The rumen microbial ecosystem:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Blackie Acad. & Professional
1997
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXI, 719 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0751403660 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | The Rumen Microbial
Ecosystem
Edited by
P N HOBSON
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of Aberdeen
and
C S STEWART
The Nutrition Division
The Rowett Research Institute
Aberdeen
BLACKIE ACADEMIC amp; PROFESSIONAL
An Imprint of Chapman amp; Hall
London • Weinheim • New York • Tokyo • Melbourne • Madras
Contents
List of contributors xvii
Preface xx
1 Introduction 1
P N Hobson
1 1 Humans and herbivores 1
1 2 The ruminants 2
1 3 The rumen and its development 3
1 4 The functioning rumen 5
1 5 The future 8
References 9
2 The rumen bacteria 10
C S Stewart, H J Flint and M P Bryant
Substrate specificities of rumen bacteria
Major groups of rumen bacteria
Prevotella species (formerly Bacteroides
ruminicola)
Ruminobacter (Bacteroides) amylophilus
Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes
Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens
Succinimonas amylolytica
Spirochaetes
Anaerovibrio lipolytica
Selenomonas ruminantium
Mitsuokella multiacidus
Megasphaera elsdenii
Syntrophococcus sucromutans
Ruminococcus species
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus caprinus
Peptostreptococcus species
Acetitomaculum ruminis
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
Lachnospira multipara (multiparus)
Clostridium species
Vlll CONTENTS
2 2 20 Eubacterium species 40
2 2 21 Lactobacillus species 40
2 2 22 Bifidobacterium species 41
2 2 23 Non-sugar-fermenting bacteria 42
2 2 24 Mycoplasma species 45
2 2 25 The large bacteria 45
2 2 26 The rumen methanogens 46
2 3 Methods for the isolation, enumeration and cultivation
of rumen bacteria 49
231 Rumen sampling and media preparation 50
232 Counting and isolating bacteria 51
233 Bottle-plates 53
234 Anaerobic glove-box techniques 53
235 Cultivation and maintenance 54
References 55
3 The rumen protozoa 73
A G Williams and G S Coleman
3 1 The entodiniomorphid protozoa 73
311 Identification and classification 73
312 Evolution 78
313 Structure and the uptake of particulate matter
and soluble compounds 79
314 Cultivation 80
315 Division and conjugation 82
316 Bacteria associated with protozoa 82
317 Uptake, digestion and metabolism of dietary
components 83
3 2 The holotrich protozoa 89
321 Classification 93
322 Occurrence, morphology and ultrastructure 94
323 Cultivation 100
324 Uptake, digestion and metabolism of dietary
components 101
3 3 Interaction of rumen ciliates with other microbial
groups in the rumen 110
331 Protozoa-prokaryote interactions 110
332 Protozoa-eukaryote interactions 112
3 4 The importance of protozoa to the ruminant 114
341 Host digestion of protozoal cell constituents 116
342 Protozoa and rumen metabolism 117
References 120
4 The rumen anaerobic fungi 140
C G Orpin and K N Joblin
CONTENTS IX
4 1 Taxonomy
4 2 Genera and species
421 Neocallimastix
422 Piromyces Barr amp; Kudo
423 Caecomyces Gold
424 Orpinomyces Barr amp; Kudo
425 Anaeromyces Breton et al
4 3 Fine structure
4 4 Life cycles in vivo
4 5 Estimation of population density and biomass
4 6 Isolation and culture
461 Culture media
462 Nutrition
4 7 Chemical composition
4 8 Intermediary metabolism
4 9 Fermentation of carbohydrates
4 10 Enzymology of lignocellulose catabolism by rumen
anaerobic fungi
4 11 Nucleic acids of anaerobic fungi
4 12 Cloning genes of rumen fungi
4 13 Regulation of lignocellulolytic enzyme production
in rumen fungi
4 14 Attack on plant tissues
4 15 Fungal interactions with rumen bacteria
4 16 Fungal interactions with rumen protozoa
4 17 Transfer between animals
4 18 Antibiotic sensitivities
4 19 Effects of diet on rumen fungal populations
4 20 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
5 Development of, and natural fluctuations in,
rumen microbial populations
B A Dehority and C G Orpin
5 1 Rumen ciliate protozoa
511 Counting procedures
512 Species identification
513 Faunation
514 Factors influencing population size
and composition
515 Differences within and between domestic
ruminant species
516 Protozoa in wild ruminants
5 2 Rumen flagellate orotozoa
CONTENTS
*,5 3 Anaerobic fungi 213
531 Enumeration procedures 214
532 Initial establishment in ruminants 216
533 Survival stages 217
534 Effects of diet on ruminal fungal populations 218
535 Diurnal variation and feeding frequency 219
536 Effects of diet on fungal populations in the
distal alimentary tract 219
537 Interactions affecting the activity and growth
of rumen fungi 219
5 4 Rumen bacteria 220
541 Enumeration procedures 220
542 Inoculation and establishment of rumen bacteria 222
543 Factors affecting the bacterial population 224
544 Distribution of species or specific carbohydrate-
fermenting groups 228
545 Bacterial subpopulations in the rumen 231
546 Bacterial species in wild ruminants 232
5 5 Interrelationships between rumen microbial populations 233
References 235
6 Energy-yielding and energy-consuming reactions 246
J B Russell and R J Wallace
6 1 Strategies for rumen microorganisms 246
6 2 Energy-yielding reactions 247
621 ATP 247
622 Glycolysis 247
623 Pentose metabolism 248
624 Pyruvate metabolism 249
625 Methane 253
626 Acetogenesis 254
627 Amino acids 255
6 3 Energy-consuming reactions 257
631 Transport 257
632 Growth yields of rumen bacteria 260
633 Maintenance energy 263
634 Energy-spilling reactions 265
6 4 VFAsandlowpH 267
6 5 Ionophores 267
6 6 Metabolic regulation 268
661 Enzyme activity 268
662 Catabolite regulatory mechanisms 270
6 7 Starvation 271
CONTENTS XI
6 8 Conclusions 272
References 273
7 Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds 283
R J Wallace, R Onodera and M A Cotta
7 1 Flow of nitrogenous compounds through the rumen 284
7 2 Breakdown of dietary nitrogenous compounds 285
721 Protein degradation 285
722 Peptide breakdown 294
723 Amino acid breakdown 298
724 Breakdown of urea 303
725 Nucleic acids 304
726 Other nitrogenous compounds in the diet 305
7 3 Anabolic nitrogen metabolism 306
731 Ammonia assimilation 306
732 Amino acid biosynthesis 311
733 The requirement for rumen-degradable protein 314
7 4 Conclusion 316
References 316
8 Polysaccharide degradation by rumen microorganisms 329
A Chesson and C W Forsberg
8 1 Structure and digestion of plant storage polysaccharides 330
811 Starch structure 330
812 Starch metabolism 332
813 Fructosan structure and metabolism 334
8 2 Structure of plant cell walls 335
821 Composition and organization of the primary
cell wall 336
822 Secondary wall development and lignification 340
8 3 Digestion of plant cell walls by rumen microorganisms 343
831 Adhesion of ruminal microorganisms to plant
polysaccharides 343
832 General mechanisms for the degradation
of plant cell walls 346
833 Fibrolytic enzyme systems of ruminal bacteria,
fungi and protozoa 349
834 Microbial interactions 361
835 Evolution and distribution of fibrolytic enzymes 362
836 Genetic manipulation of ruminal organisms 363
8 4 Limitations to polysaccharide degradation 364
841 Plant anatomy and cell wall degradation 364
842 Porosity and the importance of surface 365
Xll CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 368
•References 368
9 Lipid metabolism in the rumen 382
C G Harfoot and G P Hazlewood
9 1 Role of microorganisms in ruminant lipid metabolism 383
9 2 Composition of dietary lipids 383
9 3 Hydrolysis of dietary lipids 384
931 Role of bacteria 385
932 Role of ciliate protozoa and anaerobic fungi 387
9 4 Biohydrogenation in the rumen 388
941 Role of microorganisms 388
942 Role of food particles 389
943 Bacterial species responsible for biohydrogenation 390
944 Biochemistry of biohydrogenation 394
945 Some outstanding problems with regard to
biohydrogenation 402
946 Factors affecting biohydrogenation 403
9 5 Other lipid transformations 405
9 6 Effect of lipids on rumen fermentation 406
9 7 Composition of microbial lipids 407
971 Lipid composition of rumen bacteria 407
972 Factors affecting the lipid composition of
rumen bacteria 410
973 Lipid composition of rumen protozoa 411
974 Lipid composition of rumen fungi 414
9 8 Biosynthesis of microbial lipids 414
981 Fatty acids 414
982 Complex lipids 416
9 9 Conclusions 418
References 419
10 Genetics of rumen bacteria 427
R M Teather, M A Hefford and R J Forster
10 1 Molecular ecology 428
10 1 1 16S rRNA probes 428
10 1 2 New probes: direct cloning from environmental
samples 431
10 1 3 Directions 431
10 2 Mutagenesis in rumen bacteria 432
10 3 Gene and protein structure and expression
in rumen bacteria 433
CONTENTS Xlll
10 3 1 Cloning of rumen bacterial genes 433
10 3 2 Sequencing of rumen bacteria genes:
structural features of genes and proteins 437
10 3 3 Regulation of gene expression 447
10 4 Gene transfer in rumen bacteria 450
10 4 1 Evidence for gene transfer in vivo 450
10 4 2 Restriction barriers 451
10 4 3 Development of in vitro gene transfer techniques 452
10 5 Conclusions 456
References 456
11 Microbe-microbe interactions 467
M J Wolin, T L Miller and C S Stewart
11 1 Nutritional interactions 467
11 2 Interactions and nitrogen compounds 469
11 3 Carbohydrate fermentation 471
11 3 1 Polysaccharide hydrolysis and its products 471
11 3 2 Cross-feeding of hydrolysis products 471
11 3 3 Food chain and predator-prey relationships 473
11 3 4 Succinate and propionate relationships 474
11 3 5 Production of CH4 476
11 3 6 Interspecies H2 transfer and fermentation 478
11 3 7 Interactions and the proportions of VFAs 482
11 4 Amensalistic interactions 486
11 5 Interactions and diversity 486
References 488
12 Compartmentation in the rumen 492
K -J Cheng and T A McAllister
12 1 Compartmental models 492
12 2 The rumen simulation technique (Rusitec): a model
multicompartment system 499
12 3 The rumen as a multicompartment system 503
12 3 1 Compartment 1 504
12 3 2 Compartment 3 505
12 3 3 Compartment 2 508
12 3 4 Compartment 4 509
12 4 Some consequences of compartmentation in the rumen 510
12 4 1 Adequate nitrogen supply 510
12 4 2 Attack from within and the mechanism
of fibre digestion 510
12 4 3 Microbial attachment 511
12 4 4 Microbial consortia 514
XIV CONTENTS
, 12 4 5 Digestive dysfunction due to malfunction in
compartmentation 515
12 4 6 Manipulation of compartment processes
in the rumen 516
12 5 Concluding remarks 516
References 518
13 Manipulation of ruminal fermentation 523
T G Nagaraja, C J Newbold, C J Van Nevel
and D I Demeyer
13 1 The rumen fermentation 524
13 2 The aim in manipulating ruminal fermentation 524
13 3 Modification of the ruminal fermentation pattern 525
13 3 1 Manipulation of carbohydrate fermentation 525
13 3 2 Manipulation of nitrogen metabolism 528
13 3 3 Manipulation of lipid fermentation 529
13 4 Approaches to modification of ruminal fermentation 531
13 4 1 Dietary intervention 531
13 4 2 Physiological modification of the animal 533
13 4 3 Microbial intervention 534
13 5 Modifiers of ruminal microbial activity 534
13 5 1 Buffering compounds 534
13 5 2 Ionophore antibiotics 538
13 5 3 Non-ionophore antibiotics 554
13 5 4 Inhibitors of proteolysis, peptide degradation
and deamination 567
13 5 5 Fat supplementation 571
13 5 6 Methane inhibitors 579
13 5 7 Growth factors 583
13 5 8 Microbial feed additives and enzymes 588
13 5 9 Miscellaneous compounds 596
13 6 Conclusions 599
References 600
14 Digestive disorders and nutritional toxicity 633
K A Dawson, M A Rasmussen and M J Allison
14 1 Rumen dysfunctions associated with microbial activities 633
14 1 1 Lactic acidosis 633
14 1 2 Bloat 635
14 2 Neurological dysfunctions associated with
microbial activities in the rumen 636
14 3 Microbial transformation 637
14 3 1 Transformation mechanisms in the rumen 637
14 3 2 Oxalate degradation 637
CONTENTS
14 3 3 Nitrate and nitrotoxins
14 3 4 Alkaloids
14 3 5 Polyphenolic compounds
14 3 6 Mimosine
14 3 7 Lathyrogenic amino acids
14 3 8 Tryptophan degradation
14 3 9 Phytoestrogens
14 3 10 Brassica anemia factor
14 3 11 Glucosinolates
14 3 12 Cyanogenic glycosides
14 3 13 Selenium
14 3 14 Photosensitization agents
14 3 15 Fluoroacetate
14 3 16 7ram-aconitate and tricarballylate
14 3 17 Mycotoxins
14 4 Strategies for addressing toxicity problems in ruminants
14 4 1 General considerations
14 4 2 Genetic manipulation to enhance
toxin degradation
References
XV
15 Biological models of the rumen function 661
P N Hobson and G Fonty
15 1 Defined bacterial populations without protozoa 662
15 2 The young ruminant 665
15 2 1 The defined rumen flora 665
15 2 2 Ureolysis 666
15 2 3 Escherichia coli and lactobacilli 667
15 2 4 Cerebrocortical necrosis 667
15 2 5 Antibody production 668
15 2 6 Brassica anaemia 669
15 3 The adult ruminant 669
15 3 1 Feed digestion and growth of lambs 669
15 3 2 Ureolysis 672
15 3 3 Cellulolysis and amylolysis 672
15 3 4 Ecological factors which control the establishment
of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen 674
15 3 5 Utilization of an animal model to study the role
of different cellulolytic populations and their
interactions 676
15 3 6 Interactions between microbial populations in the
rumens of gnotobiotically reared lambs 678
References 682
XVI CONTENTS
16 Rumen mathematical modelling 685
D Sauvant
16 1 Rumen models 685
16 2 History of fermenter and rumen modelling 686
16 3 Modelling the main digestive events 686
16 3 1 Degradation of substrates 686
16 3 2 Microbial activity 693
16 3 3 Particle dynamics 698
16 4 Aggregation of several digestive events 700
16 4 1 Degradation and transit 700
16 4 2 Degradation and microbial activities 701
16 5 Whole-rumen models 702
16 5 1 The stretched flows models 703
16 5 2 The compartmental models 703
16 5 3 Comparisons of whole-rumen models 703
16 6 Conclusions 704
Acknowledgements 704
References 705
Index 709
|
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dewey-search | 599.73504132 |
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discipline | Biologie |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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spellingShingle | The rumen microbial ecosystem Panse - Microbiologie ram Rumen Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 gnd Pansen (DE-588)4123904-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4316357-9 (DE-588)4039226-0 (DE-588)4123904-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | The rumen microbial ecosystem |
title_auth | The rumen microbial ecosystem |
title_exact_search | The rumen microbial ecosystem |
title_full | The rumen microbial ecosystem ed. by P. N. Hobson ... |
title_fullStr | The rumen microbial ecosystem ed. by P. N. Hobson ... |
title_full_unstemmed | The rumen microbial ecosystem ed. by P. N. Hobson ... |
title_short | The rumen microbial ecosystem |
title_sort | the rumen microbial ecosystem |
topic | Panse - Microbiologie ram Rumen Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 gnd Pansen (DE-588)4123904-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Panse - Microbiologie Rumen Microbiology Mikrobiologie Mikroorganismus Pansen Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007711615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT hobsonpn therumenmicrobialecosystem |