Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy: a documentary history
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Westport, Conn. [u.a.]
Greenwood Press
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Primary documents in American history and contemporary issues
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLIII, 470 S. |
| ISBN: | 0313294682 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy |b a documentary history |c ed. by Russell D. Buhite |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126124585779200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | From the Cold War to the Persian Gulf War, the high drama of America s
contemporary foreign policy crises comes to life in this collection of primary
documents designed for use by high school and college students. The comprehen¬
sive work dramatizes through memoirs and diaries of the major players, as well as
key public documents, eight major crises: The Origins of the Cold War, the Berlin
Blockade of
Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the Iranian Hostage Crisis of
Persian Gulf War with Iraq. The selection of documents for each crisis dramatizes
the tension between the opposing nations and illuminates the process of decision-
making by U.S. policy makers. Meticulously culled from a wide variety of sources
and voices, many of the
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A 377755
MAJOR CRISES
IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY
EDITED BY RUSSELL D. BUHITE
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
GREENWOOD PRESS WESTPORT, CONNECTICUT * LONDON
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
SERIES FOREWORD XXXIX
INTRODUCTION XLI
PART I: SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD
WAR, 1945-1947 1
CHRONOLOGY 2
AGREEMENTS AND PERSONALITIES AT YALTA 4
DOCUMENT 1: THE YALTA CONFERENCE PROTOCOL AND AGREEMENTS (FEBRUARY 1945)
4
DOCUMENT 2: SOVIET DIPLOMAT ANDREI GROMYKO RECALLS THE STALIN- ROOSEVELT
MEETING AT YALTA, AND THE ISSUE OF SOVIET FORCES IN THE PACIFIC
(FEBRUARY 1945) 6
DOCUMENT 3: SOVIET SPYMASTER COMPARES SOVIET GEOPOLITICAL GAINS FROM
THE 1939 NAZI-SOVIET PACT WITH STALIN S EXPANSIONIST MOTIVES AT YALTA
(SPRING 1945) 7
REPATRIATION AND POLAND 8
DOCUMENT 4: ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF GENERAL GEORGE C. MARSHALL S
INSTRUCTIONS TO GENERAL JOHN DEANE TO INVESTIGATE THE TREATMENT OF
AMERICAN SERVICEMEN BEHIND RUSSIAN LINES (3 MARCH 1945) 8
DOCUMENT 5: AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO THE SOVIET UNION CABLES STATE
DEPARTMENT THAT SOVIETS USING U.S. SERVICEMEN AS A CLUB IN
NEGOTIATIONS (14 MARCH 1945) 9
DOCUMENT 6: PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT S LETTER TO JOSEF STALIN ON
EVACUATION AND TREATMENT OF LIBERATED
IMAGE 3
X CONTENTS
U.S. SERVICEMEN IN EASTERN EUROPE (17 MARCH 1945) 11
DOCUMENT 7: STALIN S REPLY TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S CABLE [DOCUMENT 6]
ON THE EVACUATION OF AMERICAN POWS FROM LIBERATED EASTERN EUROPE (22
MARCH 1945) 11
DOCUMENT 8: AMBASSADOR HARRIMAN REPORTS THE UNSATISFACTORY CONDITIONS
FOR LIBERATED AMERICAN SERVICEMEN IN SOVIET CAMPS (24 MARCH 1945) 12
DOCUMENT 9: PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN MEETS WITH SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER
MOLOTOV IN WASHINGTON (22-23 APRIL 1945) 14
ATOMIC DIPLOMACY AND POTSDAM 15
DOCUMENT 10: WINSTON CHURCHILL TO SECRETARY OF WAR HENRY STIMSON ON
TUBE ALLOYS (18 JULY 1945) 16
DOCUMENT 11: SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER MOLOTOV RECALLS THE SOVIETS ATOMIC
PROGRAM AND THE ROLE OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS JULIUS AND ETHEL ROSENBERG
(1943-1953) 16
DOCUMENT 12: SECRETARY OF WAR STIMSON S MEMO TO PRESIDENT TRUMAN ON THE
EFFECT OF THE U.S. ATOMIC BOMB ON RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA (11 SEPTEMBER
1945) 17
DOCUMENT 13: AMBASSADOR GROMYKO RECALLS HOW PRESIDENT TRUMAN NOTIFIED
STALIN THAT AMERICA WAS PREPARING TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB AGAINST JAPAN
(24 JULY 1945) 18
DOCUMENT 14: THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE S PROTOCOL OF PROCEEDINGS (1 AUGUST
1945) 20
DOCUMENT 15: SOVIET GENERAL RECOUNTS STALIN S CANCELLATION OF SOVIET
LANDING ON THE JAPANESE ISLAND OF HOKKAIDO (AUGUST 1945) 21
DOCUMENT 16: SOVIET INTELLIGENCE OFFICER REVEALS THAT AN AMERICAN
SCIENTIST INFORMED SOVIETS OF AMERICA S INABILITY TO CONDUCT A NUCLEAR
WAR AGAINST THE USSR (LATE 1940S) 21
THE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS: TRIPOLITANIA, JAPAN, AND IRAN 22
DOCUMENT 17: SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES REMEMBERS THE
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS XI
COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS MEETING IN LONDON (SEPTEMBER 1945) 22
DOCUMENT 18: SECRETARY BYRNES RECALLS AMBASSADOR HARRIMAN S REPORT OF
STALIN S KEEN INTEREST IN THE ALLIED OCCUPATION OF JAPAN (NOVEMBER 1945)
23
DOCUMENT 19: SECRETARY BYRNES AT THE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS
MEETING IN MOSCOW AND HIS DISCUSSION WITH STALIN ABOUT IRAN (DECEMBER
1945) 24
DOCUMENT 20: STALIN S SPEECH THAT THE WESTERN POWERS INITIALLY ASSESSED
AS THE DECLARATION OF WORLD WAR III (9 FEBRUARY 1946) 26
THE LONG TELEGRAM, THE IRON CURTAIN SPEECH, AND THE CLIFFORD REPORT 27
DOCUMENT 21: EAST-WEST TENSION ASCRIBED TO KREMLIN S IDEOLOGICAL
CONCEPTION OF INEVITABILITY OF CONFLICT BETWEEN COMMUNIST-CAPITALIST
CAMPS (JUNE 1946) 27
DOCUMENT 22: CHARG6 GEORGE F. KENNAN S LONG TELEGRAM (22 FEBRUARY
1946) 29
DOCUMENT 23: WINSTON CHURCHILL S IRON CURTAIN SPEECH (5 MARCH 1946) 34
DOCUMENT 24: THE MONUMENTAL TOP-SECRET CLIFFORD-ELSEY REPORT PREPARED
FOR PRESIDENT TRUMAN (24 SEPTEMBER 1946) 36
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT 40
DOCUMENT 25: PRESIDENT TRUMAN REVEALS PLAN TO AID GREECE AND TURKEY AS
CRUCIAL ELEMENT OF HIS DOCTRINE TO CONTAIN COMMUNIST EXPANSION (12 MARCH
1947) 41
DOCUMENT 26: NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 . .. THE NSC, THE CIA, THE
JCS, AND THE NATIONAL MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT (26 JULY 1947) 44
THE MARSHALL PLAN AND COMINFORM 47
DOCUMENT 27: AMERICAN DIPLOMAT GEORGE KENNAN EXPLAINS THE FUNCTIONS OF
THE STATE DEPARTMENT S POLICY PLANNING STAFF AND ITS RECOMMENDATIONS TO
SECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE MARSHALL OF PLAN FOR THE
ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE (24 MAY 1947) 47
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XII CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 28: SOVIET GENERAL STRESSES THAT COMINFORM WAS STALIN S
RESPONSE TO TRUMAN S DOCTRINE OF CONTAINMENT (SEPTEMBER 1947) 48
PART II: THE BERLIN BLOCKADE AND AIRLIFT, 1948-1949 51
CHRONOLOGY 52
THE ALLIES GERMANY AND BERLIN DILEMMA 53
DOCUMENT 29: LANCASTER HOUSE PROTOCOL ON THE ZONES OF OCCUPATION IN
GERMANY AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF GREATER BERLIN (12 SEPTEMBER 1944)
53
DOCUMENT 30: PROTOCOL ON GERMANY AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE (FEBRUARY 1945)
. 55
DOCUMENT 31: U.S. GENERAL LUCIUS CLAY AND SOVIET GENERAL GEORGI ZHUKOV
DISCUSS LINES OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN GERMANY AND BERLIN (29 JUNE 1945)
55
DOCUMENT 32: THE BERLIN (POTSDAM) CONFERENCE PROTOCOL (2 AUGUST 1945) 56
DOCUMENT 33: GENERAL CLAY RECALLS THE ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL S DECISION
TO APPROVE AIR CORRIDORS TO AND FROM BERLIN (30 NOVEMBER 1945) 57
DOCUMENT 34: SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES SPEECH AT STUTTGART
CONCERNING U.S. RELATIONS WITH POSTWAR GERMANY (6 SEPTEMBER 1946) 58
DOCUMENT 35: THE LONDON CONFERENCE COMMUNIQUE ON GERMANY (7 JUNE 1948)
61
DOCUMENT 36: SOVIET INTELLIGENCE OFFICER PAVEL SUDOPLATOV ASSERTS THAT
STALIN INITIATED THE CRISIS TO ASSURE COMMUNIST VICTORY IN CHINA (1994)
63
OPERATION VITTLES 64
DOCUMENT 37: GENERAL CLAY S CABLE TO ARMY GENERAL OMAR BRADLEY (1 APRIL
1948) 64
DOCUMENT 38: TELECONFERENCE BETWEEN GENERAL CLAY, ARMY SECRETARY ROYALL,
AND ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF GENERAL BRADLEY OVER EVACUATION FROM BERLIN (2
APRIL 1948) 65
DOCUMENT 39: GENERAL CLAY ORDERS AIRLIFT PHASE OF OPERATION VITTLES
(JUNE 1948) 67
DOCUMENT 40: THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSATLANTIC TELECONFERENCE
COMMUNICATION, AND GENERAL CLAY S REQUEST TO UPGRADE THE AIRLIFT WITH
C-54S (JULY 1948) 68
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CONTENTS XIII
DOCUMENT 41: GENERAL BRADLEY REMEMBERS THE AIRLIFT AS THE COLD WAR S
SINGLE GREATEST TRIUMPH (1983) 69
DOCUMENT 42: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JAMES FORRESTAL S DIARY WITH COMMENTS
ON THE BLOCKADE, B-29S TO BRITAIN, AND THE ATOMIC BOMB (JUNE-JULY 1948)
69
DOCUMENT 43: SECRETARY FORRESTAL TO SECRETARY OF STATE MARSHALL ON U.S.
PREPARATION FOR GLOBAL CONFLICT (28 JULY 1948) 72
DOCUMENT 44: U.S. DIPLOMATIC NOTE TO THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT (6 JULY 1948)
73
DOCUMENT 45: NOTE FROM THE SOVIET UNION TO THE UNITED STATES (14 JULY
1948) 74
DOCUMENT 46: SECRETARY MARSHALL TO U.S. AMBASSADOR LEWIS DOUGLAS ON THE
ALLIED APPROACH TOWARD STALIN (20 JULY 1948) 76
DOCUMENT 47: FOREIGN MINISTERS COMMUNIQUE REFERS THE CRISIS TO THE UN
SECURITY COUNCIL (26 SEPTEMBER 1948) 79
DOCUMENT 48: DEAN ACHESON ON THE STATE DEPARTMENT S REACTION TO STALIN S
INTERVIEW WITH KINGSBURY SMITH (FEBRUARY 1949) 79
DOCUMENT 49: AMBASSADOR PHILIP JESSUP S PARK AVENUE DIPLOMACY-ENDING
THE BERLIN BLOCKADE (MARCH- MAY 1949) 81
DOCUMENT 50: COMMUNIQUE OF AGREEMENT ON BERLIN FROM THE FRENCH, BRITISH,
AND UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES TO THE UNITED NATIONS (4 MAY 1949) 84
PART III: THE KOREAN WAR, 1950-1953 87
CHRONOLOGY 89
PRIOR TO 25 JUNE 1950 90
DOCUMENT 51: THE CAIRO DECLARATION BY PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, PRIME
MINISTER CHURCHILL, AND GENERALISSIMO JIANG (1 DECEMBER 1943) 90
DOCUMENT 52: DEAN RUSK RECALLS HOW TWO TIRED COLONELS DIVIDED KOREA AT
THE 38TH PARALLEL (14 AUGUST 1945) 91
DOCUMENT 53: AS COMMANDER OF U.S. FORCES IN THE PACIFIC, GENERAL DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT THAT BOTH AMERICAN AND
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XIV CONTENTS
RUSSIAN FORCES BE WITHDRAWN FROM KOREA (16 DECEMBER 1945) 92
DOCUMENT 54: U.S. NOTIFICATION TO SOVIETS OF INTENT TO REFER THE KOREAN
QUESTION TO THE UN (7 SEPTEMBER 1947) 94
DOCUMENT 55: JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF S ASSESSMENT OF AMERICA S NATIONAL
INTEREST IN KOREA (SEPTEMBER 1947) 94
DOCUMENT 56: SOVIET AMBASSADOR TO NORTH KOREA REPORTS TO STALIN OF KIM
IL-SUNG S INCREASING PREPARATIONS TO ATTACK SOUTH KOREA (19 JANUARY
1950) 95
DOCUMENT 57: SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN ACHESON S DEFENSIVE PERIMETER OF
THE PACIFIC SPEECH DURING A MEETING OF THE U.S. PRESS CLUB (12 JANUARY
1950) 97
DOCUMENT 58: ACHESON RECALLS HIS SPEECH AND THE DEFEAT OF AN AID PACKAGE
(1950) 98
DOCUMENT 59: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL PAPER #68 (25 APRIL
1950) 99
THE 38TH PARALLEL 101
DOCUMENT 60: PRESIDENT TRUMAN RESPONDS TO THE NORTH KOREAN ATTACK (25
JUNE 1950) 101
DOCUMENT 61: PRESIDENT TRUMAN S MILITARY RESPONSE TO ATTACK (27 JUNE
1950) 103
DOCUMENT 62: PRESIDENT TRUMAN ON MILITARY ACTION IN KOREA (30 JUNE 1950)
103
DOCUMENT 63: AMERICAN DIPLOMAT GEORGE KENNAN RECALLS DISCUSSIONS AT THE
STATE DEPARTMENT TO RESTORE 38TH PARALLEL AS THE STATUS QUO ANTE
(JUNE-JULY 1950) 104
DOCUMENT 64: INTERNAL STATE DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM OUTLINING U.S. POLICY
CONCERNING THE 38TH PARALLEL (1 JULY 1950) 105
DOCUMENT 65: JOHN FOSTER DULLES 38TH PARALLEL MEMORANDUM (14 JULY 1950)
105
DOCUMENT 66: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE GEORGE MARSHALL TO GENERAL MACARTHUR
TO CROSS THE 38TH PARALLEL (29 SEPTEMBER 1950) 107
DOCUMENT 67: GENERAL MACARTHUR S RATIONALE FOR AMPHIBIOUS
LANDING AT INCHON (23 AUGUST 1950) 107
T R U M A N - M A C A R T H UR CONTROVERSY 108
DOCUMENT 68: GENERAL MACARTHUR S PROPOSED MESSAGE TO THE
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CONTENTS XV
CHICAGO CONVENTION OF VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS (28 AUGUST 1950) 108
DOCUMENT 69: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE LOUIS JOHNSON AND PRESIDENT TRUMAN S
RESPONSES TO MACARTHUR S VFW MESSAGE (AUGUST 1950) 110
DOCUMENT 70: PRESIDENT TRUMAN RECALLS POLICY DIFFERENCES WITH GENERAL
MACARTHUR (AUGUST 1950) 110
DOCUMENT 71: PRESIDENT TRUMAN S MEETING AT WAKE ISLAND WITH GENERAL
MACARTHUR (OCTOBER 1950) 111
DOCUMENT 72: GENERAL MACARTHUR REMEMBERS WAKE ISLAND MEETING WITH
PRESIDENT TRUMAN (OCTOBER 1950) 112
DOCUMENT 73: GENERAL MACARTHUR S MY AUTHORITY AS FIELD COMMANDER
STATEMENT (24 MARCH 1951) 113
DOCUMENT 74: JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF MESSAGE TO GENERAL MACARTHUR (24
MARCH 1951) 114
DOCUMENT 75: THE OPEN LETTERS BETWEEN MINORITY LEADER CONGRESSMAN JOSEPH
MARTIN AND GENERAL MACARTHUR DISCUSSING U.S. POLICY IN ASIA AND EUROPE
(MARCH 1951) 114
DOCUMENT 76: PRESIDENT TRUMAN S DISMISSAL OF GENERAL MACARTHUR (APRIL
1951) 115
DOCUMENT 77: PRESIDENT TRUMAN REPLACES GENERAL MACARTHUR (10 APRIL 1951)
117
COMBAT AND ESPIONAGE 118
DOCUMENT 78: INDIAN DIPLOMAT K. M. PANIKKAR WARNS WESTERN GOVERNMENTS
FROM POST IN BEIJING OF IMPENDING INTERVENTION IN KOREA BY COMMUNIST
CHINA (OCTOBER 1950) 118
DOCUMENT 79: COMMANDER OF CHINESE FORCES IN KOREA, MARSHAL PENG DEHUAI,
DESCRIBES HIS STRATEGY OF PROTRACTED WAR AGAINST THE UNITED STATES
(1950-1951) 119
DOCUMENT 80: CHAIRMAN OF JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF GENERAL OMAR BRADLEY
RECALLS CRITICAL DECISIONS (NOVEMBER 1950) 120
DOCUMENT 81: AN AMERICAN SOLDIER S LETTER FROM THE FRONT TO HIS FAMILY
BACK HOME (2 DECEMBER 1950) 120
DOCUMENT 82: STATE DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM CHRONICLES DEAN RUSK S POSITION
THAT U.S. MAKE AN EFFECTIVE STAND IN KOREA (4 DECEMBER 1950) 121
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XVI CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 83: STATE DEPARTMENT MINUTES OF PRESIDENT TRUMAN- BRITISH PRIME
MINISTER CLEMENT ATTLEE MEETING TO DISCUSS ALLIED INTERESTS IN ASIA
(DECEMBER 1950) 121
DOCUMENT 84: GENERAL MATTHEW RIDGWAY ASSUMES COMMAND OF U.S. 8TH ARMY IN
KOREA (26 DECEMBER 1950) 123
DOCUMENT 85: BRITAIN S KIM PHILBY AND SOVIET ESPIONAGE DURING THE WAR
(AUTUMN 1950) 123
DOCUMENT 86: UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION DECLARING COMMUNIST CHINA AN
AGGRESSOR (1 FEBRUARY 1951) 124
DOCUMENT 87: CIA ESTIMATE ON COMMUNIST CAPABILITIES AND INTENTIONS IN
KOREA (6 AUGUST 1951) 125
EISENHOWER-DULLES PLAN 126
DOCUMENT 88: JOHN FOSTER DULLES TO PRESIDENT-ELECT EISENHOWER ON POWS,
AND THE ADVANTAGES THE SOVIETS DERIVE FROM THE KOREAN WAR (26 NOVEMBER
1952) 127
DOCUMENT 89: PRESIDENT-ELECT DWIGHT EISENHOWER VISITS KOREA AND MEETS
WITH SOUTH KOREAN PRESIDENT SYNGMAN RHEE (DECEMBER 1952) 128
DOCUMENT 90: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S PLAN TO END THE WAR WITH ATOMIC
WEAPONS (JANUARY 1953) 129
DOCUMENT 91: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S CORRESPONDENCE WITH
SOUTH KOREA S PRESIDENT RHEE (APRIL 1953) 130
PRISONERS OF WAR AND REPATRIATION DILEMMA 131
DOCUMENT 92: KIM IL-SUNG PROPOSAL ON REPATRIATION OF PRISONERS (FEBRUARY
1953) 131
DOCUMENT 93: DULLES AND EISENHOWER DISCUSS CHINESE PREMIER ZHOU EN-LAI S
CABLEGRAM ON ROLE OF NEUTRAL STATES IN REPATRIATION (30 MARCH 1953) 132
DOCUMENT 94: STATE DEPARTMENT MEMO NOTES U.S. REACTION TO ZHOU EN-LAI S
PROPOSAL FOR REPATRIATION (30 MARCH 1953) 132
DOCUMENT 95: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL S JAMES LAY NOTES THE
RELATIONSHIP OF POW ISSUE TO ARMISTICE NEGOTIATIONS (2 APRIL 1953) 133
DOCUMENT 96: AMERICAN DIPLOMAT CHARLES BOHLEN HELPS DRAFT STATE
DEPARTMENT FORMULA TOWARD PRISONERS-OF- WAR ISSUE (1952-1953) 134
DOCUMENT 97: PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE U.S. MILITARY CODE OF CONDUCT
(1980) 135
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CONTENTS XVII
ASSESSING THE USE OF ATOMIC WEAPONS IN KOREA 136
DOCUMENT 98: INDIAN PRIME MINISTER JAWAHARLAL NEHRU FEARS U.S. WILL USE
ATOMIC BOMB ONLY AGAINST ASIATICS (3 DECEMBER 1950) 136
DOCUMENT 99: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL DISCUSSES USE OF ATOMIC WEAPONS
(11 FEBRUARY 1953) 137
DOCUMENT 100: JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF AND STATE DEPARTMENT MEETING ON THE
USE OF ATOMIC WEAPONS (27 MARCH 1953) 138
DOCUMENT 101: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER WEIGHS THE OPTIONS OF USING ATOMIC
WEAPONS IN KOREA (31 MARCH 1953) 139
DOCUMENT 102: NSC POLICY STATEMENT ON THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING ATOMIC WEAPONS IN KOREA (2 APRIL 1953) 140
CONSEQUENCES OF THE KOREAN CONFLICT 142
DOCUMENT 103: PROMINENT DIPLOMAT CHARLES BOHLEN SEES THE KOREAN WAR AS
JUNCTURE WHERE THE U.S. BECOMES A WORLD POWER (1973) 142
DOCUMENT 104: GENERAL BRADLEY S ASSESSMENT AS TO WHY THE KOREAN WAR
ENDED (MARCH 1953) 143
PART IV: THE BERLIN CRISIS OF 1958-1959 AND 1961 145
CHRONOLOGY 146
THE BERLIN CRISIS OF 1958-1959 148
KHRUSHCHEV MANEUVERS FOR GDR DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION 148
DOCUMENT 105: U.S. EMBASSY-BONN REQUESTS POLICY PLAN REGARDING WESTERN
ACCESS TO BERLIN AND AUTHORITY OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (GDR)
(JANUARY 1958) 148
DOCUMENT 106: POLISH FOREIGN MINISTER ADAM RAPACKI S PLAN FOR
DENUCLEARIZATION OF CENTRAL EUROPE (FEBRUARY 1958) 149
DOCUMENT 107: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S DIARY ON NOT BEING TOO
STIFFNECKED ABOUT U.S. RECOGNITION OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (9
JUNE 1958) 150
DOCUMENT 108: CHAIRMAN KHRUSHCHEV S ULTIMATUM DIRECTING THE WESTERN
POWERS TO DEAL DIRECTLY WITH THE
IMAGE 11
XVIII CONTENTS
GDR ON ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING BERLIN (10 NOVEMBER 1958) 150
DOCUMENT 109: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER RECALLS THE PHYSICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMBOLISM OF BERLIN TO BOTH WESTERN ALLIES AND SOVIET BLOC
(10 NOVEMBER 1958) 151
DOCUMENT 110: NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV REMEMBERS THE BERLIN CRISIS OF 1958-1959
(1974) 152
DOCUMENT 111: U.S. AMBASSADOR LLEWELLYN THOMPSON SPECULATES FROM MOSCOW
ON MOTIVES FOR KHRUSHCHEV S ULTIMATUM (11 NOVEMBER 1958) 153
DOCUMENT 112: AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC-MILITARY MISSION IN BERLIN ANALYZES
KHRUSHCHEV S ULTIMATUM (12 NOVEMBER 1958) 154
DOCUMENT 113: STATE DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR TO DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS (13
NOVEMBER 1958) 154
DOCUMENT 114: ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE CHRISTIAN HERTER REPORTS TO
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER CONCERNING INCREASED TENSION OVER THE STATUS OF
BERLIN (13 NOVEMBER 1958) 155
EISENHOWER-DULLES IN RESPONSE 156
DOCUMENT 115: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER RECALLS THE MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC
OPTIONS (20 NOVEMBER 1958) 156
DOCUMENT 116: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AND SECRETARY DULLES COMPARE TENSION
OVER BERLIN WITH QUEMOY CRISES OF 1954 AND 1958 WITH COMMUNIST CHINA (18
NOVEMBER 1958) 157
DOCUMENT 117: WEST GERMAN CHANCELLOR S LETTER TO SECRETARY DULLES (20
NOVEMBER 1958) 157
DOCUMENT 118: U.S. DIPLOMATIC AND PENTAGON LEADERS DISCUSS BERLIN (21
NOVEMBER 1958) 158
DOCUMENT 119: SECRETARY DULLES CONTROVERSIAL PRESS CONFERENCE (26
NOVEMBER 1958) 159
DOCUMENT 120: U.S. AMBASSADOR DAVID BRUCE REPORTS WEST GERMAN REACTION
TO DULLES REMARKS (26 NOVEMBER 1958) 161
DOCUMENT 121: SOVIET DIPLOMATIC NOTE TO THE UNITED STATES (27 NOVEMBER
1958) 161
DOCUMENT 122: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S PERCEPTION THAT KHRUSHCHEV S BERLIN
GAMBIT WAS AN
IMAGE 12
CONTENTS XIX
ULTIMATUM AND SHOWDOWN TO DIVIDE THE WEST (27 NOVEMBER 1958) 163
DOCUMENT 123: KHRUSHCHEV DESCRIBES BERLIN AS A BONE IN HIS THROAT (3
DECEMBER 1958) 164
DOCUMENT 124: U.S. EMBASSY IN MOSCOW REPORTS THAT PREMIER KHRUSHCHEV
WORRIED OVER INTELLECTUALS AND PROFESSIONALS FLEEING FROM EASTERN BLOC
(5 DECEMBER 1958) 165
DOCUMENT 125: STATE DEPARTMENT MEMO EXPRESSES CONCERN THAT PREMIER
KHRUSHCHEV MAY LACK ANY DOMESTIC OPTION FOR FLEXIBILITY OVER BERLIN (8
DECEMBER 1958) 166
DOCUMENT 126: FORMER HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR GERMANY JOHN MCCLOY ADVISES
THE STATE DEPARTMENT ON BERLIN SITUATION (10 DECEMBER 1958) 167
DOCUMENT 127: AMBASSADOR BRUCE S DIARY ON USE OF THREATS (10 DECEMBER
1958) 168
DOCUMENT 128: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S NATIONAL SECURITY MEETING (11
DECEMBER 1958) 168
DOCUMENT 129: FOREIGN MINISTERS COMMUNIQUE REAFFIRMS QUADRIPARTITE
RESPONSIBILITIES IN BERLIN (PARIS, 14 DECEMBER 1958) 169
DOCUMENT 130: NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL DENIES THE USSR S RIGHT TO
UNILATERALLY RENOUNCE RESPONSIBILITY FOR FREE ACCESS TO BERLIN (PARIS,
16 DECEMBER 1958) 170
DOCUMENT 131: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER RECALLS DRAFTING THE AMERICAN
RESPONSE TO SOVIETS 27 NOVEMBER NOTE (11-31 DECEMBER 1958) 171
DOCUMENT 132: U.S. DIPLOMATIC NOTE TO USSR ON STATUS OF BERLIN (31
DECEMBER 1958) 172
DOCUMENT 133: EXCERPT FROM PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S STATE OF THE UNION
ADDRESS (9 JANUARY 1959) 173
DOCUMENT 134: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S CONFERENCE WITH HIS ADVISERS (29
JANUARY 1959) 173
DOCUMENT 135: AMERICAN NOTE ACCEPTING SOVIET PROPOSAL FOR A FOREIGN
MINISTERS MEETING ON GERMANY-BERLIN (16 FEBRUARY 1959) 175
DOCUMENT 136: BRITISH PRIME MINISTER HAROLD MACMILLAN S VOYAGE OF
DISCOVERY TO MOSCOW FOR TALKS WITH KHRUSHCHEV CONCERNING TENSION OVER
BERLIN (25 FEBRUARY 1959) 175
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XX CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 137: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER MEETS WITH CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS (6
MARCH 1959) 176
DOCUMENT 138: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S RADIO-TV ADDRESS ON BERLIN (16
MARCH 1959) 177
DOCUMENT 139: PRESIDENT EISENHOWER S EFFORT TO PROVIDE KHRUSHCHEV WITH
A REMARKABLE DIPLOMATIC RETREAT (27 MAY 1959) 178
DOCUMENT 140: FOLLOWING THEIR KITCHEN DEBATE IN MOSCOW, VICE PRESIDENT
RICHARD NIXON AND CHAIRMAN KHRUSHCHEV DISCUSS EAST-WEST TENSION (JULY
1959) 179
DOCUMENT 141: FOUR POWER (BRITAIN, FRANCE, USSR, AND U.S.) COMMUNIQUE
AGREEING TO A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF SITUATION IN GERMANY AND BERLIN
(5 AUGUST 1959) 179
THE BERLIN CRISIS OF 1961 181
KENNEDY-KHRUSHCHEV 181
DOCUMENT 142: PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER CHARLES BOHLEN S MEMOIRS ON THE
VIENNA SUMMIT BETWEEN SOVIET CHAIRMAN KHRUSHCHEV AND PRESIDENT KENNEDY
(3-4 JUNE 1961) 181
DOCUMENT 143: SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK RECALLS PRESIDENT KENNEDY S
PREDICTION OF A VERY COLD WINTER FOLLOWING THE VIENNA SUMMIT (3-4 JUNE
1961) 182
DOCUMENT 144: AIDE-M6MOIRE FROM SOVIETS TO PRESIDENT KENNEDY PROPOSING
PEACE TREATY WITH GERMANY AND FREE CITY OF WEST BERLIN (4 JUNE 1961)
183
DOCUMENT 145: SECRETARY RUSK RECALLS DRAFTING THE STATE DEPARTMENT S
REPLY TO SOVIETS AIDE-M6MOIRE (MID-JUNE 1961) 184
DOCUMENT 146: PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, JR., NOTES THE
DEBATE STIRRED IN THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION OVER THE HAWKISH ACHESON
MEMORANDUM ON BERLIN (JULY 1961) 185
DOCUMENT 147: SOVIET DEFECTOR COLONEL OLEG PENKOVSKY PROVIDES
INFORMATION TO THE WEST ON KHRUSHCHEV S PLANS AND SOVIET NUCLEAR
CAPABILITIES (JULY 1961) 187
DOCUMENT 148: THE PENKOVSKIY PAPERS AND THEIR INSIGHT ON SOVIET
MILITARY PREPAREDNESS AND KHRUSHCHEV S RHETORICAL BLUFF ON BERLIN (JULY
1961) 188
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CONTENTS XXI
THE BERLIN WALL 190
DOCUMENT 149: NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV REMEMBERS THE BERLIN CRISIS OF 1961
(1974) 190
DOCUMENT 150: SECRETARY RUSK S REACTION AND RESPONSE TO THE WALL (AUGUST
1961) 191
DOCUMENT 151: SECRETARY RUSK REMARKS THAT GERMANS VOTED WITH THEIR
FEET TO FLEE COMMUNISM IN EAST GERMANY (13 AUGUST 1961) 192
DOCUMENT 152: PRESIDENT KENNEDY S MEMORANDUM ON THE AMERICAN RESPONSE TO
THE BERLIN WALL (14 AUGUST 1961) 193
DOCUMENT 153: STATE DEPARTMENT S BERLIN STEERING GROUP REACTS TO THE
BERLIN WALL (15 AUGUST 1961) 193
DOCUMENT 154: AMERICAN NOTE TO USSR CONDEMNING THE BERLIN WALL (17
AUGUST 1961) 194
DOCUMENT 155: PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER REPORTS ON VICE PRESIDENT LYNDON
JOHNSON S TRIP TO BERLIN AND REINFORCEMENT OF THE BERLIN GARRISON (17-19
AUGUST 1961) 195
DOCUMENT 156: PRESIDENT KENNEDY S MEMO TO SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK (28
AUGUST 1961) 197
DOCUMENT 157: SECRETARY RUSK S NEGOTIATIONS WITH BRITISH FOREIGN
MINISTER DOUGLAS-HOME AND SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER GROMYKO
(SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1961) 198
DOCUMENT 158: SECRETARY RUSK REMEMBERS HIS DISCUSSIONS WITH FOREIGN
MINISTER GROMYKO AND AMBASSADOR ANATOLY DOBRYNIN AND KHRUSHCHEV S
SQUEEZE METAPHOR (1962-1963) . 198
DOCUMENT 159: CIRCULAR TELEGRAM FROM SECRETARY RUSK TO ALL U.S.
EMBASSIES ON POSSIBLE LINK OF CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS TO TENSION OVER
BERLIN (24 OCTOBER 1962) 199
DOCUMENT 160: PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER CLARK CLIFFORD MAKES A CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE SUPERPOWER TENSION OVER BERLIN AND THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
(1961- 1962) 200
DOCUMENT 161: NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV RECALLS UNPLEASANT INCIDENTS AT THE
BERLIN WALL (1974) 201
DOCUMENT 162: PRESIDENT KENNEDY S ICH BIN EIN BERLINER [ I AM A
BERLINER ] SPEECH AT THE RUDOLPH WILDE PLATZ IN BERLIN (26 JUNE 1963)
201
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XXII CONTENTS
PART V: THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, OCTOBER 1962 205
CHRONOLOGY 206
NUCLEAR BRINKMANSHIP 207
DOCUMENT 163: NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER MCGEORGE BUNDY COMMENTS ON
DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROSWELL GILPATRIC S SPEECH DESIGNED TO
EXPOSE THE SOVIETS PRETENSION TO NUCLEAR SUPERIORITY
(OCTOBER 1961) 207
DOCUMENT 164: ROBERT KENNEDY S THE CUBA PROJECT WITH PLAN FOR
OPERATION MONGOOSE TO OVERTHROW THE REGIME OF FIDEL CASTRO (20 FEBRUARY
1962) 209
DOCUMENT 165: NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV S OBJECTIVE TO DEFEND CUBA FROM U.S.
INVASION (SPRING 1962) 210
DOCUMENT 166: SOVIET CHIEF OF STAFF GENERAL ANATOLY GRIBKOV COMMENTS ON
OPERATION ANADYR, SUMMER-FALL 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 211
DOCUMENT 167: DRAFT CUBAN-SOVIET AGREEMENT ON MILITARY COOPERATION AND
MUTUAL DEFENSE IN THE EVENT OF AGGRESSION (NEVER SIGNED) (AUGUST 1962)
214
DOCUMENT 168: CIA DIRECTOR JOHN MCCONE S HONEYMOON CABLES FROM PARIS
DIRECTING EXTENSIVE SEARCH FOR SOVIET MEDIUM-RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES
(MRBMS) IN CUBA (7-20 SEPTEMBER 1962) 215
DOCUMENT 169: CIA SPECIAL NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE (SNIE) 85-3-62,
THE MILITARY BUILDUP IN CUBA (19 SEPTEMBER 1962) 217
DOCUMENT 170: SOVIET DEFECTOR OLEG PENKOVSKY, CODE NAME HERO, PROVIDES
WESTERN INTELLIGENCE WITH VITAL INFORMATION ON SOVIET NUCLEAR CAPABILITY
(JUNE 1962) 218
DOCUMENT 171: SOVIET HISTORIAN SERGEI KHRUSHCHEV ASKS WHAT IMPACT
WESTERN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES HAD ON U.S. POLICYMAKERS ATTITUDES ABOUT
SOVIET NUCLEAR CAPABILITY IN 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 219
DOCUMENT 172: THE VIEW THAT CUBA HAD REASON TO PREPARE FOR U.S. INVASION
AND THAT POLICYMAKERS MUST STAND IN THE OTHER GUY S SHOES, SUMMER 1962
(MOSCOW CONFERENCE, 1989) 221
DOCUMENT 173: THE VIEW THAT PLACING NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA WAS
KHRUSHCHEV S GAMBIT TO ALTER THE EAST-WEST CORRELATION OF FORCES,
SUMMER 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 222
IMAGE 16
CONTENTS
MISSILES OF OCTOBER 224
DOCUMENT 174: IMAGERY CONFIRMATION OF OFFENSIVE MISSILES IN CUBA (14-15
OCTOBER 1962) 224
DOCUMENT 175: CIA S NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER MEMO ON
MISSION 3101 (16 OCTOBER 1962) 224
DOCUMENT 176: CIA OPERATIONS OFFICER RICHARD HELMS MEMORANDUM ON
OPERATION MONGOOSE AS THE COVERT EFFORT TO OVERTHROW OR REMOVE CASTRO
FROM POWER IN CUBA (16 OCTOBER 1962) 225
DOCUMENT 177: ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT KENNEDY S ACCOUNT OF THE NSC S
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EX COMM) AND ITS INITIAL DECISIONS (17-20 OCTOBER
1962) 226
DOCUMENT 178: MEMORANDUM BY AMBASSADOR CHARLES BOHLEN, A
SOVIET-SPECIALIST STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICER AND PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER, TO
PRESIDENT KENNEDY (18 OCTOBER 1962) 228
DOCUMENT 179: THE LET [PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER LLEWELLYN E. THOMPSON?] MEMO
ON BEHALF OF AIR STRIKE OPTION (19 OCTOBER 1962) 228
DOCUMENT 180: CONCLUSIONS OF CIA ESTIMATE SOVIET MISSILE THREAT IN
CUBA WHICH INCORPORATE SENSITIVE PENKOVSKY IRONBARK DEBRIEFINGS
(18-19 OCTOBER 1962) 229
DOCUMENT 181: SPECIAL NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE 11-18-62: POSSIBLE
SOVIET REACTIONS TO U.S. ACTION (19 OCTOBER 1962) 230
DOCUMENT 182: SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK RECALLS THE OPPOSING OPINIONS
OF EX COMM MEMBERS, AND MEETING WITH CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS (17-22
OCTOBER 1962) 231
DOCUMENT 183: NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER MCGEORGE BUNDY DESCRIBES THE
DILEMMA OVER THE AIR STRIKE OR THE BLOCKADE RESPONSE (16-20 OCTOBER
1962) 233
DOCUMENT 184: PRESS SECRETARY PIERRE SALINGER S WHITE LIE THAT
PRESIDENT KENNEDY HAS A COLD (20 OCTOBER 1962) 233
DOCUMENT 185: PRESS SECRETARY SALINGER RECALLS PLAN TO CONVERT NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT TO WARTIME POSTURE (21 OCTOBER 1962) 234
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CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 186: CIA MEMO SUGGESTS VICE PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON FAVORED
SURPRISE AIR STRIKE AGAINST SOVIET MISSILE SITES IN CUBA (21 OCTOBER
1962) 234
DOCUMENT 187: PRESIDENT KENNEDY SPEAKS TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE (22
OCTOBER 1962) 235
DOCUMENT 188: PRESIDENT CASTRO S SPEECH TO THE CUBAN PEOPLE (22 OCTOBER
1962) 237
DOCUMENT 189: SOVIET GENERAL GRIBKOV COMMENTS ON READINESS OF SOVIET
FORCES IN CUBA, 22 OCTOBER 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 237
DOCUMENT 190: DEAN RUSK RECALLS THE AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC EFFORT TO
RESOLVE THE CRISIS (23-25 OCTOBER 1962) 238
DOCUMENT 191: ROBERT KENNEDY RECALLS A STRESSFUL EX COMM MEETING (24
OCTOBER 1962) 239
DOCUMENT 192: SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK S EYEBALL TO EYEBALL REMARK (25
OCTOBER 1962) 240
DOCUMENT 193: UN AMBASSADOR ADLAI STEVENSON S SPEECH TO THE COURTROOM
OF WORLD OPINION (25 OCTOBER 1962) 240
DOCUMENT 194: DEAN RUSK RECALLS THE CONFUSING SIGNALS FROM SOVIET
SOURCES AND AMERICAN PERCEPTION THAT KHRUSHCHEV WAS LOSING CONTROL (26
OCTOBER 1962) 241
DOCUMENT 195: GENERAL GRIBKOV EMPHASIZES THAT A SOVIET OFFICER ORDERED,
AND A SOVIET MISSILE CREW EXECUTED, THE SHOOTDOWN OF THE AMERICAN U-2 ON
27 OCTOBER 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 242
DOCUMENT 196: FIDEL CASTRO PRESENTS THE CUBAN PERSPECTIVE FOR DOWNING
THE AMERICAN U-2 ON 27 OCTOBER 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 243
DOCUMENT 197: TWO SOVIET GENERALS DESCRIBE THE RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
BEHIND THE DOWNING OF THE AMERICAN U-2 BY A SOVIET MISSILE CREW ON 27
OCTOBER 1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 244
DOCUMENT 198: KHRUSHCHEV S HARD CABLE TO KENNEDY PROPOSING SWAP OF
SOVIET MISSILES IN CUBA FOR U.S. ANALOGOUS WEAPONS IN TURKEY (27
OCTOBER 1962) 245
DOCUMENT 199: U.S. AMBASSADOR TO TURKEY CABLES TURKISH OBJECTIONS TO
AMERICAN-SOVIET MISSILE SWAP (27 OCTOBER 1962) 246
DOCUMENT 200: SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK RECALLS DECISION TO SWAP U.S.
MISSILES IN TURKEY FOR SOVIET MISSILES IN CUBA (27 OCTOBER 1962) 247
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CONTENTS XXV
DOCUMENT 201: ROBERT KENNEDY S MEETING WITH SOVIET AMBASSADOR ANATOLY
DOBRYNIN OVER STATUS OF U.S. MISSILES IN TURKEY (27 OCTOBER 1962) 249
DOCUMENT 202: SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK REMEMBERS THE CORDIER PLOY TO
SWAP MISSILES THROUGH UN AUSPICES (27 OCTOBER 1962) 250
DOCUMENT 203: PRESIDENT KENNEDY DECIDES TO RESPOND TO KHRUSHCHEV S
SOFT CABLE (27 OCTOBER 1962) 251
DOCUMENT 204: KHRUSHCHEV S CABLE TO REMOVE MISSILES FROM CUBA (28
OCTOBER 1962) 252
DOCUMENT 205: PRESIDENT KENNEDY S REPLY TO CHAIRMAN KHRUSHCHEV (28
OCTOBER 1962) 252
DOCUMENT 206: FIDEL CASTRO-NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV CORRESPONDENCE
(26-31 OCTOBER 1962) 253
CLOSE CALL 256
DOCUMENT 207: GENERAL GRIBKOV S MOST HUMILIATING EXPERIENCE, NOVEMBER
1962 (HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 256 DOCUMENT 208: PRESIDENT KENNEDY S
NEWS CONFERENCE LIFTING THE QUARANTINE OF CUBA (20 NOVEMBER 1962) 256
DOCUMENT 209: AMBASSADOR CHARLES BOHLEN S ASSESSMENT OF THE CRISIS
(1969) 257
DOCUMENT 210: FIDEL CASTRO ASKS ROBERT MCNAMARA WHEN NUCLEAR BALANCE WAS
ACHIEVED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION (HAVANA
CONFERENCE, 1992) 258
DOCUMENT 211: CIA REPORT ON U.S. INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES EFFECTIVENESS
DURING THE CRISIS (28 FEBRUARY 1963) 259
DOCUMENT 212: ROBERT MCNAMARA AND FIDEL CASTRO DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE
SOVIET LUNAS IN THE DEFENSE OF CUBA AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE CRISIS
(HAVANA CONFERENCE, 1992) 260
PART VI: THE WAR IN VIETNAM, 1954-1975 263
CHRONOLOGY 264
THE GENEVA CONFERENCE AND THE EISENHOWER- KENNEDY COURSE, 1954-1963 266
DOCUMENT 213: GENEVA CONFERENCE S INDOCHINA CEASE-FIRE ARMISTICE (20
JULY 1954) 267
DOCUMENT 214: REPORT DETAILING EFFORTS BY CIA OPERATIVE COLONEL EDWARD
LANSDALE AND THE SAIGON
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XXVI
CONTENTS
MILITARY MISSION TO SHORE UP DIEM GOVERNMENT IN SOUTH (1954-1955) 268
DOCUMENT 215: NGO DINH DIEM STATEMENT CONCERNING CONSULTATIVE
PREPARATIONS FOR THE 1956 ELECTION OF NATIONAL REUNIFICATION (16 JULY
1955) 269
DOCUMENT 216: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 5612 ON U.S. POLICY
TOWARD NORTH VIETNAM (5 SEPTEMBER 1956) 269
DOCUMENT 217: NORTH VIETNAM S COMMUNIST PARTY GENERAL SECRETARY, LE
DUAN, PROVIDES GUIDELINES TO NORTH VIETNAM S LAO DONG PARTY FOR THE
PATH OF REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH (NOVEMBER 1956) 270
DOCUMENT 218: U.S. AMBASSADOR TO VIETNAM ELDRIDGE DURBROW REPORTS ON THE
DIEM GOVERNMENT IN SAIGON AND VIET CONG INTENTIONS AND POTENTIAL IN
SOUTH VIETNAM (7 MARCH 1960) 271
DOCUMENT 219: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL S POLICY PLANNING FOR
COUNTERINSURGENCY IN VIETNAM (19 JUNE 1962) 272
THE GULF OF TONKIN AND THE AMERICANIZATION OF VIETNAM S WAR, 1964-1967
273
DOCUMENT 220: JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF MEMORANDUM (JCSM) 471-64,
OBJECTIVES AND COURSES OF ACTION- SOUTHEAST ASIA WITH CHAIRMAN MAXWELL
TAYLOR S ADDENDUM (2-5 JUNE 1964) 274
DOCUMENT 221: U.S. UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE BALL S DISCUSSION WITH
FRENCH PRESIDENT CHARLES DE GAULLE (5 JUNE 1964) 275
DOCUMENT 222: CIA ESTIMATE ON THE DOMINO EFFECT IN THE FAR EAST (9
JUNE 1964) 276
DOCUMENT 223: PRESIDENT JOHNSON S TONKIN GULF MESSAGE TO CONGRESS (5
AUGUST 1964) 277
DOCUMENT 224: SENATOR WAYNE MORSE QUESTIONS SECRETARIES RUSK AND
MCNAMARA AND EXPLAINS HIS OPPOSITION TO THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION (6
AUGUST 1964) 278
DOCUMENT 225: GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION EMPOWERING THE PRESIDENT TO USE
AMERICAN FORCES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (7 AUGUST 1964) 279
DOCUMENT 226: MAY 2ND MOVEMENT AND STUDENT OPPOSITION TO WAR (AUGUST
1964) 280
DOCUMENT 227: NORTH VIETNAM S FOREIGN MINISTER XUAN THUY RESPONDS TO
U.S. COMPLAINT AT THE UNITED NATIONS (19 AUGUST 1964) 280
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CONTENTS XXVII
DOCUMENT 228: THE NORTH VIETNAMESE ARTICLE FACING THE SKYHAWKS REPORTS
THE CAPTURE OF ONE OF THE FIRST AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN VIETNAM
(1964) 281
DOCUMENT 229: SENATE MAJORITY LEADER MIKE MANSFIELD S SAGGING LIMB
MEMO TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON (9 DECEMBER 1964) 281
DOCUMENT 230: U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK S CONVERSATION WITH
SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER GROMYKO ON U.S.- USSR RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA (9 DECEMBER 1964) 283
DOCUMENT 231: HANOI S FOUR POINT NEGOTIATING POSITION (8 APRIL 1965) 283
DOCUMENT 232: UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE BALL ARGUES AGAINST
ESCALATING U.S. INVOLVEMENT (18 JUNE 1965) 284
DOCUMENT 233: UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE BALL RECALLS HIS COMPROMISE
SOLUTION (1 JULY 1965) 285
DOCUMENT 234: U.S. COMMANDING GENERAL IN VIETNAM WILLIAM WESTMORELAND
RECOMMENDS A BUILDUP OF U.S. TROOPS (JUNE-JULY 1965) 286
DOCUMENT 235: UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE BALL RECALLS THE NATIONAL SECURITY
MEETING AT WHICH PRESIDENT JOHNSON DECIDED ON MASSIVE TROOP DEPLOYMENT
TO VIETNAM (21 JULY 1965) 287
DOCUMENT 236: SENATOR MANSFIELD URGES PRESIDENT JOHNSON NOT TO GET
ENMESHED IN VIETNAM (27 JULY 1965) 290
DOCUMENT 237: PRESIDENT JOHNSON CONFERS WITH CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS (27
JULY 1965) 291
DOCUMENT 238: PRESIDENT JOHNSON RECALLS HIS VANTAGE POINT FOR DECISION
(JULY 1965) 291
DOCUMENT 239: PRESIDENT JOHNSON S DECISION FOR MASSIVE AMERICAN EFFORT
(JULY 1965) 292
DOCUMENT 240: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT MCNAMARA EVALUATES THE BOMBING
PROGRAM AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM FOR PRESIDENT JOHNSON (30 JULY 1965) 293
DOCUMENT 241: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE MCNAMARA ENCOURAGES PRESIDENT JOHNSON
TO ESCALATE THE WAR (30 NOVEMBER 1965) 294
DOCUMENT 242: ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JOHN T. MCNAUGHTON S
MEMORANDUM THAT U.S. OBJECTIVE IS TO AVOID HUMILIATION (19 JANUARY 1966)
294
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XXVIII CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 243: AMBASSADOR HENRY CABOT LODGE S TELEGRAM TO SECRETARY OF
STATE RUSK ON FAILURE OF ITALIAN- POLISH DIPLOMATIC CHANNEL OF TALKS
( MARIGOLD ) WITH HANOI (24 JULY 1966) 295
DOCUMENT 244: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
FROM THE WAR IN VIETNAM AND THE GROWING CYNICISM OF AMERICAN TROOPS (4
APRIL 1967) 296
DOCUMENT 245: PRESIDENT JOHNSON S SAN ANTONIO FORMULA
(SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1967) 298
DOCUMENT 246: SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK S REMARKS ON CONTAINMENT OF CHINA
(16 OCTOBER 1967) 299
THE TET OFFENSIVE AND THE CHANGE OF COURSE, JANUARY-DECEMBER 1968 300
DOCUMENT 247: SENATOR ROBERT KENNEDY COMMENTS DURING INTERVIEW THAT U.S.
SECURITY IS INDEPENDENT OF ANY VICTORY AGAINST THE GREAT THREAT OF
ASIAN COMMUNISM (26 NOVEMBER 1967) 300
DOCUMENT 248: PRESIDENT JOHNSON REMEMBERS THE TET OFFENSIVE (JANUARY
1968) 301
DOCUMENT 249: SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK AND THE TET OFFENSIVE AS A
TURNING POINT IN AMERICA S POLICY TOWARD VIETNAM (31 JANUARY 1968) 302
DOCUMENT 250: SENATOR EUGENE MCCARTHY ADVOCATES A GREATER EMPHASIS ON
U.S. SOCIAL PROBLEMS THAN ON MILITARY ACTION IN VIETNAM (MARCH 1968) 303
DOCUMENT 251: CLARK CLIFFORD RECALLS THE TUESDAY LUNCH WITH PRESIDENT
JOHNSON AND THE DECISION TO CALL TOGETHER THE WISE MEN (19 MARCH 1968)
303
DOCUMENT 252: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE CLARK CLIFFORD RECALLS THE MOST
DISTINGUISHED DINNER PARTY AT THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT (25-26 MARCH
1968) 304
DOCUMENT 253: PRESIDENT JOHNSON DECIDES NOT TO SEEK REELECTION (31 MARCH
1968) 304
DOCUMENT 254: INQUIRY INTO THE MASSACRE AT MY LAI, VIETNAM (16-19 MARCH
1968) 305
DOCUMENT 255: AN INFANTRYMAN S CYNICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE WAR (1968) 307
DOCUMENT 256: FLYER DISTRIBUTED TO DEMONSTRATE AGAINST THE WAR AT THE
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION IN CHICAGO (28 AUGUST 1968) 308
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CONTENTS XXIX
THE NIXON-KISSINGER STRATEGY FOR THE VIETNAMIZATION OF THE WAR,
1969-1972 309
DOCUMENT 257: PRESIDENT NIXON S EIGHT-POINT STRATEGY TO END THE WAR (14
MAY 1969) 309
DOCUMENT 258: PRESIDENT NIXON S SPEECH CALLING FOR THE VIETNAMIZATION
OF THE WAR AND HIS APPEAL TO THE GREAT SILENT MAJORITY (3 NOVEMBER
1969) 310
DOCUMENT 259: PRESIDENT NIXON DECIDES TO INVADE CAMBODIA (26 APRIL 1970)
312
DOCUMENT 260: THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL WALL, PANEL 10W, LINE 3 (11
NOVEMBER 1982) 313
DOCUMENT 261: THE STUDENT MOBILIZATION COMMITTEE PLATFORM (22 NOVEMBER
1970) 314
DOCUMENT 262: JOHN KERRY S TESTIMONY OF THE WINTER SOLDIER
INVESTIGATION FOR THE VIETNAM VETERANS AGAINST THE WAR (WAW) BEFORE THE
SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE (22 APRIL 1971) 315
DOCUMENT 263: TAPE RECORDINGS BY PRESIDENT NIXON S CHIEF OF STAFF, H. R.
HALDEMAN, REVEAL NIXON S REACTION TO THE PENTAGON PAPERS (13-15 JUNE
1971) 318
DOCUMENT 264: HENRY KISSINGER REMEMBERS PRESIDENT NIXON S CHINA
INITIATIVE AND EXIGENCIES OF REALPOLITIK IN NEGOTIATIONS WITH HANOI
(JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1972) 319
DOCUMENT 265: HENRY KISSINGER S PEACE IS AT HAND STATEMENT (OCTOBER
26, 1972) 320
PARIS PEACE AGREEMENT AND FALL OF SAIGON 320
DOCUMENT 266: PRESIDENT NIXON URGES SOUTH VIETNAMESE PRESIDENT THIEU TO
ACCEPT THE INESCAPABLE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR BY JOINTLY SIGNING THE
PARIS PEACE AGREEMENT (JANUARY 1973) 321
DOCUMENT 267: PARIS PEACE AGREEMENT TO END HOSTILITIES IN VIETNAM (27
JANUARY 1973) 321
DOCUMENT 268: SECRETARY OF STATE KISSINGER RECALLS PRESIDENT NIXON S
PROMISE OF ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION AID FOR NORTH VIETNAM AFTER PEACE
ACCORD (1 FEBRUARY 1973) 323
DOCUMENT 269: PUBLIC LAW 93-52, THE FULBRIGHT-AIKEN AMENDMENT
PROHIBITING U.S. MILITARY ACTIVITY IN INDOCHINA (1 JULY 1973) 324
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XXX CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 270: WAR POWERS RESOLUTION OF THE U.S. CONGRESS (7 NOVEMBER
1973) 325
DOCUMENT 271: U.S. DEFENSE ATTACHE S REPORT OF FALL OF SOUTH VIETNAM
(MAY 1975) 326
VIETNAM RETROSPECTIVES, 1976-1995 327
DOCUMENT 272: GENERAL WESTMORELAND BLAMES THE PRESS, STUDENT PROTESTORS,
DOMESTIC POLITICS, AND FLAWED MILITARY STRATEGY FOR U.S. DEFEAT IN
VIETNAM (1976) 328
DOCUMENT 273: SECRETARY KISSINGER S LESSONS FOR AMERICA FROM THE VIETNAM
WAR (1994) 328
DOCUMENT 274: DEAN RUSK S AND ROBERT MCNAMARA S RETROSPECTIVE MEMOIRS
(1990, 1995) 329
DOCUMENT 275: FOLLOWING THE PERSIAN GULF WAR AGAINST IRAQ, PRESIDENT
GEORGE BUSH DECLARES THAT AMERICA HAS KICKED THE VIETNAM SYNDROME (1-4
MARCH 1991) 330
PART VII: THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION AND HOSTAGE CRISIS, 1978-1981 333
CHRONOLOGY 334
EISENHOWER-NIXON LEGACY, 1953-1976 335
DOCUMENT 276: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL S DISCUSSION OF IRANIAN OIL,
NATIONAL PRESTIGE, AND EFFECTS ON U.S. SECURITY (11 MARCH 1953) 336
DOCUMENT 277: OPERATION AJAX AS CIA COUNTERCOUP FOR BOY SCOUT (3
AUGUST 1953) 336
DOCUMENT 278: SHAH ASSERTS COUNTERCOUP WAS POPULAR MANDATE FOR HIS
MONARCHY (13-19 AUGUST 1953) 337
DOCUMENT 279: MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT EISENHOWER TO THE SHAH (24 AUGUST
1953) 338
DOCUMENT 280: U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER S DISPATCH FROM TEHRAN (15
JUNE 1964) 338
DOCUMENT 281: SECRETARY OF STATE HENRY KISSINGER LINKS THE STRATEGY OF
SELLING AMERICAN WEAPONRY TO IRAN AS COUNTERBALANCE TO SOVIET-IRAQI
TREATY (1972) 339
CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND FALL OF THE SHAH, 1977-1978 340
DOCUMENT 282: NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI LINKS THE
NIXON-KISSINGER PERSIAN GULF STRATEGY WITH CARTER ADMINISTRATION S
OBJECTIVES (1977- 1978) 340
IMAGE 24
CONTENTS XXXI
DOCUMENT 283: SECRETARY OF STATE CYRUS VANCE DISCUSSES THE CARTER
ADMINISTRATION S REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAN (1977) 341
DOCUMENT 284: PRESIDENT CARTER AND SHAH TEARGASSED ON SOUTH LAWN OF
WHITE HOUSE (15 NOVEMBER 1977) 342
DOCUMENT 285: SHAH RECALLS PRESIDENT CARTER S REMARK THAT IRAN WAS AN
ISLAND OF STABILITY (31 DECEMBER 1977) 342
DOCUMENT 286: EMPRESS FARAH S PRIVATE SECRETARY RECALLS THE SPARK THAT
IGNITED THE REVOLUTION AND THE SYMBOLISM OF THE CHADOR (JANUARY 1978)
343
DOCUMENT 287: SHAH BLAMES THE UNHOLY ALLIANCE OF RED AND BLACK FOR
COLLAPSE OF HIS MONARCHY (JANUARY- FEBRUARY 1978) 344
DOCUMENT 288: SHAH S TWIN SISTER RECALLS HER BROTHER S RESTRAINT IN THE
USE OF FORCE TO QUELL THE RIOTING IN IRAN (FEBRUARY 1978) 345
DOCUMENT 289: THE SHAH USES SAVAK AGAINST THE GROWING STRENGTH OF
ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISTS IN IRAN (1978) 345
DOCUMENT 290: BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO IRAN ANTHONY PARSONS DESCRIBES THE
SHAH S LOSS OF MORALE (OCTOBER 1978) 346
DOCUMENT 291: U.S. AMBASSADOR TO IRAN WILLIAM SULLIVAN TRANSMITS HIS
THINKING THE UNTHINKABLE CABLE TO WASHINGTON (NOVEMBER 1978) 347
DOCUMENT 292: NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER BRZEZINSKI RECALLS OVERLOAD ON
DECISION-MAKING CIRCUITS (FALL 1978) 348
DOCUMENT 293: AMBASSADOR SULLIVAN RECOMMENDS A VOLUNTARY EXODUS OF
AMERICANS FROM IRAN (DECEMBER 1978) 349
DOCUMENT 294: PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER GEORGE BALL S REPROACH OF THE NSC AND
HIS RECOMMENDATION TO PRESIDENT CARTER TO RETRACT U.S. SUPPORT OF SHAH
(DECEMBER 1978) 349
DOCUMENT 295: IN AN INTERVIEW WITH AN IRANIAN REPORTER, THE SHAH BLAMES
BRITISH AND AMERICAN OIL COMPANIES FOR THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (25
DECEMBER 1978) 351
CRISIS SWELLS IN ADVERSARIAL IRAN, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1979 352
DOCUMENT 296: NSC ADVISER BRZEZINSKI WRITES MEMO WITH PLAN C CALLING
FOR IRANIAN MILITARY COUP (18 JANUARY 1979) 352
IMAGE 25
XXXII CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 297: U.S. EMBASSY IN TEHRAN AND CONSULATE IN TABRIZ SEIZED (14
FEBRUARY 1979) 353
DOCUMENT 298: A U.S. INTELLIGENCE OFFICIAL LINKS THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
WITH COLLAPSE OF SALT II (MARCH 1979) 354
DOCUMENT 299: ROSALYNN CARTER RECALLS PRESSURE FOR AN ENTRY VISA FOR
MR. PAHLAVI (APRIL-OCTOBER 1979) 355
DOCUMENT 300: ADVISER BRZEZINSKI DESCRIBES IRANIAN
REVOLUTION S IMPACT ON U.S. SECURITY (1979) 355
EMBASSY SEIZURE AND REACTIONS, NOVEMBER 1979 356
DOCUMENT 301: THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS (18 APRIL
1961) 357
DOCUMENT 302: U.S. EMBASSY-TEHRAN INFORMS STATE DEPARTMENT OPS CENTER
THAT COMPOUND IS UNDER SIEGE (4 NOVEMBER 1979) 358
DOCUMENT 303: PRESIDENT CARTER S CRISIS-MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS WITHIN THE SPECIAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SCC) (NOVEMBER 1979)
359
DOCUMENT 304: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL AIDE GARY SICK RECALLS THE SCC
DISCUSSION ON THE RESCUE OR MILITARY RETALIATION OPTIONS (6 NOVEMBER
1979) 360
DOCUMENT 305: PRESIDENT CARTER MEETS WITH HOSTAGES FAMILIES (9 NOVEMBER
1979) 362
DOCUMENT 306: A HOSTAGE ASSESSES THE EMBASSY SEIZURE BY MILITANTS
(NOVEMBER 1979) 362
DOCUMENT 307: CIA DIRECTOR STANSFIELD TURNER MEETS WITH ROSS PEROT
CONCERNING RESCUE OPERATION (10-12 NOVEMBER 1979) 363
DOCUMENT 308: PRESIDENT CARTER ORDERS ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST
PURCHASE OF IRANIAN OIL (12 NOVEMBER 1979) 365
DOCUMENT 309: IRANIAN CAPTORS RELEASE FEMALE AND AFRICAN- AMERICAN
HOSTAGES (19 NOVEMBER 1979) 365
DOCUMENT 310: CIA DIRECTOR TURNER REMEMBERS PRESIDENT CARTER CALLING AN
SCC MEETING AT CAMP DAVID (23 NOVEMBER 1979) 366
DOCUMENT 311: CIA DIRECTOR TURNER LISTS PRESIDENT CARTER S 2-2-2
STRATEGY (28 NOVEMBER 1979) 367
IMAGE 26
CONTENTS XXXIII
DOCUMENT 312: PRESIDENT CARTER S NEWS CONFERENCE WITH COMMENTS ON
TERRORISM AND HIS ROSE GARDEN STRATEGY (28 NOVEMBER 1979) 367
FAILED NEGOTIATIONS AND SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN, NOVEMBER 1979-MARCH 1980
368
DOCUMENT 313: SECRETARY OF STATE CYRUS VANCE S APPLICATION FOR INTERIM
MEASURES OF PROTECTION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (29
NOVEMBER 1979) 369
DOCUMENT 314: STATE DEPARTMENT LEGAL ADVISER ROBERTS OWEN S ARGUMENTS
BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (29 NOVEMBER 1979) 369
DOCUMENT 315: STANSFIELD TURNER REMEMBERS THE VANCE- BRZEZINSKI
TWO-HORSE POLICY DISPUTE (NOVEMBER 1979) 371
DOCUMENT 316: IRANIAN FOREIGN MINISTER BANI-SADR S MEMOIRS ON THE
MULLAHS POLITICAL GOALS WITH AMERICAN HOSTAGES (NOVEMBER 1979) 373
DOCUMENT 317: AMERICAN HOSTAGE MOORHEAD KENNEDY RECALLS HIS CAPTORS
MOTIVES (DECEMBER 1979) 375
DOCUMENT 318: ROSALYNN CARTER RECALLS THE 1980 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN
(DECEMBER 1979) 375
DOCUMENT 319: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL S GARY SICK STRESSES THE
GEOPOLITICAL IMPACT OF THE SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (DECEMBER
1979) 376
DOCUMENT 320: ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT CARTER EMPHASIZES DOCTRINE TO DEFEND
PERSIAN GULF OIL SUPPLIES FOLLOWING SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (23
JANUARY 1980) 377
DOCUMENT 321: SECRETARY VANCE COMMUNICATES TO UN SECRETARY- GENERAL KURT
WALDHEIM AMERICAN SIX-POINT DIPLOMATIC POSITION TO RESOLVE CRISIS (12
JANUARY 1980) 378
DOCUMENT 322: IRANIAN FOREIGN MINISTER GHOTBZADEH MEETS SECRETLY WITH
PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER HAMILTON JORDAN IN PARIS CONCERNING PLOT TO
ASSASSINATE THE EXILED SHAH (17 FEBRUARY 1980) 379
DOCUMENT 323: THE JORDAN-GHOTBZADEH DRAFT AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CARTER
ADMINISTRATION AND THE IRANIAN GOVERNMENT OF PRESIDENT BANI-SADR (MARCH
1980) 380
IMAGE 27
XXXIV CONTENTS
MILITARY RESCUE, ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, AND THE 1980 ELECTION,
MARCH-NOVEMBER 1980 381
DOCUMENT 324: NSC AIDE RECALLS WHEN THE MILITARY OPTION COMES TO FORE
(22 MARCH 1980) 381
DOCUMENT 325: PRESIDENT CARTER FRUSTRATED AT INABILITY TO RESOLVE CRISIS
BY THE JORDAN-GHOTBZADEH DIPLOMATIC CHANNEL (30 MARCH-11 APRIL 1980) 383
DOCUMENT 326: PRESS SECRETARY JODY POWELL COMMENTS ON CHARGES THAT
CARTER ADMINISTRATION PLAYED DOMESTIC POLITICS WITH THE HOSTAGE CRISIS
(1 APRIL 1980) 385
DOCUMENT 327: PRESIDENT CARTER ANNOUNCES SANCTIONS AGAINST IRAN (7 APRIL
1980) 386
DOCUMENT 328: PRESIDENT CARTER DECIDES ON MILITARY RESCUE OPTION
FOLLOWING THE COLLAPSE OF THE JORDAN- GHOTBZADEH AGREEMENT (11-15 APRIL
1980) 387
DOCUMENT 329: PRESIDENT CARTER S SPEECH ANNOUNCING FURTHER RESTRICTIONS
AGAINST IRAN (17 APRIL 1980) 388
DOCUMENT 330: SECRETARY OF STATE VANCE DECIDES TO RESIGN (21 APRIL 1980)
389
DOCUMENT 331: PRESIDENT CARTER S WAR POWERS REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE
ABORTIVE HOSTAGE RESCUE OPERATION IN IRAN (26 APRIL 1980) 390
DOCUMENT 332: IRANIAN PRESIDENT BANI-SADR CONTENDS THAT JORDAN-
GHOTBZADEH AGREEMENT FOR HOSTAGE RELEASE WAS SCRUBBED AFTER
KHOMEINI-REAGAN CONTACTS (APRIL- OCTOBER 1980) 392
DOCUMENT 333: AN AMERICAN EMBASSY HOSTAGE RECALLS DISCOVERING THAT AIR
ATTACKS AGAINST TEHRAN WERE PART OF IRAN-IRAQ WAR (22 SEPTEMBER 1980)
394
REAL BARGAINING AFTER THE 1980 ELECTION, NOVEMBER 1980-JANUARY1981 394
DOCUMENT 334: HOSTAGE BARRY ROSEN REMEMBERS FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF HIS
CAPTURE (4 NOVEMBER 1980) 395
DOCUMENT 335: NSC ADVISER BRZEZINSKI REFLECTS UPON THE FINAL MONTHS OF
THE CARTER PRESIDENCY (NOVEMBER 1980- JANUARY 1981) 395
DOCUMENT 336: ISLAMIC IRAN S TERMS FOR RELEASE OF THE HOSTAGES (2
NOVEMBER 1980) 396
DOCUMENT 337: DECLARATIONS AND AGREEMENTS OF ALGIERS ACCORDS (19-20
JANUARY 1981) 397
IMAGE 28
CONTENTS XXXV
ENDGAME: LESSONS FOR PRESIDENTS AND CITIZENS 400
DOCUMENT 338: A HOSTAGE S PERSPECTIVE ON THE EFFECT OF THE CRISIS ON
AMERICA (1981) 400
DOCUMENT 339: NEW YORK TIMES COLUMNIST REPORTS THAT PRESIDENT CARTER S
PRIORITY WAS TO PUT THE HOSTAGES LIVES FIRST (1981) 400
DOCUMENT 340: AMERICAN HOSTAGE CHARGE D AFFAIRES TO IRAN BRUCE LAINGEN
COMMENTS ON FAMILY LIAISON ACTION GROUP AND THE YELLOW RIBBON CAMPAIGN
IN THE UNITED STATES (1992) 401
PART VIII: THE PERSIAN GULF WAR WITH IRAQ, 1990-1991 403
CHRONOLOGY 404
A BORDER DISPUTE AMONG ARABS, 1932-1990 405
DOCUMENT 341: IRAQI PRIME MINISTER AND KUWAITI RULER REAFFIRM THE
KUWAIT-IRAQ BORDER DRAWN AT THE 1913 UK- TURKISH LONDON CONVENTION
(JULY-AUGUST 1932) 405
DOCUMENT 342: AGREED MINUTES OF BORDERS BETWEEN KUWAIT AND IRAQ (4
OCTOBER 1963) 406
U.S. RESPONDS TO IRAQI INVASION OF KUWAIT WITH DESERT SHIELD,
AUGUST-DECEMBER 1990 407
DOCUMENT 343: TEXT OF THE MEETING BETWEEN IRAQI PRESIDENT SADDAM HUSSEIN
AND U.S. AMBASSADOR APRIL C. GLASPIE, AS RELEASED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
IRAQ (25 JULY 1990) 407
DOCUMENT 344: U.S. AMBASSADOR TO KUWAIT W. NATHANIEL HOWELL RECALLS
IRAQI SIEGE OF U.S. EMBASSY (2 AUGUST-13 DECEMBER 1990) 412
DOCUMENT 345: U.S. CHARGE IN BAGHDAD JOSEPH C. WILSON IV MEETS WITH
SADDAM HUSSEIN (6 AUGUST 1990) 413
DOCUMENT 346: VICE PRESIDENT DAN QUAYLE RECALLS DECISION TO BEGIN
OPERATION DESERT SHIELD TO PROTECT SAUDI ARABIA FROM POSSIBLE IRAQI
INVASION (2 AUGUST 1990) 418
DOCUMENT 347: PRESIDENT BUSH ANNOUNCES DECISION TO SEND U.S. TROOPS TO
SAUDI ARABIA, THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO HIS THIS WILL NOT STAND
POSITION (8 AUGUST 1990) 420
DOCUMENT 348: AN AMERICAN HOSTAGE RECALLS HOW HE AND OTHER CIVILIANS
WERE CAPTURED ATTEMPTING TO FLEE KUWAIT (AUGUST 1990) 421
IMAGE 29
XXXVI CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 349: ALEX MOLNAR S OPEN LETTER TO PRESIDENT BUSH IN THE NEW
YORK TIMES, AND THE FORMATION OF THE MILITARY FAMILIES SUPPORT NETWORK
(MFSN) (23 AUGUST 1990) 423
DOCUMENT 350: IRAQI DISSIDENT KANAN MAKIYA URGES ARAB STATES TO TAKE THE
LEAD AGAINST SADDAM HUSSEIN (25 AUGUST 1990) 423
DOCUMENT 351: GENERAL COLIN POWELL AS THE RELUCTANT WARRIOR (24
SEPTEMBER 1990) 424
DOCUMENT 352: VICE PRESIDENT QUAYLE RECALLS THE MILITARY OPTIONS
SECRETARY CHENEY AND CHAIRMAN POWELL OFFERED TO CONTAIN OR DEFEAT IRAQ
(AUGUST- DECEMBER 1990) 426
DOCUMENT 353: AN AMERICAN CAPTURED IN KUWAIT USED AS HUMAN SHIELD IN
IRAQ (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 1990) 427
DOCUMENT 354: VICE PRESIDENT QUAYLE S SETON HALL ADDRESS (29 NOVEMBER
1990) 428
DOCUMENT 355: SADDAM RELEASES AMERICAN HOSTAGE GEORGE CHARCHALIS TO
MUHAMMAD ALI (NOVEMBER 1990) 429
DOCUMENT 356: SYNOPSIS OF UN RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO IRAQ S INVASION OF
KUWAIT (AUGUST-NOVEMBER 1990) 430
DOCUMENT 357: STATEMENT BY AMERICAN COUNCIL OF CHURCHES (21 DECEMBER
1990) 431
DOCUMENT 358: VICE PRESIDENT QUAYLE RECALLS PRESIDENT BUSH S EFFORT TO
GAIN CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT FOR OPERATIONS DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM
(DECEMBER 1990) 432
OPERATION DESERT STORM AND LIVE COVERAGE OF THE AIR-LAND WAR,
JANUARY-MARCH 1991 433
DOCUMENT 359: PRESIDENT BUSH S LETTER TO PRESIDENT SADDAM HUSSEIN (5
JANUARY 1991) 433
DOCUMENT 360: PENTAGON S PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER ANNOUNCES GROUND RULES
AND GUIDELINES FOR CORRESPONDENTS IN THE PERSIAN GULF (7 JANUARY 1991)
435
DOCUMENT 361: AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEWSPAPER EDITORS PROTESTS U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE S RULES AND GUIDELINES FOR JOURNALISTS (8 JANUARY
1991) 437
DOCUMENT 362: P.L. 102-1, CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING MILITARY
FORCE AGAINST IRAQ (12 JANUARY 1991) 438
IMAGE 30
CONTENTS XXXVII
DOCUMENT 363: PRESIDENT BUSH S LETTER TO THE U.S. CONGRESS (16 JANUARY
1991) 439
DOCUMENT 364: MICHAEL GLENNON S THE GULF WAR AND THE CONSTITUTION
(1991) 441
DOCUMENT 365: BARBARA BUSH RECALLS PUBLIC OPINION ON THE WAR (17 JANUARY
1991) 442
DOCUMENT 366: CBS NEWS CREW AND REPORTER ROBERT SIMON CAPTURED BY IRAQI
TROOPS NEAR SAUDI-KUWAIT BORDER (21 JANUARY 1991) 442
DOCUMENT 367: CNN REPORTER PETER ARNETT INTERVIEWS SADDAM HUSSEIN IN
BAGHDAD DURING THE INITIAL DAYS OF THE WAR (28 JANUARY 1991) 444
DOCUMENT 368: PRESIDENTIAL SPOKESPERSON MARLIN FITZWATER COMMENTS ON THE
U.S. CRUISE MISSILE ATTACK ON AN IRAQI CIVIL DEFENSE BUNKER AT AMIRIYA
(13 FEBRUARY 1991) 445
DOCUMENT 369: SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DICK CHENEY ANNOUNCES GROUND WAR (24
FEBRUARY 1991) 446
DOCUMENT 370: CBS NEWS CORRESPONDENT WALTER CRONKITE ASKS, WHAT IS
THERE TO HIDE? (25 FEBRUARY 1991) 447
DOCUMENT 371: SECRETARY OF STATE BAKER AND SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER
BESSMERRNYKH S JOINT STATEMENT SUPPORTING UN MILITARY ACTION AGAINST
IRAQ (29 JANUARY 1991) 448
DOCUMENT 372: STATEMENT BY IRAQ S REVOLUTIONARY COMMAND COUNCIL (15
FEBRUARY 1991) 448
DOCUMENT 373: PRESIDENT BUSH RESPONDS TO IRAQI STATEMENT (15 FEBRUARY
1991) 449
DOCUMENT 374: SOVIET PRESIDENT MIKHAIL GORBACHEV S PEACE PROPOSAL (22
FEBRUARY 1991) 450
DOCUMENT 375: PRESIDENT BUSH S ULTIMATUM TO SADDAM HUSSEIN (22 FEBRUARY
1991) 450
DOCUMENT 376: GENERAL POWELL REFLECTS ON POSSIBLE IRAQI USE OF CHEMICAL
WEAPONS (1995) 451
DOCUMENT 377: GENERAL NORMAN SCHWARZKOPF AGREES WITH PRESIDENT BUSH S
DECISION TO CEASE OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS IN THE HUNDRED HOUR WAR (27
FEBRUARY 1991) 452
DOCUMENT 378: GENERAL POWELL S FORCE EMPLOYMENT STRATEGY AGAINST IRAQ
(JANUARY-MARCH 1991) 454
IMAGE 31
XXXVIII CONTENTS
DOCUMENT 379: GENERAL SCHWARZKOPF CONCLUDES CEASE-FIRE WITH
IRAQI GENERALS AT SAFWAN AIRFIELD (3 MARCH 1991) 455
THE AFTERMATH OF ARMS OVER DIPLOMACY, 1991-1993 458
DOCUMENT 380: PRESIDENT BUSH S ADDRESS BEFORE JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS
(6 MARCH 1991) 458
DOCUMENT 381: SYNOPSIS OF UN RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO IRAQ S DEFEAT BY UN
COALITION OF FORCES (MARCH- SEPTEMBER 1991) 458
DOCUMENT 382: FINDINGS OF U.S. ARMY REPORT ON IRAQI WAR CRIMES (8
JANUARY 1992) 460
INDEX 463
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Primary documents in American history and contemporary issues |
| spelling | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history ed. by Russell D. Buhite 1. publ. Westport, Conn. [u.a.] Greenwood Press 1997 XLIII, 470 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Primary documents in American history and contemporary issues Geschichte 1945-1992 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd rswk-swf USA United States Foreign relations 1945-1989 Sources United States Foreign relations 1989- Sources USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 s Geschichte 1945-1992 z DE-604 Buhite, Russell D. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007810692&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007810692&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4046539-1 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history |
| title_auth | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history |
| title_exact_search | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history |
| title_full | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history ed. by Russell D. Buhite |
| title_fullStr | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history ed. by Russell D. Buhite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy a documentary history ed. by Russell D. Buhite |
| title_short | Major crises in contemporary American foreign policy |
| title_sort | major crises in contemporary american foreign policy a documentary history |
| title_sub | a documentary history |
| topic | Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Politische Krise USA United States Foreign relations 1945-1989 Sources United States Foreign relations 1989- Sources Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007810692&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007810692&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT buhiterusselld majorcrisesincontemporaryamericanforeignpolicyadocumentaryhistory |