Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Plenum Press
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in neurochemistry
8 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 413 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 030645520X |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Advances in neurochemistry |v 8 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain Chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain Diseases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain |x Diseases |x Diagnosis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain |x Magnetic resonance imaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurochemistry |x Methodology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126148426203136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND GLOSSARY xxi
INTRODUCTION 1
Herman Bachelard
Chapter 1
UC AND H MRS OF CULTURED NEURONS AND GLIA
Ursula Sonnewald, Arne Schousboe, and Niels Westergaard
1. Introduction 10
2. Cell Cultures 10
3. H MRS of Cultured Neurons and Glia 11
3.1. Cell Specific Molecules in the Water Soluble Phase 11
3.2. The Lipid Extract of Cultured Neurons and Glia 12
3.3. Neurons and Astrocytes during Normoxia and Hypoxia 14
4. Metabolic Pathways in Astrocytes and Neurons 16
5. I3C MRS of Cultured Astrocytes 20
5.1. Metabolism of [2 l3C]Acetate and [l l3C)Glucose 22
5.2. Metabolism of [U l3C]Glutmate 25
6. 13C MRS of Cultured Neurons 26
6.1. Metabolism of [l 13C]Glucose 26
6.2. Metabolism of [U l3C]Glutamate and [U l3C]Glutamine 27
7. Neuronal Glial Interactions in Amino Acid Synthesis 30
7.1. Synthesis of GABA, Glutamate, and Aspartate from
[2 I3C] Acetate 30
7.2. Synthesis of GABA, Glutamate, and Aspartate from
[l 3C]Glucose 31
xi
xii CONTENTS
7.3. Compartmentation of Metabolism 32
7.4. Effects of Hypoxia 33
8. Conclusion 34
References 35
Chapter 2
MEASUREMENT OF FREE INTRACELLULAR CATIONS
Herman Bachelard and Ronnitte Badar Goffer
1. Introduction 42
2. Divalent Cations 43
2.1. Magnesium 43
2.2. Calcium 47
2.3. Zinc 53
2.4. Lead 54
3. Monovalent Cations 54
3.1. pH 54
3.2. Sodium and Potassium 57
3.3. Lithium 58
References 59
Chapter 3
IN VIVO NITROGEN MRS STUDIES OF RAT BRAIN METABOLISM
Keiko Kanamori and Brian D. Ross
1. Introduction 66
2. Metabolic Flux through the Glutamine/Glutamate/GABA Cycle .... 66
2.1. Significance for Basic Neurochemical Research 66
2.2. Clinical Significance 67
2.3. Relevance of Animal Studies 67
3. Nitrogen MRS—Characteristics for in Vivo Studies 68
3.1. I5N MRS 68
3.2. I4N MRS 71
4. Nitrogen MRS Studies of Rat Brain Metabolism 71
4.1. ISN MRS Studies of in Vivo GS Activity 71
4.2. I5N MRS Study of in Vivo PAG Activity 78
4.3. I4N MRS Studies 81
CONTENTS xiii
5. Future Prospects 82
5.1. Neurochemical and Clinical Application 82
5.2. MRS Techniques 83
References 86
Chapter 4
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Robert Vink and Tracy K. McIntosh
1. Introduction 92
2. Phosphate Concentration 93
3. Intracellular pH 94
4. Intracellular Free Magnesium 96
5. Cytosolic Phosphorylation Ratio 99
6. Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity 100
7. Magnesium Treatment 102
8. Male versus Female Animals 103
9. Alcohol and Trauma 104
10. Other Treatments 105
11. Models of Traumatic Brain Injury 106
12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Trauma 107
13. Methodological Considerations 108
13.1. Surface Coils 108
13.2. Quantitation 109
13.3. Chemical Shifts 110
14. Conclusion 110
References Ill
Chapter 5
ANIMAL MODELS OF STROKE
Terri L. C. Luvisotto and Garnette R. Sutherland
1. Introduction 118
2. Global versus Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Definitions 119
3. Models of Global/Forebrain Cerebral Ischemia 122
3.1. Occlusion of the Extracranial Cerebral Vessels 122
3.2. Cardiac Arrest 125
xiv CONTENTS
3.3. Elevation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure 125
3.4. Neck Tourniquet 126
3.5. Surgical Occlusion of the Ascending Aorta 126
3.6. Decapitation 126
4. Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia 126
4.1. Models of Irreversible Focal Cerebral Ischemia 128
4.2. Models of Reversible Focal Cerebral Ischemia 128
5. Intracerebral Hemorrhage 131
6. Pitfalls 132
6.1. Brain Temperature 132
6.2. Blood Glucose Levels 134
6.3. Hematocrit 135
6.4. Arterial Blood Gases and Blood Pressure 135
6.5. Anesthesia 135
6.6. Cerebral Blood Flow 136
6.7. Experimental Design and Methods of Analysis 136
6.8. Factors Pertaining to Human Studies of Cerebral Ischemia .... 137
7. Concluding Remarks 138
References 139
Chapter 6
IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY:
APPLICATION TO BRAIN TUMORS
Brian D. Ross, Oded Ben Yoseph, and Thomas L. Chenevert
1. Introduction 146
2. Use of MRI for Studying Brain Tumors 146
2.1. Quantitation of Growth Kinetics and Cell Kill in Experimental
Brain Tumors Following Therapeutic Intervention 146
2.2. Diffusion MRI: Insights into Tumor Structure at the Cellular
Level 149
2.3. MRI Measurements of Tumor Blood Flow (TBF) and Blood
Brain Barrier Permeability 153
2.4. In Vivo MRI of Particle Delivery and Phagocytosis in
Experimental Gliomas 160
3. Application of Multinuclear MRS to Study Brain Tumors 161
3.1. 31P MRS Studies of Brain Tumors 161
3.2. Localized H MRS of Intracranial Tumors 165
3.3. MRS Metabolic Studies of Experimental Brain Tumors Using
13C Labeled Precursors 171
CONTENTS xv
4. Conclusions 173
References 174
Chapter 7
DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Martin King, Nick van Bruggen, Albert Busza, and Robert Turner
1. Introduction 180
2. Diffusion and the Magnetic Resonance Experiment 181
2.1. The Spin Echo Method for Measuring Self Diffusion 181
2.2. The Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo Method 184
2.3. Restricted Diffusion in Colloidal and Macromolecular Solutions 184
2.4. Diffusion in Biological Media: Diffusion and Perfusion
Imaging 185
2.5. Diffusion Weighted Imaging Techniques 188
2.6. Hardware Requirements for Diffusion Imaging 190
2.7. ? Space Imaging 191
3. Anisotropic Diffusion and the Diffusion Tensor 191
4. Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Cerebral Pathology 194
4.1. Sensitivity and Specificity to Pathology 195
4.2. Diffusion Weighted Imaging and the Therapeutic Window .... 201
4.3. Trace Imaging, Fiber Orientation 204
5. Diffusion Weighted Spectroscopy 205
6. Conclusion 206
References 207
Chapter 8
HIGH SPEED ECHO PLANAR IMAGING AND ITS APPLICATION
TO NEUROLOGY
Penny Gowland and Peter Mansfield
1. Introduction 213
2. General Applications 214
3. Echo Planar Imaging: Theory and Practice 215
3.1. The EPI Sequence 215
3.2. Technical Issues in EPI 220
3.3. The Safety of EPI 221
jrvi CONTENTS
3.4. Real Time Movie Imaging 222
3.5. State of the Art EPI 223
4. Developments of Echo Planar Imaging 223
4.1. 7, Mapping Using EPI 224
4.2. Diffusion Mapping Using EPI 226
4.3. Flow 227
4.4. Chemical Shift Imaging 229
4.5. Echo Volumar Imaging 230
5. Clinical Applications in Neurology 230
5.1. Functional Imaging 230
5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow 231
5.3. Perfusion Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease 232
5.4. Contrast Agent Uptake to Characterize Brain Tumors 232
5.5. Diffusion Measurements in Stroke 233
5.6. Multiple Sclerosis 234
5.7. Fetal Imaging 235
5.8. Interventional Imaging 236
References 236
Chapter 9
BRAIN ACTIVATION STUDIES USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Steve C. R. Williams, Andrew Simmons, Chris M. Andrew, Mick J.
Brammer, Ed T. Bullmore, and Sophia Rabe Hesketh
1. Introduction 242
2. MR Methods for Probing Brain Function 243
2.1. Exogenous Contrast Agents 243
2.2. Endogenous Contrast Methods 245
3. Practical Challenges in Implementing FMRI Studies 245
3.1. General Considerations 249
3.2. Quality Control 250
3.3. Subject Motion 251
3.4. Image Analysis 252
4. FMRI—How We Do It 253
4.1. Image Acquisition 253
4.2. Movement Correction 254
4.3. Time Series Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 254
5. Applications 256
5.1. Motor Tasks 256
5.2. Language Dominance 257
5.3. Verbal Working Memory 258
CONTENTS xvii
5.4. Covert Verbal Fluency 259
5.5. Hallucinations 260
6. Conclusion 261
References 261
Chapter 10
MRI AND PROTON MRS IN THE EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS
D. L. Arnold, P. M. Matthews, and N. De Stefano
1. Multiple Sclerosis: An Introduction 268
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation and Monitoring
of MS 271
2.1. Conventional MR Imaging of MS Lesions 271
2.2. MRI Measures of Disease Activity 273
2.3. Advanced MR Imaging Techniques for Improved
Characterization of MS Pathology in Vivo 275
3. Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Evaluation
and Monitoring of MS 276
3.1. Brain MRS in MS 276
3.2. NAA As an Index of Neuronal Dysfunction or Loss 276
3.3. Possible Chemical Correlates of Acute Inflammatory Changes
and Demyelination 279
3.4. The Chemical Pathological Evolution of MS Lesions 279
3.5. Axonal Dysfunction or Loss in MS Lesions 281
3.6. Progression of Axonal Changes in MS 282
4. Conclusions 284
References 284
Chapter 11
PHOSPHORUS AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
OF THE BRAIN OF THE NEWBORN HUMAN INFANT
Ernest B. Cady
1. Introduction 290
2. Management of the Newborn during Spectroscopy Studies 291
2.1. Patient Handling 292
2.2. Physiological Monitoring and Maintenance 292
xviii CONTENTS
3. Data Acquisition Methods 292
3.1. Radio Frequency Probes 293
3.2. Localization Pulse Sequences 293
3.3. Quantitation Techniques 294
4. Normal Brain Development in Premature and Term Infants 298
4.1. 3IP Spectroscopy 298
4.2. H Spectroscopy 304
5. Cerebral Pathology 309
5.1. Perinatal Asphyxia 310
5.2. Metabolic Disorders 316
5.3. Prognosis 318
6. Conclusions 320
References 322
Chapter 12
LOCALIZED PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
OF BRAIN DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
Jens Frahm and Folker Hanefeld
1. Introduction 330
2. Localized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 330
2.1. Single Voxel Spectroscopy: A Rationale 332
2.2. Localization Using Stimulated Echoes 333
2.3. Identification of Cerebral Metabolites 334
2.4. Quantification of Cerebral Metabolite Concentrations 337
2.5. Patient Examinations 345
3. Leukodystrophies 346
3.1. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy 347
3.2. Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (Krabbe s Disease) 349
3.3. Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease 349
3.4. Canavan s Disease 351
3.5. Alexander s Disease 354
3.6. Adrenoleukodystrophy 355
3.7. Unclassified Leukodystrophies 359
4. Other White Matter Diseases 361
4.1. L 2 Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria 362
4.2. Succinate Dehydrogenase Deficiency 363
4.3. Multiple Sclerosis 363
5. Gray Matter Diseases 366
5.1. Gangliosidoses 366
5.2. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 368
CONTENTS xix
6. Mitochondrial Diseases 371
6.1. Leigh Syndrome 371
6.2. Encephalomyopathies 375
7. Rett Syndrome 377
8. Creatine Deficiency 380
9. Miscellaneous Disorders 384
9.1. Carbohydrate Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome 384
9.2. Cerebro Hepato Renal Syndrome of Zellweger 385
9.3. Hemimegalencephaly 389
9.4. Brain Tumors 392
References 394
INDEX 403
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| id | DE-604.BV011619427 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:12:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 030645520X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007828131 |
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| physical | XXII, 413 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
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| publisher | Plenum Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Advances in neurochemistry |
| series2 | Advances in neurochemistry |
| spelling | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry ed. by Herman Bachelard New York [u.a.] Plenum Press 1997 XXII, 413 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in neurochemistry 8 Brain Chemistry Brain Diseases Brain Diseases Diagnosis Brain Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neurochemistry Methodology Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd rswk-swf NMR-Spektroskopie (DE-588)4075421-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 s NMR-Spektroskopie (DE-588)4075421-2 s DE-604 Bachelard, Herman S. 1929-2006 Sonstige (DE-588)120218496 oth Advances in neurochemistry 8 (DE-604)BV000900664 8 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007828131&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry Advances in neurochemistry Brain Chemistry Brain Diseases Brain Diseases Diagnosis Brain Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neurochemistry Methodology Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd NMR-Spektroskopie (DE-588)4075421-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041872-8 (DE-588)4075421-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry |
| title_auth | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry |
| title_full | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry ed. by Herman Bachelard |
| title_fullStr | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry ed. by Herman Bachelard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry ed. by Herman Bachelard |
| title_short | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry |
| title_sort | magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry |
| topic | Brain Chemistry Brain Diseases Brain Diseases Diagnosis Brain Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neurochemistry Methodology Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd NMR-Spektroskopie (DE-588)4075421-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Brain Chemistry Brain Diseases Brain Diseases Diagnosis Brain Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neurochemistry Methodology Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Neurochemie NMR-Spektroskopie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007828131&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000900664 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bachelardhermans magneticresonancespectroscopyandimaginginneurochemistry |