Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | German |
Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
1998
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XII, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 3527288554 |
Internformat
MARC
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |c Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller |
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650 | 4 | |a Biosensing Techniques | |
650 | 4 | |a Biosensors | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
Preface v
1 Introduction l
1.1 Chemical Sensors as Alternative Analytical Tools 1
1.2 The Concept of Chemical and Biochemical Sensors 6
1.3 Recognition Processes and Sensor Technology: Milestones 10
1.4 Goals for Future Developments and Trends 13
1.4.1 Trends 13
1.4.2 Miniaturization, Nanotechnology 16
1.4.3 In Vivo and In Situ Monitoring 21
1.4.4 The Analytical Laboratory in the 21st Century 25
References 27
2 Chemical and Biochemical Sensors 33
2.1 Classification, Specification, and Nomenclature of Chemical Sensors 33
2.2 Molecular Recognition Processes for Ions and Neutral Species 38
2.2.1 Introduction 38
2.2.2 Molecular Interactions: Tools and Calculations 41
2.2.3 Molecular Recognition of Ions 48
2.2.4 Hydrogen Bonds 56
2.2.5 Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers 58
2.2.6 Molecular Interactions within the Aqueous Medium 59
2.2.7 Catalysis by Enzymes, Enzyme Mimics and Host Reactands 63
2.2.8 Catalytic Antibodies 70
2.2.9 Multitopic Recognition of Immunological Systems 71
2.2.10 Conclusions and Considerations for Ligand Design 74
References 76
VIII Contents
3 Controlling Sensor Reactions 83
3.1 Thermodynamically Controlled Sensor Reactions:
Reversibility and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 83
3.1.1 The Chemical Potential and the Partition Equilibrium 83
3.1.2 The Recognition and Transduction Process 93
3.1.3 The Electrochemical Potential and the (Potentiometric)
Sensor Response 100
3.2 Thermodynamics of Nonequilibria:
Diffusion and Steady State 104
3.3 Rate Controlled Sensor Reactions:
Mediated Enzyme Reactions 106
3.4. Nonthermodynamic Assumptions 114
3.4.1 Activity Versus Concentrations 114
3.4.2 Ionic Strength and Estimates of Activity Coefficients 118
3.4.3 Activity and Concentration of an Electrolyte:
IFCC / IUPAC Definitions 121
3.4.4 The Osmotic Coefficient 124
3.4.5 Calibration, Standardization, and Comparison with Definitive or
Reference Procedures 127
3.4.6 The Liquid Junction Potential under Physiological Conditions 134
References 136
4 The Artificial Analyte Selective Membrane Limitations,
Technological Precautions and Developments 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Types of Membranes and Membrane Models 140
4.2.1 The Biological Membrane 140
4.2.2 Artificial Membranes 144
4.3 The Selectivity Coefficient 155
Contents DC
4.4 The Membrane Composition and the Membrane Medium 161
4.4.1 The Influence of the Permittivity and of Plasticizers 162
4.4.2 The Effect of Electron Pair Donor (EPD) and Acceptor (EPA).
Properties of Solvents. Solubilization Properties of the Membrane 169
4.4.3 The Influence of the Aqueous Sample Environment 170
4.4.4 The Influence of the Surface Tension 172
4.4.5 The Effect of Lipophilic Anionic Sites 173
4.4.6 The Effect of the Ligand Concentration 176
4.5 Response Behavior, Sensitivity and Detection Limit 179
4.6 Lifetime, Lipophilicity, and Immobilization 182
4.7 Interactions by the Biological Matrix and Precautions 183
4.7.1 Biocompatibility 183
4.7.2 Possible Mechanism of Protein Adsorption 185
4.7.3 Influence of Thrombocytes on Solvent Polymeric Membranes 188
4.7.4 The Donnan Potential 188
4.7.5 The Influence of Anticoagulants 191
References 193
5 Potentiometric Chemical Sensors and Biological
Applications 199
5.1 Principles of Ion Selective Electrodes 199
5.2 The Symmetric Potentiometric Cell 203
5.2.1 The Asymmetry of ISE Membranes and Reference Electrodes 205
5.2.2 Analysis During Hemodialysis 211
5.2.3 How About Human Whole Blood? 214
5.3 The Magnesium Selective Electrode 215
5.3.1 Characteristics of the Magnesium Ion 217
5.3.2 Analytical Techniques 217
5.3.3 Natural Carriers 222
5.3.4 Synthetic Carriers 225
5.3.5 Applications 237
5.3.6 Stop Flow Analysis, the Continuous Flow System 239
5.3.7 Significance of Magnesium Selective Assays 240
5.4 Microelectrodes for Intracellular Measurements 242
5.4.1 The Nitrite Selective Microelectrode 245
X Contents
5.5 Miniaturized pH Probe for Intraluminal Monitoring of Gastric Juice 246
5.6 Chloride Selective Measurements in Blood Serum and Urine 248
References 253
6 Optical Sensors, Optodes 259
6.1 Introduction and Medical Applications 259
6.2 Sensors Based on Intrinsic Optical Effects of the Target Compound 260
6.2.1 Sensors Based on Inherent Optical Characteristics of a Specific
Analyte 260
6.2.2 Sensors Based on Inherent Optical Characteristics of a Host
Responding to Analyte Quantity with an Optical Effect 261
6.3 Sensors Based on a Labeled Host Compound or a Labeled Competitive
Analyte 269
6.4 Chemical Sensors Based on a Second Component: Simon Optodes 270
6.4.1 Chemical Principles of Operation 270
6.4.2 Optode Membranes for Cations 272
6.4.3 Optode Membranes for Anions 275
6.4.4 Optodes for Gases and Neutral Species 278
6.4.5 Principles of Reactions, Thermodynamic Equilibria and
Response Functions 282
6.4.6 Medical Assays: Applications to Diluted Plasma 285
6.4.7 Analytical Performance Parameters 289
6.5 The Optical Transduction Process 299
6.5.1 Absorbance Measurements in Transmission Mode 299
6.5.2 Optical Transducing Elements Based on Multiple Internal
Reflection (MIRE) 300
6.6 Trend to Miniaturized Integrated Optical Sensors (MIOS) 304
6.7 NIR Absorbing Dyes 309
6.8 Conclusions: Electrodes versus Optodes, Possibilities of Neutral Substrates 312
References 314
Contents XI
7 Data Validation and Interpretation 321
7.1 Introduction: What Does Data Mean? What Does Information Mean? 323
7.2 The Results of Analytical Tests: Random Numbers or Information Base? 323
7.2.1 Information, Interpretation, and Decision Making 323
7.2.2 What Does Information Mean? 325
7.2.3 The Bayesian Approach 330
7.2.4 General Validation of Clinical Tests and Analytical Results 331
7.2.5 ROC Analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics) 334
7.2.6 The Likelihood Ratio 337
7.2.7 Multivariate and Clustering Procedure 339
7.3 Goals in Analytical and Clinical Chemistry 343
7.3.1 Analytical Errors and Biological Variation 344
7.3.2 The Biological Scattering Range as the Dynamic Range 348
7.3.3 Accuracy Assessment 352
7.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Planning Diagnostic Tests .... 354
References 355
Appendices 359
Appendix 1: Milestones in the Development of Chemical and Biochemical
Sensors 359
Appendix 2: Terminology for the Diagnostic Performance of a Test 361
Appendix 3: Biological Setting Points for Electrolytes 363
Appendix 4: Allowable Analytical Errors for Electrolytes in Medical Assays 365
Appendix 5: Physicochemical Characteristics of the Five Biologically
Important Cations 367
Appendix 6: Structures and Physical Data of Plasticizers 369
Appendix 7: Nomenclature and Molecular Masses of Plasticizers 373
Appendix 8: Materials and Methods Used for Preparation of Ion Selective
Electrodes and Synthesis of Hydroxy Poly(vinyl chloride) 376
XII Contents
Appendix 9: Required Logarithmic Selectivity Coefficients for Ion Selective
Electrodes 383
Appendix 10: Synthesis and Identity of the Ion Selective Carriers ETH 7025,
ETH 3832 and ETH 5506 used in this Work 387
Appendix 11: List of Structures and Selectivity Coefficients of Investigated
Magnesium Selective Ligands 392
Appendix 12: IUPAC Units and Statistical Considerations 401
Index 405
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Spichiger-Keller, Ursula E. |
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author_sort | Spichiger-Keller, Ursula E. |
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bvnumber | BV011644898 |
callnumber-first | T - Technology |
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dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
dewey-ones | 547 - Organic chemistry |
dewey-raw | 547 |
dewey-search | 547 |
dewey-sort | 3547 |
dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Biologie Chemie |
format | Book |
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isbn | 3527288554 |
language | German |
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spelling | Spichiger-Keller, Ursula E. Verfasser aut Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller Weinheim Wiley-VCH 1998 XII, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sensoren gtt Biosensing Techniques Biosensors Chemical detectors Chemistry Techniques, Analytical Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd rswk-swf Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd rswk-swf Chemischer Sensor (DE-588)4259288-4 gnd rswk-swf Chemischer Sensor (DE-588)4259288-4 s DE-604 Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 s Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007848605&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Spichiger-Keller, Ursula E. Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications Sensoren gtt Biosensing Techniques Biosensors Chemical detectors Chemistry Techniques, Analytical Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd Chemischer Sensor (DE-588)4259288-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4255721-5 (DE-588)4193016-2 (DE-588)4259288-4 |
title | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |
title_auth | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |
title_exact_search | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |
title_full | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller |
title_fullStr | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller |
title_full_unstemmed | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller |
title_short | Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |
title_sort | chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications |
topic | Sensoren gtt Biosensing Techniques Biosensors Chemical detectors Chemistry Techniques, Analytical Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd Chemischer Sensor (DE-588)4259288-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Sensoren Biosensing Techniques Biosensors Chemical detectors Chemistry Techniques, Analytical Biochemische Analyse Biosensor Chemischer Sensor |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007848605&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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