Biological science:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Norton
1972
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 888 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0393093875 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Keeton, William T. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biological science |c William T. Keeton |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Norton |c 1972 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 888 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | r a)
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SECOND EDITION
WILLIAM T KEETON
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
ILLUSTRATED BY PAULA DlSMMTO BENSADOUN
NEW YORK l^JJ W • W • NORTON amp; COMPANY • INC •
CONTENTS
Preface
1 • Introduction
Biology as a science 1 The scientific method 2
theory 7 The concept of evolutionary change 7
xi
The rise i f modern biological science 4 Darwin s
The con ept of natural selection 8
PART I THE CHEMICAL AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
2 • Some simple chemistry 15
The elements 16 Elements important in biology 16 Atomic structure 16 Chemical bonds 20 Ionic
bonds 21 Covalent bonds 23 Hydrogen bonds 25 S )me important inorganic molecules 25
Water 26 Carbon dioxide 26 Oxygen 27 Some simple organic chemistry 27 Carbohydrates 28
Lipids 32 Proteins 34 Nucleic acids 39 Chemical reactions 40 General conditions for chemical
reactions 40 Catalysis 41
3 • Ceils: Units of structure and function 45
The cell theory 45 Cell structure 47 Cell size 48 Colloid ; and protoplasm 48 The cell membrane
51 Plant cell walls 63 The nucleus 65 The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes 67 The Golgi
apparatus 70 Mitochondria 72 Lysosomes 72 Peroxisom s 73 Plastids 73 Vacuoles 74 Centri-
vi CONTENTS
oles 75 Cilia and flagella 75 Typical cells 76 I rocaryotic cells 77 Multicellular organization 78
Plant tissues 79 Meristematic tissue 80 Surface tissue 81 Fundamental tissue 82 Vascular tis
sue 83 Plant organs 84 Animal tissues 85 Epithelium 85 Connective tissue 87 Muscle 91
Nerve 91 Animal organs 92 The variety of organisms 94 Bacteria 94 Plant groups 94 Animal
groups 95
4 • Energy transformations 98
Characteristics of energy 98 Photosynthesis 99 H storical development 99 The chemical nature of
photosynthesis 102 Light and chlorophyll 103 Cy ;lic photophosphorylation 104 Noncyclic photo-
phosphorylation 108 Carbohydrate synthesis 110 The leaf as an organ of photosynthesis 113
Chemosynthesis 117 Cellular respiration 118 Glycolysis and fermentation 118 The cytochrome
transport system 120 The Krebs citric acid cycle 12 2 Summary of the ATP yield of the respiration of
glucose 124 Respiration of fats and proteins 126 Mitochondria 126 Body temperature and meta
bolic rate 127
PART U THE BIOLQ3Y OF ORGANISMS
5 • Nutrient procurement and processing 135
Nutrient requirements of green plants 136 Raw materials for photosynthesis 136 Mineral nutrition
137 Nutrient procurement by green plants 139 Roots as organs of procurement 139 Insectivor
ous green plants 146 Nutrient requirements of heterotrophic organisms 147 Nutrients required in
bulk 148 Vitamins 149 Mineral nutrition 154 Nutrient procurement by heterotrophic plants 154
Nutrient procurement by animals 156 Nutrient procurement by Protozoa 156 Nutrient procurement
by coelenterates 158 Nutrient procurement by flat vorms 160 Animals with complete digestive tracts
161 The digestive system of man and other vertebrates 164 Enzymatic digestion in man 171
6 • Gas exchange 176
The problem 177 Solutions in terrestrial plants 178 Leaves 178 Stems and roots 181 Solutions
in aquatic animals 183 Gills 184 Solutions othei than gills 186 Solutions in terrestrial animals 187
Lungs 187 Tracheal systems 191
7 • Internal transport 193
Organisms without special transport systems 193 Vascular plants 195 Structure of stems 195 The
ascent of sap 203 Translocation of solutes 208 C irculation in higher animals 212 The insect cir
culatory system 213 The human circulatory syste a 213 Blood 225
CONTENTS vii
8 • Regulation of body fluids 238
The extracellular fluids of plants 239 The vertebrate liver 241 The problem of excretion and salt
and water balance in animals 244 The problem in aquati; animals 244 The problem in terrestrial
animals 247 Excretory mechanisms in animals 248 Coi tractile vacuoles 248 Flame-cell systems
248 Nephridia of earthworms 249 The vertebrate kidne y 250 Malpighian tubules 255 The cel
lular basis of active transport of salt 255
9 • Chemical control 260
Plant hormones 261 Auxins 262 Gibberellins 270 Cytckinins 271 Inhibitors 273 Ethylene 273
Chemical control of flowering 274 Hormones in invertebr itc animals 281 Hormones in vertebrate
animals 283 Hormonal control of digestion 286 Histamine 287 The pancreas as an endocrine
organ 288 The kidneys as endocrine organs 290 The 1 hyroid 290 The parathyroids 293 The
thymus 293 The adrenals 293 The pituitary 297 The p neal 300 Hormonal control of vertebrate
reproduction 301 The process of sexual reproduction J 01 The human and other mammalian
reproductive systems 303 The mechanism of hormonal actii n 314
10 • Nervous control 318
Evolution of nervous systems 319 Nervous pathways in vertebrates 325 Neurons of vertebrates 325
Reflex arcs 325 The autonomic nervous system 329 Refl 3X control of breathing and heartbeat 330
Transmission of nervous impulses 334 Conduction alon ; neurons 334 Transmission across syn
apses 341 Transmission between the motor axon and the effector 345 Sensory reception 346
Sensory receptors of the skin, skeletal muscles, and viscer i 346 The senses of taste and smell 351
The sense of vision 355 The sense of hearing 363 The enses of equilibrium and acceleration 366
Lateral-line systems 367 The brain 368 Evolution of tl e vertebrate brain 369 The mammalian
forebrain 372
Effectors of nonmuscular movement 381 The evolution and structural arrangements of muscular
effectors 383 Animals with hydrostatic skeletons 384 Animals with hard jointed skeletons 385
The physiology of muscle activity 390 The general featur :s of muscle contraction 390 The molecu
lar basis of contraction 392 The stimulus for contraction 3 18
The nature of behavior 402 Tropisms, taxes, and reflex- :s 403 Inheritance and learning in be
havior 407 Motivation 413 The concept of releasers 415 Animal communication 417 Communi
cation by sound 418 Communication by chemicals 423 Communication by visual displays 425
11 • Effectors 381
12 • Animal behavior 402
viii CONTENTS
Communication in honeybees 427 Biological clocks 430 Orientation behavior 431 Orientation
by visual landmarks 432 Orientation by smell 4 2 Avian orientation and navigation 433 The
evolution of behavior 436 The derivation of behavior patterns 437
PART III THE PERI ETUATION OF LIFE
13 • Cellular reproduction 445
The central importance of the nucleus 445 Mitotic cell division 448 Mitosis 448 Cytokinesis 454
Meiotic cell division 455 The process of meiosis 457 The timing of meiosis in the life cycle 460
The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction 46;;
14 • Patterns of inheritance 465
Monohybrid inheritance 465 Experiments by Mendel 465 The test cross 470 Intermediate in
heritance 471 Dihybrid and trihybrid inheritance 472 The basicsdihybrid ratio 472 Gene inter
actions 474 Penetrance and expressivity 477 Tho evaluation of experimental results 479 Multiple
alleles 481 Mutations and deleterious genes 485 Sex and inheritance 488 Sex determination 488
Sex-linked characters 490 Genes on the Y chromosome 492 Sex-influenced characters 492 Link
age 492 Genetics problems 497 Appendix: The :hi-square test 500
15 • The nature of the gene and its action 503
The chemical nature of the genetic material 503 The discovery of DNA and its function 503 The
molecular structure of DNA 506 The replication )f DNA 509 The mechanism of gene action 511
The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis 511 The syn thesis of proteins 514 The genetic code 521 Mu
tations 525 Chromosomal mutations 526 Genie nutations 528 Now what is a gene? 529 Extra-
chromosomal inheritance 530 The genetic role of normal cytoplasmic structures 530 Episomes 531
16 • Development 539
Development of an angiosperm plant 539 The see I and its germination 539 Growth and differenti
ation of the plant body 541 Development of a multicellular animal 546 Embryonic development 546
Postembryonic development 552 The problem of differentiation 558 The effects of qualitatively
unequal cleavages 559 The effects of environment d influences 560 Regeneration of lost body parts
in animals 563 The gradualness of differentiation 565 The regulation of gene action 567 De
velopment of immunologic capabilities in vertebrates 574
CONTENTS ix
PART IV THE BIOLOGY OF POPULATIONS AND COMMUN TIES
17 • Evolution 585
Evolution as change in the genetic makeup of populations !: 85 Genetic variation as the raw material
for evolution 585 The gene pool and factors that affect i s equilibrium 587 The role of natural
selection 591 Adaptation 598 Species and speciation 607 Units of population 607 Speciation 611
The species problem 624 The concept of phylogeny 626 Determining phylogenetic relationships 627
Phylogeny and classification 631
18 • Ecology 635
The economy of ecosystems 636 The flow of energy 636 Cycles of materials 638 The physical
environment 643 Populations as units of structure and function 648 Population density and its
regulation 648 Behavioral ecology 656 Interspecific interai tions 660 Symbiosis 661 Predation 665
Interspecific competition 666 The biotic community 668 Dominance, species diversity, and com
munity stability 669 Ecological succession 670 Climax a id biome 675 Biogeography 681 Dis
persal of species 681 Biogeographic regions of the world 683
PART V THE GENESIS AND DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
1% • The origin and early evolution of life 691
The origin of life 691 Precambrian evolution 699 The kingdoms of life 702
20 • Viruses and Monera 706
Viruses 706 Monera 711 Schizomycetes 711 Cyanophyt i 718
21 • The plant kingdom 722
Euglenophyta (The euglenoids) 723 Chlorophyta (The green algae) 724 Chrysophyta (The
yellow-green and golden-brown algae and the diatoms) 730 Pyrrophyta (The dinoflagellates) 731
P,haeophyta (The brown algae) 732 Rhodophyta (The red algae) 735 Myxomycophyta (The
slime molds) 736 Eumycophyta (The true fungi) 738 Phycomycetes (The algal fungi) 739
Ascomycetes (The sac fungi) 741 Basidiomycetes (Th club fungi) 742 The movement onto
land 742 Bryophyta (The liverworts, hornworts, and messes) 744 Tracheophyta (The vascular
plants) 749 Psilopsida 749 Lycopsida (The club mosses 749 Sphenopsida (The horsetails) 751
Pteropsida (The ferns) 752 Spermopsida (The seed plant;) 754
CONTENTS
22 • The animal kingdom 765
Protozoa 765 Subphylum Plasmodroma 767 Subphylum Ciliophora 770 Porifera (The sponges)
771 The radiate phyla 772 Coelenterata 773 C tenophora 776 Origin of the Metazoa 776 The
acoelomate bilateria 777 Platyhelminthes (The fl; tworms) 777 Nemertina (The proboscis worms)
781 Divergence of the Protostomia and Deuterostomia 782 The pseudocoelomate Protostomia 783
Aschelminthes 784 The coelomate Protostomia 787 The lophophorate phyla 788 Mollusca 789
Annelida 793 Onychophora 794 Arthropoda 795 The Deuterostomia 803 Echinodermata 803
Hemichordata 806 The relationships between echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates 806 In
vertebrate Chordata 809 Vertebrate Chordata 810 Evolution of the Primates 823 The evolution
of man 827
Appendix: A classification of living things 835
Glossary 841
Index 855
|
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| author | Keeton, William T. |
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| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
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| dewey-search | 574 |
| dewey-sort | 3574 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0393093875 |
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| spelling | Keeton, William T. Verfasser aut Biological science William T. Keeton 2. ed. New York Norton 1972 XIV, 888 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologie Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s 1\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007711199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 |
| title | Biological science |
| title_auth | Biological science |
| title_exact_search | Biological science |
| title_full | Biological science William T. Keeton |
| title_fullStr | Biological science William T. Keeton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological science William T. Keeton |
| title_short | Biological science |
| title_sort | biological science |
| topic | Biologie Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie Biology |
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