Microbiology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston, Mass. [u.a.]
WCB McGraw-Hill
1998
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 720 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0697261867 0071153756 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lim, Daniel |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Microbiology |c Daniel Lim |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, Mass. [u.a.] |b WCB McGraw-Hill |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 720 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Microbiologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microbiology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126094829289472 |
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| adam_text | MICROBIOLOGY SECOND EDITION ^ ^ ^* DANIEL LIM UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH
FLORIDA TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT DARMSTADT FACHBEREICH 10 * BIOLOGIE *
BIBLIOTHEK * SCHNITTSPAHNSTRABE 10 D-6 4287 DARMSTADT [[*MCGRAW-HILL
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS BURR RIDGE, ILLINOIS DUBUQUE, IOWA MADISON,
WISCONSIN NEW YORK, NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ST. LOUIS,
MISSOURI V BRIEF CONTENTS PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY [ 1 ]
FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN MICROBIOLOGY 1 [2] CELL MORPHOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY
17 [3] COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF PROCARYOTIC AND EUCARYOTIC CELLS 41
PART TWO MICROBIAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM [4] NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCE 79 [5] GROWTH AND CONTROL OF GROWTH 105 [6] ENERGY AND
METABOLISM 139 [7] PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OTHER METABOLIC PATHWAYS 177 O O
PART THREE MICROBIAL GENETICS [8] MOLECULAR GENETICS 211 [9] MICROBIAL
GENETICS 245 [10] RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 271 O PART FOUR SURVEY OF
MICROORGANISMS [11] PROCARYOTES: THE BACTERIA AND THE ARCHAEA 305 [12]
THE EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS 349 [13] THE VIRUSES 383 PART FIVE
MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS [14] SYMBIOSIS 417 [15]
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS 439 [16] IMMUNOLOGY 467 [17J INFECTIOUS
DISEASES 497 [18] PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 549 PART SIX
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MICROORGANISMS [19] MICROBIAL
ECOLOGY 569 [20] FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 607 O VI PREFACE XIX
LEARNING AIDS XXI PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY [ CHAPTER 1 ]
FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN MICROBIOLOGY 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 2
MICROORGANISMS WERE ONCE THOUGHT TO ARISE SPONTANEOUSLY 2 * THE GERM
THEORY OF DISEASE STATES THAT INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY
MICROORGANISMS 5 IMMUNOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF RESISTANCE OF ORGANISMS TO
INFECTION 7 VIRUSES ARE SUBMICROSCOPIC FILTERABLE AGENTS CONSISTING OF
NUCLEIC ACID SURROUNDED BY A PROTEIN COAT 8 . MODERN MICROBIOLOGY 9
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF GENES IN
ORGANISMS 9 MICROBES IN SPACE 10 THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION PERMITS
RAPID AMPLIFICATION OF GENES OUTSIDE THE CELL 11 MICROORGANISMS HAVE
IMPORTANT ROLES IN MEDICINE, THE ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE, AND INDUSTRY
11 PERSPECTIVE 13 SUMMARY 14 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 14 [ CHAPTER 2 ]
CELL MORPHOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY 17 SIZE, SHAPE, AND ARRANGEMENT OF
PROCARYOTIC CELLS 18 SIZE AND SCALE: PROCARYOTES ARE SMALL 18
PROCARYOTES HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES 19 PROCARYOTES HAVE DIFFERENT CELL
ARRANGEMENTS 19 MICROSCOPY 20 THE COMPOUND (BRIGHT-FIELD) LIGHT
MICROSCOPE MAGNIFIES OBJECTS TPO SMALL TO BE SEEN BY THE HUMAN EYE 21
STAINS INCREASE THE CONTRAST BETWEEN A SPECIMEN AND ITS BACKGROUND 25
... : ; .THE GRAM STAIN 26 . THE DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE PROVIDES
CONTRAST IN SPECIMENS THAT NORMALLY LACK SUFFICIENT CONTRAST TO BE SEEN
WITH THE BRIGHT-FIELD MICROSCOPE 28 THE PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
AMPLIFIES SMALL DIFFERENCES IN REFRACTIVE INDICES TO ENHANCE SPECIMEN
CONTRAST 28 THE FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE DETECTS FLUORESCENT OBJECTSTHAT
ARE ILLUMINATED BY ULTRAVIOLET OR NEAR- ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 31 THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE MAGNIFIES OBJECTS TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN BY LIGHT
MICROSCOPY 31 , SEEING ATOMS THROUGH A NEW GENERATION OF )K.
MICROSCOPES 34 PERSPECTIVE 36 * SUMMARY 38 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 38
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF PROCARYOTIC AND EUCARYOTIC CELLS 41
MACROMOLECULES: BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE CELL 42 PROTEINSARE COMPOSED OF.
AMINO ACIDS 42 NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDES 44 * * .
* ~ - V * * * * * J . * * , . * / R .
CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS.ARE ORGANIC .,-. MACROMOLECULES 46 ;
THEPROCARYOTICCEI 48 ^ THE CELL ENVELOPE IS THE OUTER COVERING OF A
PROCARYOTE , CONSISTING OF THE.PLASMG MEMBRANE, THE CELL WALL, AND, ; ,
IN GRAM-NEGATIVE PROCARYOTES, AH OUTER MEMBRANE 48 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
IS A. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE , - *,-: - B A R R I E R - 4 9 - ; , ,
R * ::: : ~~. ^; : -; : - ** . * . THE CELL WALL
MAINTAINS CE|| SHAPE AND :,CONFORMATION 52 _ , * , K ,. *:**-.*
PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS ,56 THE OUTER MEMBRANE IS THE EXTERIOR PORTION
OF THE CELL * ENVELOPE IN GRAM-NEGATIVE PROCARYOTES 57 C
BACTERIAWITHDUT WALLS 59 THE PERIPLASM SEPARATES THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
FROM THE OUTER MEMBRANE IN GRAM-NEGATIVE PROCARYOTES 60 C» A VARIETY OF
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES ARE LOCATED OUTSIDE - _= THE CELL ENVELOPE 61 *
Y R ; - * _ CHEMOTAXIS IS THE.MOVEMENT OF PROCARYOTES TOWARD OR AWAY
FROM CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 63 PROCARYOTES DO NOT HAVE MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED
ORGANELLES, BUT DO HAVE SPECIALIZED INTERNAL CELL STRUCTURES 65 * ^
ENDOSPORES ENABLE THE CELL TO SURVIVE ADVERSE , ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
68 , , THE EUCARYOTIC CELL 70 1 V THE EUCARYOTIC CELL WALL AND PLASMA
MEMBRANE ARE CHEMICALLY DIFFERENT FROM,_BUT FUNCTION SIMILARLY AS, FC
THEIR PROCARYOTIC COUNTERPARTS 70 ?. EUCARYOTIC CELLS CORITDIN
MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES 72 EUCARYOTIC CELLS USE FLAGELJA, CILIA,
AND CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING FOR LOCOMOTION 73 * EUCARYOTES REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY BY FISSION, FRAGMENTATION, OR SPORE OR BUD FORMATION, OR
SEXUALLY BY UNION OF HAPLOID GAMETES 73 PERSPECTIVE 75 : SUMMARY 76 I
EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 77 PART TWO MICROBIAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM [
CHAPTER .4 ]* NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS 80 ALL ORGANISMS REQUIRE A SOURCE OF CARBON AND ENERGY FOR
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 80 NITROGEN IS REQUIRED FOR PROTEINS, NUCLEIC
ACIDS, COENZYMES/ CELL WALLS, AND; OTHER CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS 81 ;
PHOSPHORUS IS REQUIRED FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS, MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND
COENZYMES; SULFUR IS REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN AMINB ACIDS, TRNA, AND
COENZYMES 83 OTHER CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ARE ALSO REQUIRED BY MICROORGANISMS
83 * SOME MICROORGANISMS REQUIRE CERTAIN ORGANIC NUTRIENTS AS GROWTH
FACTORS 84 NUTRIENT TRANSPORT 85 PASSIVE DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT OF
SMALL MOLECULES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT 86
.- .. , FACILITATED DIFFUSION IS THE CARRIER-MEDIATED MOVEMENT OF
MOLECULES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT 86 ;*
ACTIVE TRANSPORT IS THE ENERGY-REQUIRING, CARRIER- MEDIATED MOVEMENT OF
MOLECULES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT 86
SIDEROPHORES AND IRON TRANSPORT 88 GROUP TRANSBCATION IS THE CHEMICAL
MODIFICATION OF A * MOLECULE DURING ITS MOVEMENT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 88
% S * . ; * . * * . - - C * -** * *. , PHYSICAL AND
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS 89 MICROORGAQISMS HAVE UPPER AND LOWER RANGES OF
TEMPERATURE FOR GROWTH 89 STORAQE OF BACWRIAL CULTURES 91 * * * * % *
** * - * VIII CONTENTS MICRPPRGDNISRNS HAVE,UPPER AND LOWER RANGES
OF PH , FOR GROWTH ,9:1,.-1 . .-* ** * *F-^V 1 ^-*; : . ; **
. * WATER IS REQUIRED FOR MICRPBIAL GROWTH 92 . BACTERIA ARE DIVIDED
INTO FOUR GROUPS F BN THE BASIS OF THEIR OXYGEN[SENSITIVITYAND
REQUIREMENT 93 GROWTH MEDIA ~~94 ? I * GROWTH MEDIA ARE OF TWO TYPES:
COMPLEX AND , SYNTHETIC- * 9*4, : :{: * *; :;. ^ R , *
SPECIALIZED GROWTH MEDIA ARE USED TO ISOLATE AND ENRICH FOR SPECIFIC,
TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS 95 PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUES 96 ; ^ ? ! THE
STREAK PLATE TECHNIQUE}SEPDRDTES BACTERIA IN A MIXED POPULATION 96 :~,
. .-;* . S AGAR PS A SOLIDIFYING ARGENT 98 ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE IS USED
TO TRANSFER BACTERIA WITHOUT * CPNTAMINDTIPN 98 I/ , : T PERSPECTIVE 100
S U M M A R Y ; 1 0 2 ** * - . . . * : * ; EVOLUTION AND
BIODIVERSITY 102 ; [CHAPTER.***5 ,]:..:;.;*;,-* ^ I S S : : - - .
- - 1 *.V .- **** * -** GROWTH AND CONTROL OF BACTERIAL GROWTH 1^)6
I THE TYPICAL BACTERIUM REPRODUCES BY BINARY FISSION 106 BACTERIAL
POPULATIONS INCREASE IN CELL MASS AND NUMBERS OYER TIME 107 . * *
QUANTITQTIYE RELATIONSHIPS OF POPULATION GROWTH CAN BE EXPRESSED
MATHEMATICALLY 10.7, -..;-. MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH 107 ; V : ^BACTERIAL
GROWTH CAN BE FOLLOWED, BY INCREASES IN CELL NUMBERS 108 : : V /
TURBIDIMETRICMEASYRERNENTS DETECTBACTERIA IN A SOLUTION BY ..LIGHT
SCATTERING 113 * , CELL MASS CAN BE, DETERMINED BY. WEIGHING CELLS 114
CELL GROWTH CAN BE MEASURED BY CHANGES IN CELL ACTIVITY * L 14 VV . V
^ : :: : . *. * GROWTH CURVE 115 V ^ ^THERE IS NO
INCREASE IN CEH NUMBERS DURING THE LAG / PHASE OF GROWTH 115 / =^ ; .
THE POPULATION GROWS^AT A CONSTANT RATE DURING THE - EXPONENTIAL PHASE
OFGROWTH 116 . .»*- GROWTH SLOWS AND, A STEADY STATE IN CELL NUMBERS
IS , ! REACHED IN THE STATIONARY PHASE OF GROWTH 116 THERE IS A NET
DECREASE IN VIABLE CELL NUMBERS IN THE * . DEATH PHASE OF GROWTH 117 -
;: : ; V- ^ SPECIAL TECHNIQUES FOR CULTURE 117 **.,.,/,. EXPONENTIAL
GROWTH CAN BE PROLONGED THROUGH CONTINUOUS CULTURE 118 : ; SYNCHRONOUS
CULTURES ARE CELL POPULATIONS THAT ARE ALL IN THE SAME STAGE OF GROWTH
118 , CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 119 HIGH TEMPERATURE CAN BE USED TO
REMOVE ALL OR MOST MICROORGANISMS 119 OTHER METHODS ARE EFFECTIVE IN
KILLING OR REMOYING MICROORGANISMS, 120 . ? , . ; MEASUREMENT OF
HEAT-KILLING EFFICIENCY 121 . ;, ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 122 *
DISINFECTANTS ARE USED ON. INANIMATE OBJECTS, WHEREAS ANTISEPTICS ARE
USED ON EXTERNAL BODY SURFACES 122 ANTIBIOTICS AND SYNTHETIC DRUGS^ARE
USEDJN.:-.; * .**} . *. * . - CHEMOTHERAPY TO SELECTIVELY INHIBIT OR
KILL ,; : MICROORGANISMS WITHOUT HARMING HOSTVTISSUE 125 THE WAR AGAINST
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT MICROBES 130 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS ARE
USED TO DETERMINE THE TYPE AND QUANTITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN
CHEMOTHERAPY 132 , - : -. .., * 4 AUTOMATED METHODS FOR
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY * T E S T I N G 1 3 4 . : :.^ :
*^*^* . * *** : **- * . ; . -. ***; -- PERSPECTIVE 135 - ; SUMMARY 136
V. - ^ EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 136 [ C H A P T E R . 6 ] .. .. .*:
: ***;.. : -. *. .* .*;*.* ;. .; ENERGY AND METABOLISM 139 CONCEPTS OF
ENERGY 140 THERMODYNAMICS IS THE STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION ! 140
ENERGY CAN BE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED 141 .ALL NATURAL PROCESSES
PROCEED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT FLIERE IS AN INCREASE IN ENTROPY 141
REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS PROCEED TO AN EQUILIBRIUM POINK 142
CONTENTS IX ENZYMES ACCELERATE REACTION RATES WITHOUT THEMSELVES BEING
CHANGED 142 * COUPLED RECTIONS 145 CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY BY THE OXIDATION
OF MOLECULES 145 SUBSTANCES DIFFER IN THEIR OXIDATION-REDUCTION
POTENTIALS 145 ELECTRON CARRIERS TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM ELECTRON DONORS
TO ELECTRON ACCEPTORS 146 HIGH ENERGY COMPOUNDS 148 CONCEPTS OF
METABOLISM 149 MECHANISMS OF ATP SYNTHESIS 149 PATHWAYS INVOLVING
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION 150 CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS
OBTAIN ENERGY BY FERMENTATION AND/OR RESPIRATION 150 GLUCOSE IS OXIDIZED
TO PYRUVATE IN THE EMBDEN- MEYERHOF PATHWAY. 150 MICROORGANISMS HAVE
OTHER GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAYS FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE 152 - PYRUVATE
CAN BE FURTHER DEGRADED TO A VARIETY OF PRODUCTS 154 HOMOFERMENTATIVE
AND HETEROFERMENTATIVE MICROORGANISMS 1,58 X OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
161 THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE GENERATES INTERMEDIATES FOR OTHER
PATHWAYS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES AND IS CENTRAL TO CELL METABOLISM 162
ENERGY THAT IS LIBERATED WHILE ELECTRONS ARE TRANSPORTED IN AN ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN CAN BE COUPLED TO THE FORMATION OF ATP 162 CHEMIOSMOSIS
EXPLAINS HOW ELECTRON TRANSPORT IS USED TO GENERATE ATP 165 OXIDASE TEST
166 AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN FERMENTATION IN COUPLING
LIBERATED ENERGY TO ATP FORMATION 168 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION. IS A
PROCESS UNIQUE TO PROCARYOTES 168 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN
EUCARYOTES 169 ATP YIELD FROM GLUCOSE OXIDATION IS NOT THE SAME IN I ALL
MICROORGANISMS 171 CHEMOLITHOTROPHS 171 HYDROGEN SULFIDE IS OXIDIZED TO
ELEMENTAL SULFUR AND EVENTUALLY TO SULFATE 171 FERROUS IRON IS OXIDIZED
TO FERRIC IRON 172 AMMONIA IS OXIDIZED TO NITRITE, WHICH THEN CAN BE
FURTHER OXIDIZED TO NITRATE 172 OXYGEN IS REDUCED TO WATER DURING THE
OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN GAS 172 PERSPECTIVE 173 SUMMARY 174 EVOLUTION AND
BIODIVERSITY 174 [ CHAPTER 1~} PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OTHER METABOLIC
PATHWAYS I 77 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1/8 CHLOROPHYLLS ARE THE PRINCIPAL
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN PHOTOTROPHIC EUCARYOTES AND CYANOBACTERIA 178
BACTERIPCHIORBPHYLLS ARE THE PRINCIPAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN
BACTERIA 179 . ACCESSORY PIGMENTS HARVEST LIGHT FRPM OTHER PORTIONS OF
THE SPECTRUM FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 179 CHLOROPHYLLS.ARE CONTAINED WITHIN
CHLOROPLASTS IN EUCARYOTES 180 ^ .* /-** ;**---R ,-; . *? - .:* THE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS OF PROCARYOTES IS CONTAINED WITHIN SPECIALIZED
MEMBRANES OR GHLOROBIUM VESICLES;J 182; -: ; .,** . THE NATURE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION 182 PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN
ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRON CARRIERS CALLED PHOTPSYSTERNS 184 THE MECHANISM
OF PHOTPPHOSPHBRYLATIOH IS SIMILAR IN PLANTS, ALGAE;: AND CYANOBAGTEND .
184 PROCARYPTIC (OTHER THAN; CYANBBACTERIAL) PHOTOPHOSPHBRYLATIPRI IS
CYCLIC 186 CHEMJOSMOSIS EXPLAINS THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
187 X : ^] ; THE NATURE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION 188
CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION-IS CATALYZED BY RIBULOSE DIPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE
188 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 189 , / POLYSACCHARIDES ARE DEGRADED INTO
SMALLER MOLECULES ^ BEFORE THEY ENTER THE CELL 190 *; : CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SYNTHESIZED BY ANABOLIC REACTIONS VUSING READILY AVAILABLE
SUBSTRATES ,192 PROTEIN METABOLISM 194 PROFEIOS CAN BE USED AS SOURCES
OF CARBON AND *^94^7 *.. ;*.. *. : ; ;; KL- 1 -. ; * STICKLAHD
REQCTIOH 196 ^ V CONTENTS AMINO ACIDS ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM
INTERMEDIATES IN CENTRAL METABOLIC PATHWAYS 197 LIPID METABOLISM 197
DECARBOXYLASES 1.98 MICROORGANISMS DEGRADE FATTY ACIDS BY P-OXIDATION
200 THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE 201 FATTY ACIDS ARE SYNTHESIZED BY THE STEPWISE
ADDITION OF ACETYL GROUPS TO A GROWING CHAIN 202 PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE
METABOLISM 202 NUCLEASES HYDROLYZE NUCLEIC ACIDS INTO INDIVIDUAL
MONONUCLEOTIDES, WHICH CAN THEN BE CATABOLIZED 202 PURINES AND
PYRIMIDINES ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM A VARIETY OF MOLECULES 202 PERSPECTIVE
204 SUMMARY 206 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 206 PART THREE MICROBIAL
GENETICS [ CHAPTER 8 ] MOLECULAR GENETICS 211 THE GENETIC CODE 213
DEOXYRIBONUDEIC ACID 215 DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL 215 DNA
CONSISTS OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY POLYNUCLEOTIDE *CHAINS HELD TOGETHER BY
HYDROGEN BONDS 216 NUCLEOTIDE BASE RATIOS 217 DNA IS REPLICATED
SEMICONSERVATIVELY 219 SOME CIRCULAR DNAS ARE COPIED VIA A ROLLING
CIRCLE MECHANISM OF REPLICATION 223 DNA REPLICATION IN PROCARYOTES AND
EUCARYOTES IS BASICALLY SIMILAR 223 RIBONUCLEIC ACID 224 ^ IS DIVIDED
INTO THREE CLASSES 224 RNA IS SYNTHESIZED FROM DNA 226 * EUCARYOTES HAVE
SEVERAL DIFFERENT RNA POLYMERASES 228 PROTEIN 229 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
BEGINS WITH THE FORMATION OF AN INITIATION COMPLEX 229 THE WOBBLE
HYPOTHESIS 230 AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO THE GROWING PEPTIDE DURING
ELONGATION 232 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TERMINATES WHEN THE RIBOSOME REACHES A
NONSENSE CODON ON THE MESSENGER RNA 232 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS MORE
COMPLEX IN EUCARYOTES THAN IN PROCARYOTES 233 REGULATION 233 AN ENZYME
IS SYNTHESIZED IN THE PRESENCE OF AN EXTERNAL SUBSTANCE (INDUCER) IN
INDUCTION 233 ENZYME SYNTHESIS IS INHIBITED IN THE PRESENCE OF AN
EXTERNAL SUBSTANCE (COREPRESSOR) IN REPRESSION 235 GENE EXPRESSION IS
CONTROLLED BY THE TERMINATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN ATTENUATION 236
CATABOLITES CAN REPRESS TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES 236 EUCARYOTES HAVE
MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION NOT FOUND IN PROCARYOTES 238
PERSPECTIVE 240 SUMMARY 240 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 242 [ CHAPTER 9 ]
MICROBIAL GENETICS 245 MUTATION 246 BASES CAN BE SUBSTITUTED BY OTHER
BASES 246 BASES CAN BE DELETED OR INSERTED 246 THE EFFECTS OF SOME
MUTATIONS ARE REVERSIBLE 246 THE RATE OF MUTATIONS CAN BE INCREASED BY
MUTAGENIC AGENTS 246 BACTERIA HAVE DIFFERENT DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS 248
REPLICA PLATING DIFFERENTIATES MUTANTS FROM WILD TYPES BY THEIR GROWTH
DIFFERENCES 249 TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL 250 ; THE AMES TEST FOR
CARCINOGENESIS 251 DNA IS THE TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE 252 THE^DISCOVERY
OF TRANSDUCTION 254 CONTENTS XI : DNA IS TRANSFERRED BY A BACTERIOPHAGE
FROM ONE BACTERIUM TO ANOTHER DURING TRANSDUCTION 255 . PLASMIDS ARE
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL CIRCULAR PIECES OF , DNA 258 : -V- 1 .; TRANSPOSDBLE
GENETIC ELEMENTS 260 CELL-TO-CELL CONTACT IS REQUIRED FOR DNA TRANSFER
DURING CONJUGATION 263 PERSPECTIVE 266 SUMMARY 268 .. V; V .; :
.-**.*;./,;*:.»*!:..*; ---I] ; ; - EVOLUTION ARID BIODIVERSITY 268 :
V PART FOUR SURVEY OF MICROORGANISMS [ CHAPTER IFF RECOMBINANT DNA ; **;
T E C H N O L O G Y - ZI.A...**-*):, *.*...* */ * HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES 2W GENE CLONING 274 THE TARGETGENE CAN BE OBTAINED IN
DIFFERENT , W A Y S : - 2 7 4 - I ^ ; V . : - : . ; ; V
V . : ; : .: .* * V * **;:_. . .- ,--. SOUTHERN BLOTTING 276 ;
THE TARGET GENE IS INCORPBRATED INTO A CLONING : . V E C T O R 2 7 9 ;
** -* : J - - / , . . * ; , - * * * * *. THE CLONING
VECTOR IS INSERTED INTO A,HOST WHERE THE TARGET GENE IS AMPLIFIED -285 ,
, VARIOUS METHODS ARE AVAILABLE TO DETECT HOST CELLS WITH THE CLONED
GENE 287 /,.*. ; * ; THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 288 APPLICATIONS OF
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 291 APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLPGY IN X MEDICINE HAVE IMPORTANT RAMIFICATIONS FOR HUMAN
HEALTHCARE/, 291 . - .* - :^ . *- * DNA FINGERPRINTING 292 RECOMBINANT.
DNA TECHNOLOGY HAS IMPROVED -; ** AGRICULTURE- 1 *^297 **;.*. * : * . :
; , ; . PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS ABOUT THE REGULATION OF
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 297 - ^ ; PERSPECTIVE 300 . I : SUMMARY 302
: » * * - * * * * * * * ; . - * * * - * * * * * * *
* * . * * , . * . EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 302 ? , *R,
PROCARYOTES: THE BACTERIA AND THE ARCHAEA 3O5 CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISMS 306 CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES,FOR MICROORGANISMS HAVE
EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS 306 THREE MAJOR APPROACHES HAVE BEEN USED TO
IDENTIFY AND PLACE MICROORGANISMS IN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 307 * » , *,
RIBOSOMAL RNA AND PHYLOGENY 311 SEQUENCING OF RIBOSOMAL RNA IS
RELATIVELY SIMPLE 311 / . PHYLOGENETIC TREES CAN BE DEVELOPED FROM
RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCES 311 CLASSIFICATION OF PROCARYOTES 314
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA OF GENERAL, MEDICAL, OR INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE 316
THE SPIROCHETES 316 AEROBIC/MICROAEROPHILIC, MOTILE, HELICAL/VIBRIOID
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 318 * - NONMOTILE (OR RARELY MOTILE),
GRAM-NEGATIVE, CURVED : BACTERIA 319 J . : L GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC
RODS AND COCCI 319 FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS 322 USING
FLOWCHARTS TO IDENTIFY BACTERIA 324 ANAEROBIC, GRDM-NEGDTIVE STRAIGHT,
CURVED, AND HELICAL RODS 325 . DISSIMILATORY SULFDTE- OR
SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA 326 ANAEROBIC, GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI* ,, 326 .
THE RICKETTSIAS AND CHLAHNYDIDS 326 MYCOPLASMAS 327 , * % ENDBSYMBIONTS
328 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA OTHER THAN THE ACTINOMYCETES 328 V
.GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI. 328. ENDPSPORE-FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS AND
COCCI 328 REVIVAL OF 25 : MILLION^YEAR-OLD PROCARYOTES? 330 REGULAR,:
NONSPBRING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS 331 XII , CONTENTS; IRREGULAR, NONSPORING
GRAM-POSITIVE RODS . 331 THE MYCOBQCTERIA* 331 :. ,,-** .* THE
ARCHAEA, CYANOBACTERIA, AND REMAINING GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 332
ANOXYGEHIC PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA 332 OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
333 * AEROBIC CHEMOLITHBTROPHIC BACTERIA AND ASSOCIATED ORGANISMS 336
* . *:** . BUDDING AND/OR APPENDAGED BACTERIA ^37 SHEATHED BACTERIA 337
NONPHOTOSYNTHETIC, NONFRUITING GLIDING BACTERIA 338 FRUITING GLIDING
BACTERIA: THE MYXOBACTERIA 338 ARCHAEA 339 I- . THE ACTINOMYCETES 341
PERSPECTIVE 344 SUMMARY 346 I EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 347 THE
EUCARYOTIC; *: -:* : MICROORGANISMS 349 THE ALGAE 350 THERE IS
CONSIDERABLE VARIABILITY IN THE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF ALGAE 350
ALGAE EXHIBIT A VARIETY OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 352 ALGAE ARE
CLASSIFIED INTO SIX DIVISIONS BASED ON STRUCTURAL, CHEMICAL, AND
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS 352 THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE 355
THE FUNGI 359 FUNGI HAVE TWO MORPHOLOGICAL GROWTH FORMS: MOLDS AND
YEASTS 361 FUNGI REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY AND SEXUALLY 362 FUNGI ARE
PHYLOGENETICALLY GROUPED INTO TWO KINGDOMS AND FOUR ADDITIONAL PHYLA 365
ASPERGILLUS AND AFLATOXIN 368 THE PROTOZOA 373 ; PROTOZOA LACK CELL
WALLS, BUT CONTAIN MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES 373 . PROTOZOA REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY AND SEXUALLY 373 PROTOZOA ARE DIVIDED INTO SEVEN PHYLA 375
AIDS AND EUCARYOTIC MICROBE INFECTIONS 376 PERSPECTIVE 378 SUMMARY 380
EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 380 [CHAPTER 13 *]. THE VIRUSES 383
PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES 384 VIRUSES ARE EXTREMELY SMALL 384 VIRUSES
CONSIST OF DNA OR RNA SURROUNDED BY. A PROTEIN COAT 384 VIRUSES HAVE
THREE BASIC FORMS: POLYHEDRAL, HELICAL, AND BINAL 386 CLASSIFICATION OF
VIRUSES 387 BACTERIOPHAGES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND
NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT 387 :*.*** ** ] 5 VIROIDS AND PRIONS*AGENTS
SMALLER THAN . VIRUSES 388 * VIRUSES INFECT OTHER MICROORGANISMS
BESIDES BACTERIA 390 , PLANT VIRUSES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 23 VIRUS
GROUPS AND TWO FAMILIES 390 ;, ANIMAL VIRUSES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 18
FAMILIES 393 PROPAGATION AND ASSAY OF VIRUSES 395 VIRUSES REQUIRE A
HOST FOR PROPAGATION , 3?5 : VIRUSES CAN BE ASSAYED BY VARIOUS METHODS 1
,397 REPLICATION OF VIRUSES 398 * VIRUS REPLICATION BEGINS WITH
INFECTION OF THE HOST, 398 EVIDENCE THAT BACTERIOPHAGE NUCLEIC ACID, NOT
PROTEIN, ENTERS THE HOST CELL DURING INFECTION 400 DNA VIRUSES HAVE
VARIOUS METHODS FOR REPLICATION OF . DNA 402 : RNA VIRUSES HAVE VARIOUS
METHODS FOR REPLICGTIORJ OF RNA 403 V : * COMPLETEVIRIONS ARE FORMED
DURING ASSEMBLY ,403 ,»* ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVE 404 ;; - INTACT VIRIONS
ARE RELEASED FROM THE HOST AFTER ASSEMBLY 405 : * VIRQMNFECTIONS IN
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS CAN RESULT IN R CYTOPGTHIC EFFECTS 405 * V / R-
V - ARE VIRATDISEASES TREATABLE? 406 ,, CONTENTS * V XIII OTHER
CONSEQUENCES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS 408 VIRUSES CAN BE CONTINUOUSLY
RELEASED FROM A HOST CELL 408 THERE CAN BE A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR
ELIMINATION OF VIRUS PRODUCTION IN THE HOST 408 VIRUS INFECTION CAN LEAD
TO CELL TRANSFORMATION 408 A BACTERIOPHAGE CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO THE
HOST CHROMOSOME IN LYSOGENY 410 PERSPECTIVE 412 SUMMARY 414 EVOLUTION
AND BIODIVERSITY 414 [ CHAPTER 15 ] PART . FIVE MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS
WITH OTHER ORGANISMS [CHAPTER 14 ] SYMBIOSIS 417 MUTUALISM 418
RHIZIOBIUM, FRANKIA, ANABAENA, AND OTHER BACTERIA FIX .-. NITROGEN
SYMBIOTICALLY 418 A LICHEN IS.A MUTUALISTIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A FUNGUS
AND AN ALGA-. 423 FLASHLIGHT FISHES HAVE A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH
LUMINESCENT BACTERIA 425 SOME BACTERIA ARE SYMBIONTS OF PROTOZOA 425
SOME BACTERIA ARE SYMBIONTS OF INSECTS 427 MICROBIAL SYMBIOSIS ASSISTS
RUMINANTS IN DIGESTION . 427 PARASITISM 429 BDELLOYIBRIO PARASITIZES
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 429 CHLAMYDIAE ARE ANIMAL PARASITES WITH UNUSUAL
DEVELOPMENTAL CYCLES 430 * GERM-FREE ANIMALS 432 COMMENSALISM 433
MUTUALISM, COMMENSALISM, PARASITISM*DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS 433 .
PERSPECTIVE 434 SUMMARY 434 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 436 HOST-PARASITE
RELATIONSHIPS 439 THE NORMAL HUMAN MICROFLORA 440 MICROORGANISMS CAN
COMPETE ANTAGONISTICALLY 440 MICROORGANISMS CAN GROW SYNERGISTICALLY 441
THE STORY OF TYPHOID MARY 442 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF HOST-PARASITE
RELATIONSHIPS 442 INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS PERSIST IN RESERVOIRS 442
DISEASES CAN BE TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY 443 MICROORGANISMS
GAIN ENTRY TO A HOST THROUGH A PORTAL 445 INFECTIOUS DISEASE FOLLOWS A
SEQUENCE FROM INFECTION TO DISEASE RESOLUTION 446 MEASUREMENT OF
VIRULENCE 447 PARASITES MUST OVERCOME HOST DEFENSES TO INITIATE
INFECTION AND DISEASE 448 MICROBIAL FACTORS OF VIRULENCE 448
MICROORGANISMS HAVE MANY MECHANISMS TO ASSIST IN INVASION 448 MICROBES
PRODUCE TWO TYPES OF TOXINS: EXOTOXINS AND ENDOTOXINS 450 DETECTION OF
ENDOTOXIN 452 HOST RESISTANCE AND TUBERCULOSIS 453 INNATE (NONSPECIFIC)
HOST RESISTANCE 454 THE GENERAL HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF
THE HOST CAN INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF A DISEASE 454 PHYSICAL BARRIERS
PROTECT THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS 455 HUMAN BLOOD
CONTAINS PROTECTIVE FACTORS 456 INFLAMMATION IS THE BODY S RESPONSE TO
INJURY, IRRITATION, OR INFECTION 458 PHAGOCYTES DIGEST BACTERIA,
VIRUSES, AND OTHER FOREIGN MATERIALS 460 PERSPECTIVE 462 SUMMARY 464
EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 464 [ CHAPTER 16 ] IMMUNOLOGY HUMORAL
IMMUNITY 468 ** 467 XIV CONTENTS LYMPHOID TISSUE IS IMPORTANT IN THE
IMMUNE RESPONSE 468 ANTIGENS INDUCE AND REACT WITH ANTIBODIES 468
ANTIBODIES ARE GLYCOPROTEINS THAT BIND SPECIFICALLY WITH THE ANTIGEN
THAT STIMULATED THEIR PRODUCTION 468 ANTIBODY DIVERSITY IS MADE POSSIBLE
BY GENE REARRANGEMENT 471 SUPERANTIGENS * 473 DIFFERENT T-CELL
SUBPOPULATIONS PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, 473 THE MAJOR
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX PLAYS A ROLE IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 473
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 475 , ACTIVATED B LYMPHOCYTES DEVELOP INTO
ANTIBODY- SECRETING PLASMA CELLS 475 HUMORAL IMMUNITY IS AN IMPORTANT
PART OF HOST DEFENSE AGAINST MICROBIAL INVASION 475 COMPLEMENT IS A
GROUP OF PROTEINS THAT AUGMENT THE ACTION OF ANTIBODIES 481
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 482 CYTOKINES ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES AND INCREASE
THEIR PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 483 DELAYED
HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSES ARE CAUSED BY THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES FROM
SENSITIZED T CELLS 483 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY MAY BE MANIFESTED IN OTHER
WAYS 484 ASSAYS TO MEASURE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY DEPEND UP6N DELAYED
HYPERSENSITIVE SKIN REACTIONS OR DETECTION OF SENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTES 485
IN VITRO ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN REACTIONS 485 SOLUBLE ANTIGENS MIXED WITH
MULTIVALENT ANTIBODIES FORM LARGE, PRECIPITABLE AGGREGATES 485 ANTIGENS
CAN BE SEPARATED BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS 486 - INSOLUBLE ANTIGENS MIXED
WITH MULTIVALENT ANTIBODIES FORM AGGREGATES DETECTABLE BY AGGLUTINATION
486 NEUTRALIZATION TESTS ARE USED TO DETECT TOXINS AND VIRUSES OR THEIR
ANTIBODIES 487 COMPLEMENT CAN BE USED TO DETECT ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTIONS 487 *FLUORESCENT DYES ARE USED IN IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT
ANTIGENS OR ANTIBODIES 489 RADIOACTIVITY IS USED IN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TO
DETECT SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIGEN 490 ENZYMES ARE USED IN ENZYME-LINKED
IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS TO DETECT ANTIGENS OR ANTIBODIES 490 PERSPECTIVE
492 SUMMARY 494 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 494 [ CHAPTER 17 ] INFECTIOUS
DISEASES 497 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 498 MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MICROORGANISMS ARE NORMALLY FOUND IN THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 498
RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS ARE HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS AND TRANSMISSIBLE 498
* . . * CLASSIFICATION OF STREPTOCOCCI 502 * . . . GROUP B
STREPTOCOCCAL NEONATAL DISEASE- 506 DISCOVERY OF THE DIPHTHERIA
EXOTOXIN 509 -;. . RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED BY OTHER.
MICROORGANISMS 512 * THE ORAL CAVITY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 514 MANY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS ARE NORMALLY FOUND IN THE ORAL CAVITY
514 DENTAL DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY AN ACCUMULATION OF . * MICROORGANISMS
ON THE SURFACE OF TEETH 514 ORAL DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED BY OTHER
MICROORGANISMS 515 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS COMPLEX AND CONTAINS A WIDE
VARIETY OF MICROORGANISMS 515 . BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM ARISE FROM FOOD INFECTION OR FOOD INTOXICATION 516 POULTRY AND
SALMONELLA INFECTIONS 520 ESCHERICHIA COLI IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY
DIFFERENT-, . GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES 521 * AN INFECTIOUS CAUSE OF
ULCERS 522 ,. * GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED BY OTHER-
MICROORGANISMS 523 DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM 524
. FEW SPECIES OF MICROORGANISMS NORMALLY INHABIT THE SKIN-X 525
CONTENTS XV MICROBIAL SKIN PATHOGENS MUST OVERCOME MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM
AND THE PHYSICAL BARRIER OF THE SKIN TO CAUSE INFECTION * 525 THE MALE
AND FEMALE GENITOURINARY SYSTEMS DIFFER IN JHEIR NORMA[MICROBIAL FLORA,
532 ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) RESULTS IN A
DEFICIENCY OF CD4 + CELLS 536 4 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 542
PERSPECTIVE 544 SUMMARY 544 ; * EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 546 [CHAPTER
18 1 PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 549 SOME GENERAL CONCEPTS OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY 550 AN EPIDEMIC IS A MARKEDLY INCREASED OCCURRENCE OF A
DISEASE IN A POPULATION 552 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES ARE USED BY .
EPIDEMIOLOGISTS TO DETERMINE THE TREND OF DISEASE 553 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS OF DISEASES 555 / , * . DISEASE RATES MAY CHANGE WITH TIME 555
* DISEASE RATES MAY BE INFLUENCED BY GEOGRAPHY 556 . . DISEASE RATES MAY
BE AFFECTED BY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION 556 COLLECTION OF
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA 558 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS 559 THERE ARE POTENTIAL
BIASES IN INTERVIEW SURVEYS 560 SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS ARE MORE
OBJECTIVE THAN INTERVIEW SURVEYS 560 OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES 561 OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES ARE OF TWO TYPES: RETROSPECTIVE AND
PROSPECTIVE 561 Y * * THE INVESTIGATOR SPECIFIES OR MANIPULATES
CONDITIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 563 PERSPECTIVE 564 SUMMARY 566
EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 566 PART SIX ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF MICROORGANISMS [ CHAPTER IF ] ; : : ~/ * , MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
569 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 570 THE CARBON CYCLE 570 PRIMARY PRODUCERS FIX
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 571 THE GREENHOUSE
EFFECT ^572 HERBIVORES AND CARNIVORES CONTRIBUTE TO THE CARBON CYCLE BY
CONSUMING ORGANIC CARBON AND RETURNING IT TO THE ATMOSPHERE AS CARBON
DIOXIDE 575 MICROORGANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE CARBON CYCLE AS DECOMPOSERS
575 THE NITROGEN CYCLE 576 ONLY CERTAIN PROCARYOTES CAN FIX NITROGEN 576
AMMONIA.IS FORMED DURING DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
577 , . , THE PHOSPHATE CYCLE 579 THE SULFUR CYCLE 579 MICROBES AND
SOIL 580 SOIL VARIES IN ITS COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 581
THERE ARE CONSIDERABLE NUMBERS AND VARIETIES OF MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL
581 BACTERIA ARE IMPORTANT IN THE LEACHING OF METALS FROM LOW-GRADE ORES
582 HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS ARE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN OIL
SPILL CLEANUPS 583 MICROORGANISMS ARE USEFUL AS BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES
584 MICROBES AND WATER 586 4 A WIDE VARIETY OF MICROORGANISMS ARE FOUND
IN MARINE HABITATS 586 , % MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS ARE
ALSO *V. FOUND IN FRESHWATER HABITATS 587 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
CONTAMINANTS AFFECT THE QUALITY OF WATER 588 XVI CONTENTS CHESAPEAKE
BAYREXAMPLE OF A REVITALIZED ESTUARY 590 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS 594 SEWAGE
TREATMENT,REMOVES MICROORGANISMS AND CHEMICALS FROM SEWAGE 594 ,,
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTES 598 MICROBES AND THE AIR 601 PERSPECTIVE
.602 SUMMARY 604 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 604 [CHAPTER^],;/ : , *.
*» . FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 6O7 ; VF; MILK AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS 608 -* **... . RAW MILK CONTAINS MICROORGANISMS INTRODUCED
FROM THE UDDER AND DURING HUMAN HANDLING .608 BACTERIA ARE USED TO
PRODUCE FERMENTED MILKS AND MILK PRODUCTS 609 - SALMONELLOSIS OUTBREAK
FROM A DAIRY PLANT 610 MICROORGANISMS ARE IMPORTANT IN CHEESE PRODUCTION
611 * AN OUTBREAK OF LISTERIOSIS CAUSED BY CONTAMINATED MILK 613
MICROORGANISMS IN MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS 614 MICROORGANISMS ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR MEAT SPOILAGE 614 MANY METHODS CARL BE USED TO PRESERVE
MEATS AND REDUCE SPOILAGE 614 POULTRY AND SEAFOOD 615 CANNED FOODS 616
;., * * * * * ! FERMENTED FOODS 616 7 . - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
617 YEASTS ARE USED IN BEER PRODUCTION TO FERMENT GRAINS 61.7 ^
FROST-PROOF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 618 YEASTS ARE USED IN WINE PRODUCTION
TO FERMENT FRUIT SUGARS 619 ;.- YEASTS ARE USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF
DISTILLED BEVERAGES 619 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 619 A DESIRABLE CULTURE
MEDIUM IS INEXPENSIVE, YET CONTAINS ALL ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS 620 ,
MICROORGANISMS FOR INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION ARE CAREFULLY SELECTED 620 ^
: CULTURE CONDITIONS ARE CAREFULLY CONTROLLED IN INDUSTRIAL FERMENTORS
621 DIFFERENT METHODS ARE USED TO CULTURE MICROORGANISMS INDUSTRIALLY
621 ENZYMES 623 - MICROBIAL AMYLASES ARE USED IN BREAD MAKING, BEER
PRODUCTION, MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR SYRUPS, AND TEXTILE MANUFACTURE 623
MICROBIAL PROTEASES ARE USED IN THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY, IN PHOTOGRAPHY,
AND IN STAIN REMOVAL 623 - OTHER MICROBIAL ENZYMES ARE OF INDUSTRIAL
IMPORTANCE 624 METABOLIC PRODUCTS 625 PRIMARY METABOLITES ARE METABOLIC
COMPOUNDS INVOLVED IN CELL GROWTH OR FUNCTION 625 . . . SECONDARY
METABOLITES ARE PRODUCTS OF PATHWAYS THAT APPARENTLY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED
WITH PRIMARY CELLULAR PROCESSES 629 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS 630 SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN 631 PERSPECTIVE 632
SUMMARY 633 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY 633 APPENDIX A: CLASSIFICATION OF
PROCARYOTES ACCORDING TO BERGEY S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 635
APPENDIX B: THE MATHEMATICS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH 642 APPENDIX C:
MICROBIOLOGY INTERNET RESOURCES 645 APPENDIX D: CHEMISTRY FO THE
MICROBIOLOGIST 647 APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO THE END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
653 GLOSSARY 668 CREDITS 685 . . . INDEX 689 V, CONTENTS * X. XVII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lim, Daniel |
| author_facet | Lim, Daniel |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lim, Daniel |
| author_variant | d l dl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV011570059 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QR41 |
| callnumber-raw | QR41.2 |
| callnumber-search | QR41.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QR 241.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QR - Microbiology |
| classification_tum | BIO 250f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)37536398 (DE-599)BVBBV011570059 |
| dewey-full | 579 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 579 - Microorganisms, fungi & algae |
| dewey-raw | 579 |
| dewey-search | 579 |
| dewey-sort | 3579 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV011570059 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:12:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0697261867 0071153756 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007790067 |
| oclc_num | 37536398 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-B768 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-B768 |
| physical | XXII, 720 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | WCB McGraw-Hill |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lim, Daniel Verfasser aut Microbiology Daniel Lim 2. ed. Boston, Mass. [u.a.] WCB McGraw-Hill 1998 XXII, 720 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007790067&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lim, Daniel Microbiology Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4316357-9 |
| title | Microbiology |
| title_auth | Microbiology |
| title_exact_search | Microbiology |
| title_full | Microbiology Daniel Lim |
| title_fullStr | Microbiology Daniel Lim |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiology Daniel Lim |
| title_short | Microbiology |
| title_sort | microbiology |
| topic | Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Microbiologia Microbiology Mikrobiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007790067&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT limdaniel microbiology |