Aqueous environmental geochemistry:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall
1997
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | VIII, 600 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9780023674129 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Aqueous environmental geochemistry |c Donald Langmuir |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Aqueous environmental geochemistry
Autor: Langmuir, Donald
Jahr: 1997
Contents
Preface vii
1 Thermochemical Principles 1
1.1 Some Basic Definitions and Concepts 1
1.2 Enthalpy and Entropy 4
1.3 Gibbs Free Energy, Chemical Potential, and
the Equilibrium Constant 7
1.4 Equilibrium Calculations 10
1.4.1 Pure Solids and Liquids and Their
Mixtures 10
1.4.2 Gases 15
1.4.3 Solutes 17
1.4.4 Solvent Water 18
1.5 Summation of Reaction-Thermodynamic
Properties 18
1.6 The Effect of Changes in Temperature and
Pressure on the Equilibrium Constant 19
1.6.1 Introduction 19
1.6.2 Effect of Temperature 20
1.6.3 Effect of Pressure 28
Study Questions 32
Problems 33
Chapter 1 Appendix 38
2 Chemical Kinetics 50
2.1 Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical
Kinetic Concepts 50
2.2 Elementary and Overall Reactions 56
2.3 Rate Laws 57
2.4 Effect of Temperature on Reaction
Rates 60
2.5 Mineral Precipitation/Dissolution Reaction
Kinetics 64
2.6 Absolute Rate (Transition State) Theory
and the Activated Complex 65
2.7 Some Kinetic Examples of Geochemical
Interest 68
2.7.1 The FeSOJ Complex 68
2.7.2 Radioactive Decay. The Example of l4C 68
2.7.3 Oxidation of Organic Matter and Sulfate
Reduction 70
2.7.4 Gypsum Dissolution 71
2.7.5 Oxidation of Ferrous Iron 71
2.7.6 Pyrite and Marcasite Oxidation by Ferric
Iron 73
2.7.7 Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation 73
2.7.8 Silica Polymorphs, Dissolution, and
Precipitation 74
2.7.9 Silicates Including Feldspars, Dissolution,
and Precipitation 75
2.8 Summary Observations 78
Study Questions 79
Problems 79
3 Aqueous Complexes 82
3.1 Introduction and Overview 82
3.1.1 Outer-and Inner-Sphere Complexes 84
3.1.2 General Observations on Complexation 88
3.2 Metal Cation-Ligand Relations in
Complexes 88
iii
iv
3.3 Complexation Mass-Balance and Equilibria
liquations 90
3.4 Hydrolysis of Cations in Water and Ionic
Potential 95
3.5 Electronegativity and the Stabilities of
Inner-Sphere Complexes 99
3.6 Sehwarzenbach s Classes A, B, and C, and
Pearson s Hard and Soft Acids
and Bases 1Ü3
3.7 Model-Prediction of the Stabilities of
Complexes 109
3.8 The Thermodynamics of
Complexation 111
3.9 Distribution of Complex Species as a
Function of pH 112
3.10 Toxicity and the Role of Soft-Acid Metal
Cations 114
3.11 Summary 118
Study Questions 119
Problems 120
4 Activity Coefficients of
Dissolved Species 123
4.1 Activities of Dissolved Species, Ionic
Strength 123
4.2 Activity Coefficients of Ions 124
4.2.1 Mean Ion-Activity Coefficients 124
4.2.2 Dilute Solutions and the Debye-Hiiekel
Equation 127
4.2.3 Intermediate Ionic Strengths: The Davies
and Truesdell-Jones
Equations, Specific Ion-Interaction
Theory 129
4.2.4 Stoichiometric and Effective Ionic
Strength 135
4.2.5 High Ionic Strengths and the Pitzer
Model 138
4.3 Overview of Activity Coefficient Models
for Ions 142
4.4 Activity Coefficients of Molecular
Species 144
Study Questions 145
Problems 146
5 Acids and Bases 149
5.1 The Significance and Measurement
of pH 149
5.2 Acids and Bases: Overview 152
5.3 Carbon Dioxide and Carbonic Acid Species
in Natural Waters 153
5.3.1 Theoretical Relationships 153
Contents
5.3.2 Carbonic Acid/pH Relations in Natural
Waters 155
5.4 Humic and Fulvic Acids 161
5.5 Summary of Controls on the pH of
Natural Waters 162
5.6 Acidity 165
5.7 Alkalinity 166
5.8 Acid-Base Properties of Minerals and
Rocks 167
5.9 Acidity and Alkalinity
Determination 168
5.9.1 The Titration Mass Balance 168
5.9.2 Acidity Titration 168
5.9.3 Alkalinity Titration 173
5.9.4 Calculation of Titration Curves for Acid
and Base Determination 174
5.10 Buffer Capacity of Aqueous Species and
Mineral Systems 180
5.10.1 Buffer Capacity of Water 181
5.10.2 Weak Monoprotic Acids 182
5.10.3 Polyprotic Acids 183
5.10.4 Carbonic Acid 183
5.10.5 Calcite-Carbonic Acid 185
5.10.6 Clays 187
Study Questions 189
Problems 190
6 Carbonate Chemistry 193
6.1 Occurrence and Stability of the Calcium-
Magnesium Carbonates 193
6.2 Calcite Solubility as a Function of C02
Pressure 197
6.3 Calcite Solubility as a Function of pH and
C02 Pressure 199
6.4 Influences on the Solubility and Saturation
State of Carbonate Minerals 202
6.4.1 Dissolution and Exsolution of C02 202
6.4.2 Photosynthesis, Aerobic Decay, and
Respiration 204
6.4.3 Evaporation 204
6.4.4 The Common Ion Effect 205
6.4.5 Temperature 205
6.4.6 Mixing 205
6.5 The Solubility of Dolomite 208
6.6 Open and Closed Carbonate Systems 211
6.7 The Saturation State of Natural Waters with
Respect to Calcite and Dolomite 216
6.8 Solubilities of Other Carbonate
Minerals 217
6.9 Explanation for Carbonate Mineral
Supersaturation 219
6.10 A Surface-Water Carbonate System: Slab
Cabin Run 223
Contents
v
6.11 The Carbonate Mineral Saturation State of
Some Representative Groundwaters
and Seawater 225
Study Questions 228
Problems 229
7 Chemical Weathering 231
7.1 General Observations 231
7.2 Weathering Rates of Some Rock-Forming
Minerals 233
7.3 A Weathering Example 234
7.4 Soil Classification and Processes 236
7.5 Aqueous Silica Species and the Solubilities
of Quartz, Amorphous Silica,
and Other Silica Polymorphs 241
7.6 Silica in Natural Waters 245
7.7 Solubility of the Aluminum Oxyhydroxides,
Kaolinite, and the Ferric
Oxyhydroxides as a Function of pH 248
7.8 Chemical Weathering Models 256
Study Questions 263
Problems 265
8 General Controls on Natural
Water Chemistry 266
8.1 The Hydrologie Cycle. Residence Time, and
Water-Rock Ratio 266
8.2 Water in the Hydrosphere 267
8.3 Controls on the Composition of Subsurface
Waters 270
8.4 Precipitation Chemistry and Acid
Rain 274
8.4.1 The pH of Rain Due to Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide 274
8.4.2 The General Composition of
Precipitation 275
8.4.3 Acid Rain 278
8.4.4 Trace Elements in Rain 289
8.5 Soil-Moisture Chemistry 290
8.6 General Chemistry of Surface- and
Groundwaters 293
8.7 Controls on the Chemical Composition of
Rivers 296
8.8 Comparison of Mean River Water and
Seawater 296
8.9 Water Quality versus Quantity 298
8.9.1 Mixing of Waters 298
8.9.2 Stream Flow versus Quality 300
8.10 The Importance of Defining Background
Water Quality 304
Study Questions 307
Problems 309
9 The Geochemistry of Clay
Minerals 312
9.1 Introduction 312
9.2 Crystal Chemistry of Important Clay
Minerals 312
9.2.1 The Kaolinite Group and Other Two-I -aver
Phyllosilicates 313
9.2.2 Three-Layer Phyllosilicates 316
9.3 The Occurrence of Common Clay Minerals
319
9.4 Applicability of Equilibrium Concepts 322
9.5 Clay Mineral Equilibria and Phase
Diagrams 324
9.6 The Thermodynamic Stability of Complex
Clay Minerals 337
Study Questions 339
Problems 340
10 Adsorption-Desorption
Reactions 343
10.1 Properties of Sorbent Minerals 343
10.1.1 Particle Size and Surface Area 343
10.1.2 Surface Charge and Surface-Site
Density 344
10.1.3 Cation Exchange Capacity of Some
Natural Materials 351
10.2 Sorption Isotherms and the Distribution
Coefficient 353
10.2.1 The Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm and
the Distribution Coefficient Ktl 353
10.2.2 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 360
10.2.3 General Discussion of the Adsorption
Isotherm Models 361
10.2.4 The Adsorption Isotherm Models as
Defined in MINTEQA2 364
10.3 Ion-Exchange Type Models and
Concepts 365
10.3.1 Simple Ion Exchange 365
10.3.2 The Power Exchange Function 366
10.4 Electrostatic Adsorption Models 369
10.4.1 Introduction 369
10.4.2 General Assumptions and Attributes of
Three Models 372
10.4.3 Diffuse-Laver and Constant Capacitance
Models 376
10.4.4 Triple-Layer Model 381
10.4.5 Comparison of the Models 385
10.4.6 Estimation of Intrinsic Adsorption
Constants 387
10.4.7 Application of the Electrostatic
Adsorption Models to Natural
Systems 391
10.5 Adsorption Models and Contaminant
Transport Modeling 393
v¡
Contents
Study Questions 395
Problems 3%
11 Oxidation-Reduction
Concepts 403
11.1 Redox Theory and Measurement 403
11.1.1 General Redox Reaction 403
11.1.2 The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 407
11.1.3 The Eh-pH Stability Field of Water 408
11.1.4 Measured versus Theoretical Redox
Potentials 409
11.2 The Redox Behavior of Natural Systems
416
11.2.1 Redox Reaction Sequences and Redox
Ladders 416
11.2.2 General Controls on the Redox State of
Natural Waters 420
11.2.3 Berner s Redox Classification and
Oxidative and
Reductive Capacity 421
11.2.4 The Redox Interface 424
Study Questions 427
Problems 429
12 Iron and Sulfur
Geochemistry 431
12.1 Iron Geochemistry 431
12.1.1 Introduction 431
12.1.2 Stability Constants of Aqueous
Complexes 431
12.1.3 Ferric Oxyhydroxides 435
12.1.4 Eh-pH Diagram for the Fe-02-C02-S-
H;0 System 441
12.2 Sulfur Geochemistry 445
12.2.1 Thermodynamic Data for Substances in
the System S-0,-H,0 445
12.2.2 Acid-Base Reactions 445
12.2.3 Redox Reactions 449
12.3 Iron-Sulfur Redox Chemistry 453
12.3.1 Occurrence and Solubility of Fe(ID-
Sulfide Minerals 453
12.3.2 Eh-pH Relationships in the System
Fe-0rC0rS-H;0 455
12.3.3 Acid Mine Waters 457
Study Questions 475
Problems 475
Chapter 12 Appendix 479
13 Actinides and Their Daughter
and Fission Products 486
13.1 Radioactivity 487
13.1.1 Stable and Unstable Nuclei 487
13.1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay 487
13.1.3 Units of Radioactivity and Decay
Laws 487
13.1.4 Natural Thorium, Uranium, and
Plutonium 488
13.1.5 Radioactive Decay Series 489
13.1.6 Radioactive Equilibrium and Steady
State 491
13.1.7 Alpha Recoil and Radon Emanation 492
13.1.8 Measuring Radioactivity and the Mass of
Radionuclides 494
13.2 Aqueous Geochemistry of Uranium 495
13.2.1 Introduction 495
13.2.2 Selected Thermodynamic Data 496
13.2.3 Aqueous Speciation and Solution-Mineral
Equilibria 496
13.2.4 Adsorption-Desorption Reactions and
Models 508
13.3 Uranium Ore Deposits 512
13.3.1 Origin of Low-Temperature Uranium
Deposits 512
13.3.2 Uranium Ore Deposits as Analogs for a
Nuclear Waste Repository 512
13.4 Nuclear Power and High-Level Nuclear
Wastes 515
13.4.1 Composition of Nuclear Fuel and High-
Level Nuclear Wastes 515
13.4.2 The Long-Term Health Risk of High-
Level Nuclear Wastes in a
Geologic Repository 517
13.5 Geochemistry of Important Radionuclides in
a Geological Repository 519
13.5.1 Thermodynamic Stability and
Geochemistry of I, Tc, Am, Np, and Pu
Aqueous Species and Solids 519
13.5.2 Solubility Controls on Releases 531
13.5.3 Adsorption Controls on Releases 536
Study Questions 543
Problems 544
Chapter 13 Appendix 547
Geochemical Computer Models 558
Some Example Geochemical
Computer Models 558
Obtaining Geochemical Software 560
References 562
Index 590
|
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isbn | 9780023674129 |
language | English |
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physical | VIII, 600 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
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spelling | Langmuir, Donald Verfasser aut Aqueous environmental geochemistry Donald Langmuir Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 1997 VIII, 600 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geoquímica ambiental Química del agua Umweltgeochemie (DE-588)4404136-6 gnd rswk-swf Hydrochemie (DE-588)4072678-2 gnd rswk-swf Umweltgeochemie (DE-588)4404136-6 s DE-604 Hydrochemie (DE-588)4072678-2 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007783134&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Langmuir, Donald Aqueous environmental geochemistry Geoquímica ambiental Química del agua Umweltgeochemie (DE-588)4404136-6 gnd Hydrochemie (DE-588)4072678-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4404136-6 (DE-588)4072678-2 |
title | Aqueous environmental geochemistry |
title_auth | Aqueous environmental geochemistry |
title_exact_search | Aqueous environmental geochemistry |
title_full | Aqueous environmental geochemistry Donald Langmuir |
title_fullStr | Aqueous environmental geochemistry Donald Langmuir |
title_full_unstemmed | Aqueous environmental geochemistry Donald Langmuir |
title_short | Aqueous environmental geochemistry |
title_sort | aqueous environmental geochemistry |
topic | Geoquímica ambiental Química del agua Umweltgeochemie (DE-588)4404136-6 gnd Hydrochemie (DE-588)4072678-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Geoquímica ambiental Química del agua Umweltgeochemie Hydrochemie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007783134&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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