Cognitive psychology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
Allyn and Bacon
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 478 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0205264166 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804126000700719104 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
SECOND EDITION
KARL HABERLANDT
Trinity College
ALLYN AND BACON
Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
BRIEF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 31
CHAPTER 3 ATTENTION 64
CHAPTER 4 RECOGNITION AND ACTION 90
CHAPTER 5 REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE:
DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE 133
CHAPTER 6 REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE:
NEURAL NETWORKS 158
CHAPTER 7 LEARNING AND MEMORY 188
CHAPTER 8 WORKING MEMORY 212
CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM MEMORY 235
CHAPTER 10 LANGUAGE: STRUCTURE
AND MEANING 267
CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 291
CHAPTER 12 READING AND WRITING 320
CHAPTER 13 COGNITIVE SKILLS:
PROBLEM SOLVING 349
CHAPTER 14 REASONING AND CHOICE 378
CHAPTER 15 APPLICATIONS OF
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 409
vii
CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Preview 1
Introduction 2
Philosophy 4
Rent Descartes 4 David Hume 6 Immanuel Kant 6
Experimental Psychology 7
Psychophysics 8 Structuralism and Associationism 10 Behaviorism 12
Gestalt Psychology 13 Forerunners of Information Processing 13
Linguistics 18
Computer Science 19
A Powerful Analogy 20
Theories and Methods in Cognitive Psychology 22
General Assumptions and Issues in Cognitive Psychology 22 Methods in Cognitive
Psychology: The Experiment 24 Computer Simulation 28
Conclusion: What to Expect as You Study Cognitive Psychology 28
Preview of Chapters 29
CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 31
Preview 31
Introduction 32
Research Methods in Neuroscience 33
Imaging Methods 34 Event-Related Potentials 36 Population Analysis and
Case Studies 38
Neurons and Neural Circuits 40
Neurons 41 Neural Circuits, Neural Plasticity, and Learning 44
The Brain 50
Major Brain Structures 51 The Sensory Systems 57 The Visual System 57
Conclusion 61
CHAPTER 3 ATTENTION 64
Preview 64
Introduction 65
Detection and Sensory Processes 67
IX
X- CONTENTS
Psychophysical Methods 67 Theory of Signal Detection 68 Early Visual Processing 71
Early Auditory Processing 72
Filtering 73
Search—Attracting Attention 75
Visual and Memory Search 75 Automatic and Controlled Processes 76
Feature Integration Theory 77 Spatial Attention 80
Doing Two Things at Once: The Dual-Task Paradigm 83
Allocation of Resources 83 Interference in the Stroop Task 86
Conclusion 88
CHAPTER 4 RECOGNITION AND ACTION 90
Preview 90
Introduction 91
Recognition 91
Computer Vision 93 Human Pattern Recognition: The Case of Letters 95
Recognizing Speech Sounds 100 Word Recognition 103 Shape Recognition 108
Perceiving Events 113
Action 114
Physiology of Movement 115 Psychological Control of Motor Behavior 119
Acquiring Motor Skills 126 A Case Study: Typing 127
Conclusion 131
CHAPTER 5 REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE:
DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE 133
Preview 133
Introduction 133
Declarative Knowledge 134
Concepts 134 Events 139 Visual Imagery 143 Mental Models 147
Procedural Knowledge 148
Representation of Procedural Knowledge 149 An Example: Adding Numbers 150
Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge 152
Symbolic Architectures of Cognition 154
Conclusion 156
CHAPTER 6 REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE:
NEURAL NETWORKS 158
Preview 158
Introduction 159
Neural Net Components 160
CONTENTS xi
Determining Activation: The Activation Rule 161
Putting the Activation Rule to Work: Examples 162
Distributed Representations 164
Example 1: Representation of Animals 164 Example 2: Representation of Letters 165
Example 3: Input-Output Mapping in a Robot 165
Retrieval from Neural Nets 167
Content-Addressable Memory 169 Degraded Inputs 169 Generalization and
Discrimination 169
Learning in Neural Networks 170
Hebbian Learning 171 The Delta Procedure: Learning through Error Correction 176
Backpropagation Learning 181
Conclusion 185
Appendix: Expressions and Subscripts Presented in Chapter 6 187
CHAPTER 7 LEARNING AND MEMORY 188
Preview 188
Introduction 189
Does the Study of Animal Learning Teach Us Anything about Human Learning ? 189
Relation between Animal and Human Learning Research 190 Learning and
Information Processing 190
Learning 191
Two Paradigms of Animal Learning 191 Basic Learning Phenomena 193 Issues in
Learning Theories 195 Applications of Associative Learning 197 Learning in
Natural Environments 197 Nonassociative Learning 198
Memory 199
Hermann Ebbinghaus 199 Causes of Forgetting: Disuse versus Interference 201
Associationism: Review and Outlook 203 Constructive Memory 204 Early
Information-Processing Theories and the Two-Store Model of Memory 205 The Atkinson
andShiffrin Theory of Memory 208 Critics of the Two-Store Model 209
Conclusion 211
CHAPTER 8 WORKING MEMORY 212
Preview 212
Introduction 213
Multiple-Component Model 214
Phonological Loop 214 Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad 215 Central Executive 217
Mental Processes in Working Memory 219
Problem Solving 219 Storage versus Computation 220 Language Comprehension 220
Search in Working Memory 221
Expanding Your Working Memory: Long-Term Working Memory 224
Digit Span 224 Remembering 20 Restaurant Orders 225 Memory for Chess 225
Xil CONTENTS
Dynamic Processing in Working Memory 226
Activation in Working Memory 226 Tracking Mental Work On-Line 227
Individual Differences in Working Memory 231
Conclusion 233
CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM MEMORY 235
Preview 235
Introduction 236
Dimensions of Memory 236
List Learning 238
Basic Retention Results 239 SAM: A Framework of Retention 242
Memory for Meaningful Materials 249
Memory and Meaning 249
Failing to Remember and What to Do about It 254
Some Cases of Forgetting 254 Coping with Poor Memory 258 Exceptional
Memories 258 Improving One s Memory—Lessons from Cognitive Psychology 259
Implicit Memory 260
Facilitation 260 Rule Learning 262
Clinical Study of Memory 263
Amnesia 263 Alzheimer s Disease 265
Conclusion 265
CHAPTER 10 LANGUAGE: STRUCTURE AND MEANING 267
Preview 267
Introduction 268
Sentences 269
Syntactic Rules and Principles 270 Representing the Meaning of Sentences 280
Words 282
Morphology 283 Syntactic Information 283 The Meaning of Words 284
Phonology: The Sound of Language 286
Phonological Rules 287 Phonemes 287
Conclusion 288
CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 291
Preview 291
Introduction 292
Word-Level Processes 295
Encoding and Lexical Access 297
CONTENTS Xlii
Sentence-Level Processes 300
Parsing Strategies 301
Neurolinguistics: Language and the Brain 307
The Geschwind-Wernicke Model 309 Revising the Geschwind-Wemicke Model 310
Electrical Stimulation Mapping 311 Cerebral Blood Flow in Comprehension 312
Computational Approaches 313
Augmented Transition Networks (ATNs) 313 Connectionist Parsing 316
Conclusion 318
CHAPTER 12 READING AND WRITING 320
Preview 320
Reading 321
Introduction 321 The Text Base 322 Processing of Texts 324 Causal Links in
Texts 330 Special Issues in Reading 331 Conclusion 337
Writing 337
Introduction 337 The Environment: Writing Goals and the Audience 338
The Writer 339 Writing Processes 339 Issues on Writing 345
Conclusion: A Personal Perspective on Writing 347
CHAPTER 13 COGNITIVE SKILLS: PROBLEM SOLVING 349
Preview 349
Introduction 350
A List of Problems 350
Knowledge-Lean Problems 354
Heuristic Search 354 The Means-Ends Strategy 355 Analogies 358
Knowledge-Rich Problems 360
Mathematics 361 Computer Programming 366 A Case Study from
Political Science 368 Adversarial Problem Solving 369
Changes in Problem-Solving Skills 371
Developmental Changes 371 Improving Your Problem-Solving Skills 372
Conclusion 376
Appendix 376
CHAPTER 14 REASONING AND CHOICE 378
Preview 378
Introduction 379
Do People Reason Logically? 379
Inductive Reasoning 381
XIV CONTENTS
Series Completion 381 Concept Learning 383 Applications of Category
Learning 390
Creativity and Discovery 391
Kepler s Third Law: A Case Study of Scientific Discovery 392 BACON Discovers
Kepler s Law 393 Expertise and Creativity 395
Judgment and Choice 396
Reasoning about Probabilities 396 Choice 399 Improving Judgment
and Decision Making 406
Conclusion 408
CHAPTER 15 APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 409
Preview 409
Introduction 410
Cognitive Engineering 410
Assessing Workload 411 Typewriters and Typing 415 Compatibility 416
Computer Human Interaction 417 Learning Computer Languages 418
The Future of Cognitive Engineering 419
Cognition and Education 420
Beginning Reading Instruction 421 Teaching Problem-Solving Skills 423
Remembering Skills and Information for the Long Haul 424
Cognitive Psychology and the Law 427
Memory for Faces 428 Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony 431
Memory Enhancement 432
Cognitive Impairment: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation 434
Implications for Diagnosis 434 Implications for Rehabilitation 436
The Great Debate: Is Applied Cognitive Psychology for Real? 440
REFERENCES 443
NAME INDEX 467
SUBJECT INDEX 475
|
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