Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle:
Discusses coastal sand dune, shingle beach, and salt marsh ecosystems, communities based upon relatively unconsolidated granular deposits which frequently rest upon solid rock or, much more rarely, on peat.
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Chapman & Hall
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Discusses coastal sand dune, shingle beach, and salt marsh ecosystems, communities based upon relatively unconsolidated granular deposits which frequently rest upon solid rock or, much more rarely, on peat. |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 335 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0412579804 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ECOLOGY OF
DUNES, SALT
MARSH AND
SHINGLE
J R Packham
Emeritus Professor of Ecology,
University of Wolverhampton, UK
and
A J Willis
Emeritus Professor of Botany
University of Sheffield, UK
The assistance of Dr NJW Clipson (part-author of Chapter 3 and section 10 3) and
of Dr R A Stuttard (part-author of sections 2 7 and 2 8) is gratefully acknowledged
E3 CHAPMAN amp; HALLLondon • Weinheim • New York • Tokyo • Melbourne • Madras
© 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants
May be used for personal purporses only or by
libraries associated to dandelon com network
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 Introduction and primary concepts 1
1 1 At the edge of the sea 1
111A local example 1
112 The objects of study 2
1 2 Geomorphology of coastal dunes, shingle systems and salt marshes 3
121 Detached beaches 5
122 Barrier islands 6
1 3 Substrate material and movement: winds, tides and plants 9
131 Substrate particle size 9
132 Substrate movement 9
133 Origin, transport and erosion of water-borne sediments 11
134 Tidal cycles 12
1 4 Environmental variation in a coastal ecotone 13
1 5 Grazing, decomposition and renewal 16
151 Energy flow 18
152 Nutrient cycling 18
1 6 Patterns in space and time 20
161 Fluctuations and phenology 25
1 7 Stability, selection and strategy 25
171 Development and vegetational history of the Berrow salt marsh, 26
North Somerset
172 Stability and species diversity 28
173 Selection and strategy 28
174 Plant strategies in response to competition, disturbance and stress 30
2 Primary and secondary production: the autotrophs and their associates 33
2 1 Plant life forms 33
211 Life forms of terrestrial bryophytes 34
212 Algae 34
2 2 Biological spectra 35
2 3 Processes of primary production 40
231 Limiting factors 43
2 4 Climate, limiting factors and dispersal 43
241 Climatically determined species 44
242 Edaphic factors 45
243 Dispersal 46
viii Contents
2 5 Soils 49
251 Composition and properties of soil 49
252 Soil formation 50
253 Soil variation in the Cefni Marsh, Anglesey, UK 51
254 Soil-landform relationships on the Romney Marshes, Kent, UK 52
255 Pedogenesis and the soils of dunes, slacks and pine woodlands at 53
Ainsdale (Merseyside), Northern Ireland and Wales
256 Buried soils and coastal aeolian sands 55
2 6 Microbial ecology of coastal ecosystems 55
261 Mycorrhizal relations of coastal vegetation 56
262 Nitrogen fixation in coastal sites 56
2 7 Heterotrophs, secondary production and ecosystem processes 57
271 Characteristics of estuarine heterotrophs 58
272 Microarthropods and other biota of beaches and dunes 59
2 8 Coastal birds 59
281 Availability and selection of prey items 62
282 Bird migration and its impact on intertidal invertebrates 63
283 Coastal birds: predation and breeding in a Scottish dune/estuary 64
284 Conservation and management of coastal habitats 64
3 Water and ionic relationships: plant adaptations to coastal environments 67
3 1 Limiting environmental factors 67
311 Environmental impacts on salt-marsh plants 67
3 2 Halophyte water relations 69
3 3 Adaptive mechanisms in halophytes 74
331 Growth responses in halophytes 74
332 Intracellular compartmentalization of solutes 76
333 Adaptation at the whole-plant level 78
334 Regulation of uptake at the root 79
335 Regulation of uptake at the shoot 79
336 Molecular regulation of halophyte salt tolerance 80
3 4 Waterlogging and soil anaerobiosis 81
3 5 Plant adaptation on sand dunes 83
351 Transpiration in dune plants 85
4 Salt marshes: tides, time and function 87
4 1 Marshes and mangrove forests 87
411 Mangrove associations 87
412 Salt marsh origin and form 88
413 Transitions from salt marsh to tidal woodland 91
4 2 Tidal cycles, inundation and accretion 91
421 Tidal range and exposure 93
422 Measurements of* tidal flows 94
423 Sampling patterns for nutrient flux determination 95
424 Drainage and pore water 95
425 Inundation, soil aeration and redox potential 96
426 Patterns of accretion and erosion 99
Contents ix
427 Biotic influence on the stability of salt-marsh sediments 99
428 Subsidence and changes in marsh elevation 100
4 3 Topography: creeks and salt pans 101
431 Microrelief 105
4 4 Development, zonation and age of salt-marsh ecosystems 105
441 Salt-marsh floras 105
442 Zonation 107
443 Developmental zonation and succession 110
444 Allogenic versus autogenic factors 110
445 Cyclic change in a tropical salt marsh 112
4 5 Nutrient flux and salt-marsh chemistry 114
451 Nitrogen flux in a Spartina alterniflora marsh in New England 116
452 Influence of soil sulphide on the distribution of higher plants 117
4 6 Succession, stability and palaeoecology 118
5 Salt-marsh dynamics and communities 123
5 1 Autecology of major plant species 123
5 2 Plant and animal communities 128
521 Interactions between plant and animal communities 129
522 Influence of Spartina anglica on salt-marsh communities 129
523 Loss of Spartina anglica marsh 129
524 Salt-marsh animals 130
5 3 Seasonal changes 132
531 Germination and seedling establishment 132
532 Seasonal growth patterns in plants 133
533 Rainfall, salinity and survival 137
534 Seasonal behaviour in animals 138
5 4 Plant-herbivore relationships in an evolving sub-Arctic salt marsh 138
541 Influence of grazing geese on plant productivity, species diversity and 139
microtopography
542 Growth responses of Arctic graminoids following grazing 139
543 Influence of grazing on succession in emergent vegetation in the Hudson 141
Bay lowlands: an uncertain future
544 Environmental degradation, food limitation and the cost of philopatry 142
5 5 Biomass, productivity and energy flow 142
551 Primary production 143
552 Productivity and tidal gradients 145
553 Secondary production by an avian herbivore 146
5 6 Ecology of the Sapelo Island salt marshes, South Georgia, USA 147
561 Ecological processes in the marsh water 148
562 Ecological processes in the marsh sediments 149
563 Tidal transport of organic matter and a simulation model of carbon flux 150
6 Sand dunes: initiation, development and function 153
6 1 Blown sand and its fixation 153
611 Classification of dunes 154
612 Sand supply for coastal dune formation 155
x Contents
613 Plant habit and dune formation 155
614 Initiation of saltation 156
615 Saltation boundary layer 157
616 Rate of sand transport 158
617 Embryo dune formation - 158
618 Influence of vegetation on sand movement 159
619 Maintenance of dunes and slacks 159
6 1 10 Older dune ridges and slacks 160
6 1 11 Topographic change and parabolic coastal blowout dunes 160
6 2 The strandline and general zonation: embryo dunes 162
621 Scottish strandline vegetation 165
622 Extent of the growth zone 167
623 Pioneer dune grasses and differential grazing 167
624 Accretion rates and survival of dune grasses 168
625 Embryo dune formation by Elytrigia juncea 168
6 3 Influence of land form, soil and water regime on dune plants 169
631 Composition of dune soils and changes with time 172
632 Domed water tables in dune systems 173
633 Dew formation 174
634 Wet slacks, dry slacks, dunes and the water table 175
635 Effects of water on plant distribution 176
636 Influence of weather 177
6 4 The role of non-vascular plants in dune systems 178
641 Dune bryophytes and their growth forms 179
642 Dune lichens 180
643 Ecophysiology of two dominant lichens in Dutch coastal dunes 181
644 Fungi of dune systems 181
6 5 Two contrasting dune systems 182
651 Braunton Burrows, North Devon 182
652 The South Haven dune system and its development 184
653 Lichens of South Haven dunes ? 188
6 6 Grazing, nutrients and diversity 190
661 Rabbits and the influence of grazing on primary producers 190
662 The impact of myxomatosis 191
663 Nutrient additions in the absence of grazing 192
664 Calcium and micronutrient deficiencies in dune soils 194
665 Nutrient additions in the presence of grazing 195
666 Use of Oenothera as an indicator species in a Japanese dune system 196
7 Sand-dune dynamics and communities 199
7 1 Marram: the Oregon Dunes, machair and dumped sea sand 199
711 Marram: form, distribution and growth 199
712 Establishment, occurrence and vigour of marram 199
713 Sand stabilization with marram 201
714 Influence of marram on the Oregon Dunes 201
715 Scottish sand dune systems 203
Contents xi
716 Inland dune floras on dumped sea sand 205
7 2 Phenology and plant population biology 205
721 Seasonal activity of reptiles at Studland Heath NNR, Dorset, UK 205
722 Plant population biology of winter annuals, a rhizomatous sedge and a 206
tussock-forming grass
723 Salt marsh and sand dune annuals 212
7 3 Plant and animal communities 213
731 Environmental change, disease and biodiversity 214
7 4 Productivity, energy flow and nutrient cycling 215
741 Biomass and nutrient accumulation in a Dutch dune system 216
742 Cation fluxes at the Ainsdale Dunes, UK 218
8 Coastal shingle 221
8 1 Location and formation of shingle structures 221
8 2 Characteristics of shingle vegetation 223
821 Influence of abiotic factors 226
822 Hydrological conditions and particle size 229
823 Sources of water available to shingle plants 230
824 Successional relationships on shingle 230
825 Shingle ridge succession at Dungeness 231
826 Generalized pattern of plant succession on shingle sites in Britain 231
8 3 Shingle vegetation of a boulder bank in New Zealand 232
8 4 Two outstanding British shingle beaches 235
841 Orfordness and Dungeness 236
842 Plant communities of Dungeness 237
843 Lichen communities and lichenicolous mites at Dungeness 237
844 Other Dungeness invertebrates 239
845 Environmental degradation at Dungeness and Orfordness 239
846A sandy cuspate foreland in the Baltic 240
8 5 Spits, bars, barrier islands, lagoons and salinas 240
851 Blakeney Point and Scolt Head Island, UK 241
852 Lagoons • 242
853 TheWaddensee 243
854 Chesil Beach and the Fleet 244
855 Salinas 247
8 6 Dynamics of a US northern barrier spit 249
9 Environmental impacts 253
9 1 Pollution, reclamation and mineral extraction 253
911 Reclamation and mineral extraction schemes 256
9 2 Drainage and water abstraction 256
9 3 Mowing, grazing, trampling and damage by vehicles 259
931 Trampling and path1 formation 260
932 Damage by vehicles ,• 261
9 4 The influence of invasive plants 262
941 Realized niches in exotic populations 265
xii Contents
10 Variation in sea level and climatic change 267
10 1 Evidence of previous changes in sea levels 267
10 1 1 Palaeoenvironmental studies of Fenland, UK, involving sea level change 267
10 2 Evidence of contemporary change 269
10 2 1 Increases in atmospheric CO2 269
10 2 2 Measurement of sea level changes 269
10 2 3 Changes in distribution and behaviour of coastal organisms 270
10 2 4 Scale of change 270
10 3 Implications of future changes in sea level and climate 270
10 3 1 Coastal dune development in relation to sea level rise 271
10 3 2 Non-linear threshold effects 271
10 3 3 Effects of climatic change on coastal systems 273
11 Coastal management and conservation 275
11 1 Resource potential, present use and habitat creation 275
11 1 1 Habitat creation 276
11 2 Monitoring change 278
11 2 1 New communities associated with sea defence works 278
11 2 2 Loss of sand dune habitat and its compensation 279
11 2 3 Monitoring erosion and vegetation change in salt marshes 280
11 3 Management of dunes, shingle ridges and barrier islands 280
11 3 1 Effect of different sand accumulators on resultant dune form 284
11 3 2 Sediment transport in relation to coastal protection 285
11 3 3 Barrier islands 285
11 4 Objectives of salt-marsh management 286
11 5 Sea defence and planned retreat 288
11 5 1 Sea defence: the policy options 288
11 5 2 Planned retreat and salt marsh creation 289
11 5 3 Retreats on the Essex marshes 292
References 297
Further reading 323
Index 325
English and scientific names of some common coastal organisms 333
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| publisher | Chapman & Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Packham, John R. Verfasser aut Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle J. R. Packham and A. J. Willis 1. ed. London [u.a.] Chapman & Hall 1997 XIV, 335 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Discusses coastal sand dune, shingle beach, and salt marsh ecosystems, communities based upon relatively unconsolidated granular deposits which frequently rest upon solid rock or, much more rarely, on peat. Duinen gtt Coastal ecology Salt marsh ecology Sand dune ecology Seashore ecology Küste (DE-588)4033469-7 gnd rswk-swf Seemarsch (DE-588)4206569-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Düne (DE-588)4013208-0 gnd rswk-swf Marschland (DE-588)4074598-3 gnd rswk-swf Marschland (DE-588)4074598-3 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Düne (DE-588)4013208-0 s Seemarsch (DE-588)4206569-0 s Küste (DE-588)4033469-7 s Willis, Arthur J. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007802194&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Packham, John R. Willis, Arthur J. Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle Duinen gtt Coastal ecology Salt marsh ecology Sand dune ecology Seashore ecology Küste (DE-588)4033469-7 gnd Seemarsch (DE-588)4206569-0 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Düne (DE-588)4013208-0 gnd Marschland (DE-588)4074598-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033469-7 (DE-588)4206569-0 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4013208-0 (DE-588)4074598-3 |
| title | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle |
| title_auth | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle |
| title_exact_search | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle |
| title_full | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle J. R. Packham and A. J. Willis |
| title_fullStr | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle J. R. Packham and A. J. Willis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle J. R. Packham and A. J. Willis |
| title_short | Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle |
| title_sort | ecology of dunes salt marsh and shingle |
| topic | Duinen gtt Coastal ecology Salt marsh ecology Sand dune ecology Seashore ecology Küste (DE-588)4033469-7 gnd Seemarsch (DE-588)4206569-0 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Düne (DE-588)4013208-0 gnd Marschland (DE-588)4074598-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Duinen Coastal ecology Salt marsh ecology Sand dune ecology Seashore ecology Küste Seemarsch Ökologie Düne Marschland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007802194&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT packhamjohnr ecologyofdunessaltmarshandshingle AT willisarthurj ecologyofdunessaltmarshandshingle |