPACITY 93 4.8.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 93 4.8.2 CHARAETERISTICS AND
MECHANISMS OF ION-EXCHANGE REACTION 93 4.8.3 FACTORS AFFECTING
ION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY 94 4.8.4 ANION EXCHANGE 97 4.8:5 ION-EXCHANGE
REACTION IN CONTAMINATED SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS 98 4.9 THE
CLAY-WATER-ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM 99 4.9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFUSE
DOUBLE-LAYER 99 4.9.2 THE CLAY MICELLE AND ITS STRUCTURE 99 4.9.3 FREE
WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATER. 100 4.10 CHARACTERISTIES AND STRUCTURES
OF SOME TYPICAL CLAY MINERALS 102 4.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 102 4.10.2
KAOLIN, MONTMORILLONITE. AND ILLITE GROUPS 103 4.10.3 CHLORITES AND
HALLOYSITES 104 4.10.4 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY MINERALS 105 4.11
HYDROPHILIE AND HYDROPHOBIE SOILS 106 4.11.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 06
4.1 .2 THE CHANGING MECHANISMS BETWEEN HYDROPHOBIE- HYDROPHILIE
CONDITIONS 106 4.11.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROPHOBIE AND HYDROPHILIE
SOILS 06 4.12 HOMOIONIC MODIFIEATIONS (PURE SOIL) 107 4.12. GENERAL
DISCUSSION 107 4.12.2 METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF HOMOIONIC SOIL SAMPIES
108 4.12.3 TYPICAL HOMOIONIC MODIFICATION DATA 08 4.13 THE MAN-MADE
SOIL.. 109 4. 3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 109 4.13.2 THE CONCEPT AND APPROACH
OF MAN-MADE SOIL.. 11O 4.14 SUMMARY 1 1 PROBLEMS I 12 CHAPTER 5
SOIL-WATER-AIR INTERACTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 113 5.1 INTRODUCTION 113
5.1.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 13 5.1.2 SOIL MOISTURE TERMINOLOGY 3 5.1.3
SOIL-WATER SYSTEM AND ITS MEASURABLE PARAMETERS 115 5.2 NATURE OF WATER
115 5.2.1 MOLEEULAR DIMENSIONS AND BULK PROPERTIES 15 5.2.2 PACKING
CHARACTERISTICS 116 5.2.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER. I17 5.3
PROPERTIES OF WATER AND WATER SUBSTANCES 118 5.3.1 DENSITY, UNIT WEIGHT,
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OFWATER 118 5.3.2 SURFACE TENSION 119 5.3.3
VISCOSITY OF WATER AND OTHER PORE FLUIDS 119 5.3.4 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
OF WATER. 120 5.4 SOLUTIONS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES, AND ELECTROLYTES 122
5.4.1 SOLUTIONS, SOLVENTS, AND SOLUTE 122 5.4.2 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
123 5.4.3 ELECTROLYTES 123 5.4.4 ACIDITY AND PH VALUE 124 5.5 TYPES AND
SOURCES OFWATERS 125 5.5.1 GROUNDWATER 125 5.5.2 RIVER AND LAKE WATERS
125 5.5.3 HARD, SOFT, ACIDIC, AND ALKALI WATERS 125 5.6 ELECTROCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 127 5.6.1 SURFACE ELECTROCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL 127 5.6.2 . FLOW ROUTES RELATING TO SOIL-WATER
INTERACTION 128 5.6.3 SOIL-WATER INTERACTION IN VARIOUS ENERGY FIELDS
129 5.7 SOIL-WATER INTERACTION IN THE THERMAL ENERGY FIELD 130 5.7.1
HEAT OF WETTING 130 5.7.2 WATER INTAKE ABILITY 131 5.7.3 THE KINETIC
DISPERSIVE FORCE 133 5.8 SOIL-WATER INTERACTION IN THE ELECTRIC ENERGY
FIELD 134 5.8.1 POLARIZATION 134 5.8.2 PROTON MIGRATION 135 5.9
GEOMORPHIC PROCESS (AGING PROCESS) 136 5.9.1 THE CONCEPT OF GEOMORPHIC
PROCESS 136 5.9.2 GEOMORPHIC PROCESS MECHANISMS 137 5.10 CORROSION
PROCESS 139 5.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 139 5.10.2 CORROSION CAUSES,
TYPES, AND PROTECTION 139 5.11 EFFECT OF BACTERIA ON BEHAVIOR OF
SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 142 5.11.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA 142 5.11.2
SOIL-WATER-BACTERIA INTERACTION 143 5.12 SENSITIVITY OF SOIL TO
ENVIRONMENT 144 5.12.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 144 5.12.2 SENSITIVITY OF SOIL
TO LOAD 145 5.12.3 SENSITIVITY OF SOIL TO PORE FLUID 145 5.13
SOIL-WATER-AIR INTERACTION 147 5.13.1 BEHAVIOR OF AIR IN SOIL-WATER
SYSTEM 147 5.13.2 SOIL-WATER-VAPOR INTERACTION 148 5.14 SUMMARY 149
PROBLEMS 150 CHAPTER 6 SHRINKAGE, SWELLING, AND CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOI! 151 6.1 INTRODUCTION 151 6.2 SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS 151 6.2.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHRINKAGE OF SOIL... 151 6.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING
SHRINKAGE OF SOIL... 153 6.3 SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS 155 6.3.1 SWELLING
MECHANISM 155 6.3.2 SWELLING MEASUREMENTS 155 6.3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING
SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL... 155 6.4 SORPTION CHARACTERISTICS 157
6.4.1 WATER SORPTION 157 6.4.2 ABSORPTION AND DEGREE OF SATURATION 158
6.4.3 ABSORPTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES 159 6.5 ADSORPTION PHENOMENA 160
6.5.1 TYPES OF ADSORPTION 160 6.5.2 ADSORPTION MECHANISM 161 6.5.3
ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS 162 6.5.4 ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT.. 163 6.6 CRACKING PHENOMENA AND MECHANISMS 166 6.6.1 SOIL
CRACKING PHENOMENA 166 6.6.2 CRACKING MECHANISMS 168 6.6.3 CRACKING
PATTERN AND MEASUREMENTS 169 6.7 TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL I72
6.7.1 INTRODUCTION 172 6.7.2 MECHANISM OF TENSI1E STRENGTH OF SOIL...
175 6.7 .3 MEASUREMENT OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF SOIL 175 6.7.4 TENSILE
STRENGTH RELATING TO OTHER SOIL CONSTANTS 176 6.8 FRACTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL 1GO 6.8.1 INTRODUCTION 180 6.8.2 APPLICATION OF
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS (LEFM) 182 6.8.3 LABORATORY FRACTURE
TESTS ON SOILS 183 6.8.4 APPLICATIONS FROM CRACKING AND FRACTURE DATA
190 6.9 SUMMARY 191 PROBLEMS 192 CHAPTER 7 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND
MASS TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 193 7.1 INTRODUCTION 193 7.2 CAPILLARITY 193
7.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 193 7.2.2 HEIGHT AND RATE OF CAPILLARY RISE 193
7.2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING CAPILLARY RISE 194 7.2.4 CAPILLARY MEASUREMENTS
195 7.3 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 197 7.3.1 DARCY S LAW 197 7.3.2 HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY EQUATIONS 197 7.3.3 HYDRAU1IC HEAD AND ENERGY 199 7.3.4
HYDRAU1IC CONDUCTIVITY MEASURCMENTS 199 7.3.5 FACTORS AFFECTING
CONDUCTIVITY RESULTS 200 7.4 INFILTRATION, PERCO1ATION, AND RETENTION
207 7.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF INFILTRATION 207 7.4.2 INFILTRATION OF
WATER THROUGH THE PAVEMENT SURFACE 207 7.4.3 PERCO1ATION AND RETENTION
208 7.5 MASS TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN MOIST FINE-GRAINED SOI1S 209 7.5.1
CREEPING F10W 209 7.5.2 NATURE OF PORE FLUID IN SOIL 209 7.5.3 SOI1
ENERGY CONDUCTIVITY 211 7.6 OSMOSIS AND REVERSE OSMOSIS PHENOMENA 212
7.6.1 OSMOTIC PHENOMENA 212 7.6.2 OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN SOILS 213 7.6.3
REVERSE OSMOSIS PHENOMENA 214 7.7 SOIL-WATER SUCTION AND DIFFUSIVITY 214
7.7.1 SOIL-WATER SUCTION 214 7.7.2 SOIL-WATER DIFFUSIVITY 215 7.8
MOISTURE MIGRATION 215 7.8.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE MIGRATION 215
7.8.2 LIMITS OF MOISTURE MIGRATION 217 7.8.3 FACTORS AFFECTING MOISTURE
MIGRATION IN SOILS 218 7.9 DIFFUSION PHENOMENA 220 7.9.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 220 7.9.2 DIFFUSION PHENOMENA IN SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 221 7.10
WATER MOVEMENT IN VADOSE ZONE 221 7.11 SUMMARY 222 PROBLEMS 223 CHAPTER
8 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS 225 8.1 INTRODUCTION 225 8.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT AND HEAT SOURCES 225 8.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF
HEAT 225 8.2.2 HEAT SOURCES 226 8.2.3 HEAT EXCHANGE NEAR THE GROUND
SURFACE 226 8.3 HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS AND MEASURABLE THEMLAL PARAMETERS
226 8.3.1 HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS 226 8.3.2 MEASURABLE THERMAL PARAMETERS
227 8.4 SOIL-HEAT INTERACTION 230 8.4.1 MECHANISM OF SOIL-HEAT
INTERACTION 230 8.4.2 SOIL THERMAL STORAGE CAPACITY 231 8.5 THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY OF SOIL 231 8.5.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 231
8.5.2 THERMAL RESISTIVITY 232 8.6 EFFECTS OF HEAT OR TEMPERATURE ON SOIL
BEHAVIOR 236 8.6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 236 8.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOIL-HEAT SYSTEM 236 8.6.3 EFFECT OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT LOW TEMPERATURE
RANGE 237 8.6.4 EFFECT OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT MEDIUM TEMPERATURE RANGE 240
8.6.5 FUSION 240 8.7 FROZEN AND THAWING SOILS 243 8.7.1 IDENTIFICATION
AND DESCRIPTION OFICE IN SOIL.. 243 8.7.2 FROST DEPTH (PENETRATION) AND
HEAVE 245 8.7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF FROZEN SOIL.. 247
8.7.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF THAWING SOIL 251 8.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF SNOW
252 8.8.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 252 8.8.2 PROPERTIES AND PROBLEMS OF SNOW
253 8.9 SUNLMARY 254 PROBLEMS 254 CHAPTER 9 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOILS 257 9.1 INTRODUCTION 257 9.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES AND
ELECTRICITY 257 9.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 257 9.2.2 ELECTRIC FIELD AND
ELECTRIC CHARGE 25R 9.3 MEASURABLE PARAMETERS IN SOIL-WATER-ELECTRICITY
SYSTEM 258 9.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 258 9.3.2 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND
RESISTANCE 258 9.3.3 CONDUCTANCE, CAPACITOR AND CAPACITANCE 259 9.4
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL-ELECTROCHEMISTRY 260 9.4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 260
9.4.2 SOIL-ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERACTION AND ITS MEASUREMENT 260 9.4.3
ELECTRODE AND CELL 261 9.4.4 ELECTROLYSIS 261 9.5 ELECTROLYTES AND
ELECTRICAL REACTIONS 262 9.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROLYTES 262 9.5.2
ELECTRODE AND REDOX REACTIONS 263 9.5.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF EH AND PE AND
THEIR RELATIONSHIP 263 9.6 ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL, WATER, AND ROCK
(WHEN ADDITIONAL ELECTRICITY IS APPLIED) 264 9.6.1 MECHANISM OF
SOIL-ELECTRICITY INTERACTION 264 9.6.2 PROPERTIES MEASURED BY ELECTRIC
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE 264 9.6.3 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY
266 9.6.4 ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OF SOIL, ROCK, AND WATER 269 9.6.5
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTAMINATED SOIL 271 9.7 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
OF SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 272 9.7.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT.. 272 9.7.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SUBSTANCE 273 9.7.3
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OFWATER AND OTHER PORE FLUIDS 273 9.7.4 EFFECT OF
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ON SOIL BEHAVIOF.. 275 9.8 ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY AND
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA 27R 9.8.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 278 9.8.2
ASSUMPTIONS AND EQUATION OF HELMHOLTZ-SMOLUCHOWSKI THEORY 280 9.8.3
DISCUSSIONS OF HELMOLTZ-SMOLUCHOWSKI THEORY 2RO 9.8.4
ELECTRIC-DOUBLE-LAYER THICKNESS AND ZETA POTENTIALS 2R2 9.9 GROUND
IMPROVEMENT BY ELECTROKINETIC PROCESS 2R5 9.9.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND
MECHANISMS 285 9.9.2 DEWATERING AND SOIL STABILIZATION 285 9.9.3 FACTORS
AFFECTING THE ELECTROKINETIC PROCESS 285 9.10 SOIL DECONTAMINATION BY
ELECTROKINETIC PROCESS 287 9.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 287 9.10.2
MECHANISM OF SOIL-DECONTAMINATION 288 9.11 ELECTROPHORESIS AND
ELECTROMIGRATION 288 9.11.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 288 9.11.2 EXPERIMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS 288 9.12 ELECTROCHEMICAL PRUCESS 289 9.12.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS 289 9.12.2 U.S. BUREAU OFRECLAMATION (USBR)
METHOD 290 9.13 MULTIENERGY EFFECT ON SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 292 9.13.1
GENERAL DISCUSSION 292 9.13.2 ELECTROVISCOUS EFFECT 293 9.13.3
THERMOCLECTRIC EFFECT 293 9.13.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECT 296 9.14 SUMMARY
298 PROBLEMS 298 CHAPTER 10 RADIATION EFFECTS ON WATER, SOIL, AND ROCK
299 10.1 INTRODUCTION 299 10.1.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 299 10.1.2 REVIEW OF
BASIC NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 299 10.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RADIOACTIVITY 300 10.2.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 300 10.2.2 HALF-LIFE, MEAN
LIFETIME, AND ACTIVITY 300 10.2.3 UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY 301 10.3
RADIOACTIVE DECAY PROCESS 302 10.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 302 10.3.2
CONSERVATION LAWS AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY PROCESS 303 10.3.3 ENERGIES
OFRADIATION 303 10.4 URANIUM AND RADIUM INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT 304
10.4.1 URANIUM AND RADIUM 304 10.4.2 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG URANIUM,
RADIUM, AND RADON GAS 304 10.5 THE NOBLE GAS FAMILY 306 10.5.1
CHARACTERISTICS OFNOBLE GASES 306 10.5.2 RADON AND RADON FAMILY 307 10.6
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF RADIATION 308 10.6.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 308 10.6.2 WATER-RADIATION INTERACTION 308 10.6.3
ROCKISOIL-RADIATION INTERACTIONS 310 10.7 RADIOACTIVE AND TOXIC RADON
GAS 314 10.7.1 NATURE OFRADON GAS 314 10.7.2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
OFRADON GAS 315 10.7.3 RADON EMANATION IN ROCK OR MINERALS 316 10.7.4
INTERACTION MECHANISMS BETWEEN RADON AND ENVIRONMENT.. 319 10.8 RADON
MITIGATION METHODS 320 10.8.1 RADON MITIGATION BY PASSIVE APPROACH 320
10.8.2 RADON MITIGATION BY ACTIVE APPROACH 322 10.8.3 MONITORING
TECHNIQUES 322 10.9 NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL 325 10.9.1 REVIEW
OFBACKGROUND 325 10.9.2 SOURCES AND TYPES OF NUCLEAR WASTES 326 10.9.3
MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR WASTES 327 10.9.4 DISPOSAL LOCATIONS AND DISPOSAL
TECHNIQUES 328 10.10 UTILIZATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY FUER CONSTRUCTION
APPLICATIONS 329 10.10.1 GENERAL DISCLLSSION 329 10.10.2 RESEARCH
FINDINGS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 330 10.11 OTHER APPLICATIONS 331
10.12 SUMMARY 331 PROBLEMS 331 CHAPTER 11 COMPRESSIBILITY AND
STRESS-STRAIN-TIME BEHAVIOR OF SOILS 333 11.1 INTRODUCTION 333 11.2 SOIL
COMPACTION (DENSIFICATION) 333 11.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 333 11.2.2
COMPACTION THEORIES 334 11.2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMPACTION TEST
RESULTS 336 11.3 DYNAMIC CONSOLIDATION (DYNAMIC DENSIFICATION) 337
11.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 337 11.3.2 LOAD-DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIP AND
EFFECTIVE DEPTH 338 11.4 CONSOLIDATION 341 11.4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 341
11.4.2 TERZAGHI CONSOLIDATION THEORY 342 11.5 NORMALLY AND
OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS 344 11.5.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 344 11.5.2
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE AND OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO 344 11.5.3 FACTORS
AFFECTING CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULTS 346 11.6 PREFAILURE DEFORMATION AND
FAILURE CONDITION OF SOIL 347 11.6.1 PREFAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
347 1I.6.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFAILURE AND FAILURE CONDITIONS 348
11.7 STRESS-STRAIN-STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL 350 11.7.1 FAILURE
CRITERIA 350 11.7.2 TYPES OF SHEAR TESTING 350 11.7.3 FACTORS AFFECTING
SHEAR STRENGTH 351 11.7.4 SENSITIVITY, CREEP, AND RELAXATION OF SOIL 354
11.8 RESIDUAL SHEAR STRENGTH 359 11.8.1 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESIDUAL
SHEAR STRENGTH 359 11.8.2 RESIDUAL STRENGTH DATA INTERPRETATIONS 360
11.8.3 CORRELATION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH TO OTHER SOIL PARAMETERS 361
11.9 SOIL DYNAMICS 363 11.9.1 DYNAMIC SHEARMODULUS OFSOILS 363 11.9.2
DYNAMIC SHEAR MODULUS OF CONTAMINATED SOIL 365 11.10 BLASTINGDYNAMICS
366 11.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 366 11.10.2 BLASTING ENERGY AND SAFE
LIMITS 366 11.11 SUMMARY 370 PROBLEMS 371 CHAPTER 12 ENVIRONMENTAL
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 373 12.1 INTRODUCTION 373 12.1.1
GENERAL DISCUSSION 373 12.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
373 12.1.3 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT SYSTEMS 375 12.2
LOAD-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR DESIGN CRITERIA 375 12.2.1 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
CRITERIA AND APPROACHES 375 12.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-LEAD FACTOR DESIGN
CRITERIA 376 12.3 SOIL-STRUCTURE VS. STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTIONS 377
12.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 377 12.3.2 STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTION 377
12.3.3 SOIL-FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION 378 12.4 LOAD, FACTOR OF
SAFETY, AND ALLOWABLE CONDITIONS 380 12.4.1 LOADS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
LOADS 380 12.4.2 FACTOR OF SAFETY AND ALLOWABLE LOADS 381 12.5 BEARING
CAPACITY OFGROUND SOIL 381 12.5.1 LOAD-FOOTING INTERACTION 381 12.5.2
BEARING CAPACITY FROM BUILDING CODES 381 12.6 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES
382 12.6.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES 382 12.6.2 COEFFICIENT OF
EARTH PRESSURE AT REST, KO 383 12.6.3 KO FOR CLAY-LIKE SOIL AND SAND 385
12.7 FRICTION FORCES AND ANGLES BETWEEN TWO MATERIALS 385 12.7.1
FRICTION ANGLE BETWEEN SOIL AND SOIL... 385 12.7.2 FRICTION ANGLE
BETWEEN SOIL AND WALL 386 12.8 PILE FOUNDATIONS 387 12.8.1
CHARACTERISTICS OFPILES 387 12.8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING PILE
CAPACITY 390 12.8.3 FIELD INSPECTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS 391 12.8.4
SPECIAL TYPES OF PILE AND THEIR USES 391 12.9 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
PROBLEMS 394 12.9.1 UNDERWATER INSPECTION OF SUBSTRUCTURES 394 12.9.2
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF UNDERWATER FACILITIES 394 12.10 GROUTING AND
INJECTION PROCESSES 396 12.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 396 12.10.2 GROUTING
PROCESS AND SOIL-GROUT INTERACTION 396 12.10.3 GROUT USED FOR
CONTROLLING HAZARDOUS/TOXIC WASTES 397 12.11 SUMMARY 397 PROBLEMS 398
CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMATIC SOILS AND ROCKS 399 13.1 INTRODUCTION 399 13.2
SHALE AND WEATHERED ROCKS 399 13.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 399 13.2.2
ROCK-LIKE AND SOIL-LIKE SHALES .400 13.2.3 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
SHALES .401 13.3 RESIDUAL SOILS 40 I 13.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OFRESIDUAL
SOILS 401 13.3.2 ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF RESIDUAL SOILS .402 13.3.3
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL SOILS 402 13.4 EXPANSIVE CLAYS 404
13.4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 404 13.4.2 FACTORS EFFECT ON SWELLING .405
13.4.3 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAYS .405 13.4.4
PROPERTIES AND PROBLEMS OF EXPANSIVE CLAY DEPOSITS .409 13.4.5 BLACK
COTTON SOILS .409 13.5 ORGANIC SOILS 410 13.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF
ORGANIC SOIL .41 0 13.5.2 CLASSIFICATION OFORGANIC SOILS .411 13.5.3
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOILS .414 13.6 KARST REGION
(SINKHOLE) 418 13.6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .418 13.6.2 SOLUTION PROCESSES
AND MECHANISMS .419 13.6.3 SINKHOLE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH
ENVIRONMENT... .421 13.6.4 REMEDIAL ACTIONS FOR SINKHOLES 421 13.7 LOESS
(AEOLIAN DEPOSITS) 422 13.7.1 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION ..422 13.7.2
COLLAPSIBILITY MECHANISMS AND PHENOMENA .422 13.7.3 PROPERTIES AND
FOUNDATION PROBLEMS .423 13.8 DISPERSIVE CLAYS .426 13.8.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION .426 13.8.2 IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES .427 13.8.3 PROPERTIES
AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS .427 13.9 LATERITE SOILS 427 13.9.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERITE SOIL.. 427 13.9.2 PROPERTIES AND FOUNDATION
PROBLEMS .427 13.10 LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS AND VARVED CLAYS .429 13.10.1
GENERAL DISCUSSION 429 13.10.2 MARIS AND TUFAS 429 13.10.3 VARVEDCLAYS
.432 13.11 SALINE AND ALKALI SOILS 433 13.11.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION ..433
13. H.2 PROPERTIES AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS 434 13.12 BENTONITE CLAYS
.434 13.12.1 CHARACTERISTIES OF BENTONITE CLAYS .434 13.12.2 PROPERTIES
AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS 435 13.13 TEPHRA, CORAL, AND SEA SHELLS .436
13.13.1 TEPHRA (VOLCANIC ASH AND CINDER) .436 13.13.2 CORAL AND SEA
SHELLS .436 13.14 SUMMARY 437 PROBLEMS 437 CHAPTER 14 WETLANDS, COASTAL
MARGINS, AND SOIL EROSION PROBLEMS 439 14.1 WETLANDS 439 14.1.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 439 14.1.2 DEFINITIONS, TYPES, AND CLASSIFICATIONS 440 14.1.3
NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OFWETLANDS .441 . 14.1.4 RICE PADDY (MAN-MADE
WETLAND) 441 14.1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF WETLANDS 442
14.2 LAND AND COASTAL MARGINS .443 14.2.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .443 14.2.2
LAND/COASTAL MARGIN ECOSYSTEM 444 14.2.3 BASIC PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR
EVALUATION .444 14.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS 446 14.3
BEACHES AND BEACH EROSION 447 14.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BEACHES AND
BEACH SAND .447 14.3.2 BEACH EROSION AND POLLUTION PROBLEMS 447 14.4
SALTWATER INTRUSION, ESTUARIES, AND GREENHOUSE EFFECT 448 14.4.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 448 14.4.2 ESTUARIES AND ESTUARINE SYSTEMS 449 14.4.3
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON COASTAL ENVIRONMENT.. .450 14.5 MARINE SEDIMENTS
AND SEA FLOOR PROBLEMS .450 14.5.1 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS .450 14.5.2
PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER .451 14.5.3 ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF MARINE
SEDIMENTS 451 14.5.4 POLLUTION AND CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS .453
14.5.5 MARINE STRUCTURES AND SLOPES .454 14.6 DREDGING AND DREDGING
MATERIAL... .454 14.6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .454 14.6.2 CASE STUDIES AND
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES .457 14.7 SOIL EROSION 457 14.7.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION .457 14.7.2 EROSION CAUSES AND MECHANISMS .457 14.8 WATER
EROSION .459 14.8.1 SOIL EROSION BY WATER.. .459 14.8.2 FACTORS
AFFECTING WATER EROSION .462 14.9 WIND EROSION 463 14.9.1 SOIL EROSION
BY WIND 463 14.10 EROSION CONTROL IN CONSTRUCTION AREAS 466 14.11
SUMMARY 466 PROBLEMS 467 CHAPTER 15 GROUND SURFACE *SUBSIDENCES 469 15.1
INTRODUCTION 469 15.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAND
SUBSIDENCE .469 15.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE .469 15.2.2
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE .471 15.3 MECHANISMS AND PHENOMENA
OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE 472 15.3.1 CREEP AND PROGRESSIVE FAILURES .472
15.3.2 PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSIDENCE .472 15.4 GROUND SUBSIDENCE
DUE TO NATURAL CAUSES .472 15.4.1 TECTONIC MOVEMENT AND EARTHQUAKE .472
15.4.2 FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE SOIL .473 15.4.3 FLOOD OR RAINSTORM .475
15.5 DEWATERING : 476 15.5.1 PHENOMENA AND MECHANISM OF DEWATERING 476
15.5.2 STRESS DISTRIBUTION DURING DEWATERING PROCESS .476 15.5.3 GROUND
SUBSIDENCE PREDICTION .479 15.5.4 TERZAGHI AND ZEEVAERT METHODS .480
15.6 MINING SUBSIDENCE 481 15.6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION .481 15.6.2 GROUND
SURFACE MOVEMENT 483 15.6.3 PREDICTION OF POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE .484
15.6.4 UNDERGROUND PRECAUTION FOR ACTIVE MINING 487 15.6.5 ABANDONED
MINES .489 15.7 CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS 491 15.7.1 DEEP EXCAVATION .491
15.7.2 PILE DRIVING OPERATION .492 15.7.3 DYNAMIC COMPACTION AND
BLASTING 492 15.7.4 SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
.492 15.8 SUMMARY 494 PROBLEMS 494 CHAPTER 16 SIOPE STABILITY 01 EARTH
SIOPES AND LANDSLIDES 495 16.1 INTRODUCTION 495 16.2 CAUSES AND
PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH LANDSLIDE .495 16.2.1 CAUSES OFGROUND MOVEMENT
495 16.2.2 PREFAILURE PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH LANDSLIDE .496 16.3
PROGRESSIVE FAILURES AND SURFACE CREEP 496 16.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION
.496 16.3.2 PROGRESSIVE FAILURE AND SURFACE CREEP 496 16.4 SLOPE
STABILITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURES .496 16.4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 496 16.4.2
LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM AND LIMIT ANALYSIS METHODS 498 16.4.3 SELECTION OF
STRENGTH PARAMETERS AND FACTOR OF SAFETY 499 16.4.4 UNCERTAINTIES AND
PROBABILITY OF FAILURE 500 16.5 EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON SLOPE STABILITY
501 L6.5.1 RAINFALL AND RAINFALL INTENSITY 501 16.5.2 SOIL-WATER
INTERACTION RELATING TO SLOPE STABILITY 503 16.5.3 DEPTH OF SATURATED
ZONE (WETTING BAND) 505 L6.6 LANDSLIDES IN RESIDUAL SOIL AND WEATHERING
ROCKS 508 16.6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OFRESIDUAL SOIL 508 16.6.2 CASE STUDY
508 L6.7 LANDSLIDES IN DISPERSIVE AND EXPANSIVE CLAY REGIONS 510 16.7.1
DISPERSIVE CLAY REGIONS 510 16.7.2 EXPANSIVE CLAY SLOPES 511 16.8
LANDSLIDES IN OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAY AREAS 511 J 6.8.1 FAILURE MECHANISM
IN OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS 511 16.8.2 REVIEW OFVARIOUS FAILURE MECHANISMS
512 16.8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICAL APPROACH 513 16.9
EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGER-CAUSING LANDSLIDES 514 16.9.1 SHALLOWSLOPEFAILURE 514
16.9.2 DEEP SLOPE FAILURE 514 16.10 SLOPE STABILITYLLANDSLIDE PROBLEMS
IN ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS 514 16.10.1 EFFECTS OF LOGGING OPERATIONS AND
TREE ROOTS , 5 15 16.10.2 EFFECTS OF OVERCUTTING OR EXCAVATION 515
16.10.3 ACID RAIN AND ACID DRAINAGE EFFECTS ON SLOPE STABILITY 516
16.10.4 MARINE (UNDERWATER) SLOPE STABI1ITY 516 16.11 LANDSLIDE
PREVENTION, CONTRO!, AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS 517 16.11.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION
517 16.11.2 DIFFICULT SOIL CONDITIONS 517 16.11.3
TROPICAL-EARTHQUAKE-URBAN ENVIRONMENT 520 16.12 GENETIC DIAGNOSIS OF
LANDSLIDE AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIONS 520 16.12.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 520
16.12.2 GENETIC DIAGNOSIS APPROACH 521 16.12.3 INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIONS
521 16.13 LANDSLIDE ZONATION AND MICROZONATION 523 16.13.1 ZONATION AND
MICROZONATION 523 16.13.2 LANDSLIDE ZONATION AND MICROZONATION MAP 523
16.14 SUMMARY 525 PROBLEMS 525 CHAPTER 17 SOLID/LIQUID WASTE CONTROL AND
UTILIZATION OF WASTES 527 17.1 INTRODUCTION 527 17.1.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 527 17.1.2 STABILITY OF URBAN REFUSE (GARBAGE) IN THE
LANDFILJ 527 17.1.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOLID ANDLIQUID WASTES 528 17.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN REFUSE (GARBAGE) 528 17.2.1 DEGRADABLE GARBAGE
528 17.2.2 ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF GARBAGE 529 17.2.3 RECYCLING
AND ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTES 529 17.2.4 ENGINEERING PROBLEMS OF
LANDFILL SITES 530 17.3 COMPACTION OF LANDFILL 531 17.3.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 531 17.3.2 REVIEW OF SANITARY LANDFILL TEST SECTIONS 531
17.3.3 SURFACE COMPACTION PROCESS 533 17.3.4 DEEP COMPACTION ON LANDFILL
SITES 533 17.3.5 COMPACTION CONTROL 533 17.4 SIOPE STABILITY OF LANDFILL
535 17.4.1 SIOPE CHARACTERISTIC IN LANDFILL SITE 535 17.4.2 SIOPE
FAILURE MODES 537 17.4.3 SIOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS 537 17.5 LABORATORY
TESTS ON COMPACTED GARBAGE 538 17.5.1 STRESS-STRAIN-STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS 538 17.5.2 STRENGTH PARAMETERS AND BEARING CAPACITY 529
17.5.3 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 539 17.6 STABILITY OF GARBAGE DURING
DECOMPOSED STAGE 539 17.6.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 539 17.6.2
DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES 541 17.6.3 SETTLEMENT PREDICTION 542 17.6.4
TYPES OF POLLUTED WATER AND PRESSURES PRODUCED 546 17.7 BASIC
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF WASTE CONTROL SYSTEM 547 17.7.1 GENERAL
DISCUSSION 547 17.7.2 ASSESS THE EXISTING SITE AND QUANTIFY SITE
CONDITIONS 548 17.7.3 DEVELOP THE CONTAINMENTRFREATMENT PROGRAM 548 17.8
WASTE CONTRAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS 548 17.8.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS
548 17.8.2 STRUCTURE OF CONTROL SYSTEMCOMPONENTS 550 17.8.3 TOP SEALS
(CAPS) 553 17.8.4 BOTTOM SEAL (LINERS) 555 17.8.5 DOUBLE-COMPOSITE LINER
SYSTEM 556 17.9 FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OFWASTE CONTROL SYSTEMS
558 17.9.1 CHEMICAL AND TREE ROOTS ATTACK ON LINERS 558 17.9.2 LEAKING
FROM IMPERVIOUS GROUND SOIL LAYERS 559 17.9.3 DYNAMIC LOAD EFFECTS 560
17.9.4 EFFECTS OFNEARBY SINKHOLES AND OTHERS 561 17.10 UTILIZATION OF
WASTES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES 561 17.10.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 561
17.10.2 TECHNOLOGY ON RECOVERY AND REUSE OF WASTE MATERIALS 562 17.10.3
SCRAP WASTE RUBBER TIRE 562 17.10.4 OTHERWASTE USES 564 17.11 SUMMARY
564 PROBLERNS 565 CHAPTER 18 ARID LANDS, DESERT, AND ANTIDESERTIFICATION
MEASURES 567 18.1 INTRODUCTION 567 18.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DESERT AND
DESERTIFICATION 567 18.2.1 DEFINITION 567 18.2.2 DESERT AND CIVILIZATION
568 18.2.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS 569 18.2.4 DESERT DISTRIBUTION
569 18.3 DESERT ENVIRONMENTS 569 18.3.1 CLIMATES 569 18.3.2 WHIRLING
DUST AND LONG-DISTANEE DUST... 570 18.3.3 TREES, VEGETATION, AND ANIMALS
571 18.4 CHARAETERISTIES OF DESERT SOILS 573 18.4.1 PROFILE OF DESERT
SOILS 573 18.4.2 DESERT VARNISH AND DESERT PAVEMENT... 573 18.4.3
SUBSURFAEE SOIL LAYER 574 18.4.4 VALLEY SOILS IN DESERT REGION 574
18.4.5 FLOODS 574 18.5 DESERT SAND-HEAT INTERAETION 575 18.5.1 GENERAL
DISEUSSION 575 18.5.2 THERMAL RESISTIVITY OFDESERT SAND 576 18.6 DESERT
SAND-WIND INTERAETION 576 18.6.1 CAUSES AND TYPES OFWIND 576 18.6.2
MEEHANISMS OF SAND-WIND INTERAETION 576 18.7 CHARAETERISTIES OF SAND
DUNES 576 18.7.1 GENERAL DISEUSSION 576 18.7.2 TYPES AND CAUSES OF SAND
DUNES 578 18.7.3 CHARAETERISTIES OF SAND DUNE MOVEMENT... 579 18.8
DESERT SAND-WATER INTERAETION 581 18.8.1 CHARAETERISTIES OF WATER IN
DESERT REGION 581 18.8.2 SURFAEE WATER - LAKES AND STREAMS 583 18.8.3
UNDERGROUND WATER RESOUREES 585 18.8.4 WATER RESOMEES AND CONSERVATION
TEEHNIQUES 585 18.9 LOEATING WATER SUPPLY SOUREE BASED ON PREFERRED
PLANES CONEEPT 587 18.9.1 GENERAL DISEUSSION 587 18.9.2 THE CONEEPT OF
PTEFERRED PLANES 587 18.9.3 PROEEDURES FUER LOEATING THE PREFERRED PLANES
588 18.10 ANTIDESERTIFIEATION MEASURES 589 18.10.1 GENERAL DISEUSSION
589 18.10.2 PREVENTION OF SAND MOVEMENT.. 589 18.10.3 BIOENGINEERING
STABILIZATION OF SAND DUNES 590 18.10.4 PROTEETION OF LIFELINES AGAINST
DRIFTING SAND 591 18.11 SUMMARY 592 PROBLEMS 592 COMMENTS AND
CONCLUSIONS 595 APPENDIXES 597 REFERENCES 611 INDEX 635
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fang, Hsai-Yang |
| author_facet | Fang, Hsai-Yang |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fang, Hsai-Yang |
| author_variant | h y f hyf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV011682305 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TD795 |
| callnumber-raw | TD795.7 |
| callnumber-search | TD795.7 |
| callnumber-sort | TD 3795.7 |
| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
| classification_rvk | RB 10915 TF 5000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)35397835 (DE-599)BVBBV011682305 |
| dewey-full | 624.1/51 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 624 - Civil engineering |
| dewey-raw | 624.1/51 |
| dewey-search | 624.1/51 |
| dewey-sort | 3624.1 251 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Bauingenieurwesen Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV011682305 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:13:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849382882 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007876150 |
| oclc_num | 35397835 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-634 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-634 DE-83 |
| physical | 652 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | New directions in civil engineering |
| spelling | Fang, Hsai-Yang Verfasser aut Introduction to environmental geotechnology Hsai-Yang Fang Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 1997 652 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New directions in civil engineering Environmental geotechnology Geotechnik (DE-588)4156771-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Geotechnik (DE-588)4156771-7 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-604 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007876150&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fang, Hsai-Yang Introduction to environmental geotechnology Environmental geotechnology Geotechnik (DE-588)4156771-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4156771-7 (DE-588)4061644-7 |
| title | Introduction to environmental geotechnology |
| title_auth | Introduction to environmental geotechnology |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to environmental geotechnology |
| title_full | Introduction to environmental geotechnology Hsai-Yang Fang |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to environmental geotechnology Hsai-Yang Fang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to environmental geotechnology Hsai-Yang Fang |
| title_short | Introduction to environmental geotechnology |
| title_sort | introduction to environmental geotechnology |
| topic | Environmental geotechnology Geotechnik (DE-588)4156771-7 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environmental geotechnology Geotechnik Umweltschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007876150&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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