The art and science of learning languages:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Intellect Books
1996
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | VIII, 344 S. |
| ISBN: | 187151648X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gethin, Amorey |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The art and science of learning languages |c Amorey Gethin and Erik V. Gunnemark |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Intellect Books |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 344 S. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistics | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Spracherwerb |2 swd | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Taalverwerving |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sprache | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Language and languages |x Study and teaching | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Languages, Modern |x Study and teaching | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gunnemark, Erik V. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Introduction 1
Acknowledgements 4
Part I — The art of learning languages 6
Amorey Gethin (AG) and Erik V. Gunnemark (EVG)
Chapter 1 - Basics 1. Who can and who should learn languages 7
§1 A talent for languages is not so rare as you may think §2 National differences §3 Lack of
talent is not inborn; cultural influences are strong §4 Think rationally about learning
languages §5 Resist bad influences on your talent, and rely on yourself §6 A very few
people may have permanent difficulties §7 A good memory is not necessary §8 Bilingual
people don t have particularly good memories §9 Connect foreign words to things , not to
words in your own language §10 What motives are effective for language learning? The
need for an inquisitive attitude §11 Teaching languages to children is not effective; adults
learn better §12 Language learning should be enjoyed, not imposed §13 Learning a
language is observing §14 You must do the work yourself Notes
Chapter 2 - Basics 2. Understanding the basic nature of languages 17
§15 Languages are translations of life , not of other languages §16 Every language is
different and divides the world up differently §17 Prepositions don t fit from one language
to another §18 Words in one language do not usually mean exactly the same as words in
another language §19 Whole expressions, too, are different in different languages §20 Do
not learn by translating into your own language §21 Translation is essential as a practical
instrument for beginners: it is the translation mentality that is dangerous §22 Translating is
not the path to complete and certain understanding §23 Translation diverts your attention
to the wrong thing §24 Translating acts as a barrier to understanding speech §25 Translating
can make language learning far more difficult, sometimes for whole countries §26 Translating
may also spoil the enjoyment §27 Good translators don t translate Note
Chapter 3 - Basics 3. Basic practical principles of learning 25
§28 When and where you should observe - listening and reading §29 Try to concentrate on
exactly how people say things §30 Observing through reading §31 Learning how the letters
of other languages are pronounced §32 What you should observe §33 It is important to
notice the contexts in which words are used §34 Different levels of knowledge; active and
passive knowledge §35 The importance of organization, independence and self-confidence
§36 The need for concentration, time, repetition and practice §37 More time, and intensive
study, are needed for difficult languages
Chapter 4 - Learning and lessons 1. How useful are teachers? 32
§38 Languages are learned, not taught §39 Language learning has not improved §40 Teachers
can t do the learning for you §41 What can teachers do? Explain grammar? §42 Explain
words? §43 Student participation §44 Lessons should do what students cannot do by
themselves §45 Teachers should answer and ask questions; they must know how the
language works §46 The problem of exercises §47 Classes take time and effort away from
learning §48 The need for a completely new sort of language lesson §49 We need language
guides, not teachers §50 Co-operative language guides §51 How to ask questions Notes
Chapter 5 - Learning and lessons 2. With or without lessons 42
§52 AG s experience of learning languages without lessons §53 How eagerness produced
the methods for getting on with the real thing with the minimum of fuss §54 Deciding
whether to take lessons §55 Find out about the lessons before signing up §56 Lessons to
help you pass exams §57 Intensive courses. Are they worthwhile? §58 Choosing and
preparing for an intensive course; follow-up §59 Trial lessons §60 Studying abroad: plan
and prepare in advance §61 Studying abroad: go on a course or study on your own? §62 Two
other good reasons for taking lessons §63 Working and learning as an au pair §64 Language
laboratories §65 Computer assisted language learning §66 All the things you can do on
your own Note
Chapter 6 - Pronunciation 57
§67 It is important to aim at a reasonable accent from the beginning §68 Good enough
pronunciation §69 The realities of learning pronunciation §70 Do not study the phonetics,
but pay attention to the particular sounds of each language §71 The international phonetic
alphabet §72 The problems of pronunciation are mainly psychological; the key is listening
§73 The temptation to pronounce what you see, not what you hear §74 Listening too
much to yourself instead of to native speakers §75 Self-consciousness §76 Imitating for
fun %77 Psychological mysteries §78 Becoming less mentally flexible §79 Being
careless or lazy §80 A physical difficulty §81 Finding out, listening and imitating - and
being eager §82 Be determined that you can and will get it right §83 Intonation §84 What
you need for a good accent §85 What to listen to - radio, television, tapes §86 Listen directly
to your own voice, not to tapes of it §87 Which accent? §88 Two equally good approaches to
pronunciation Notes
Chapter 7 - Vocabulary 1. Principles and first steps 72
§89 What words do you need to know? §90 Active and passive vocabulary, and transparent
vocabulary §91 Transparency can be different to different people §92 Being selective is half
the secret §93 The basic vocabulary §94 One has to crawl before one can walk: the active
minimum §95 Concentrate on central words! §96 Don t learn unnecessary synonyms
§97 Don t bother about marginal interest words in the beginning §98 Important central
interest words §99 Confidence comes from knowing common phrases well §100 The most
important phrases first! §101 Learn one-word phrases before longer phrases §102 Complete
question phrases, and longer phrases §103 Idioms, sayings and proverbs §104 Don t waste
energy and time on fancy phrases §105 Two ways of learning the basic vocabulary
§ 106 Remembering words and phrases - the basis of language learning §107 The best
surroundings and contexts for learning §108 Learning on the basis of one s own language
§109 Practicalities, including constant attention to the problem §110 Organizing the words
and phrases §111 Learn words with other words §112 Use both your aural and your visual
memory when you learn phrases §113 Learn ensemble languages in sentences - not word
by word § 114 Becoming independent of one s own language Notes
Chapter 8 - Vocabulary 2. How to learn many words 88
§115 After the basic words be greedy for new words §116 You need the vocabulary you
need! §117 Dictionaries - too often the great enemies of word-learning §118 What words are
and what they are not §119 The great blessing of being a grown-up §120 See and hear as
many words as you can; learn true meanings in living contexts: newspapers, magazines,
books, the radio §121 Learning the words of our own language §122 Learning meanings
from context §123 Imagine blanks in the text §124 Two sorts of context §125 Favourite
words §126 The disadvantage of being an adult §127 Memory aids §128 The dangers of the
= sign §129 Prepositions §130 More haste, less speed §131 AG s personal failure and success
at learning vocabulary §132 Notes and lists §133 Concentrate on one meaning at a time Note
Chapter 9 - Vocabulary 3. Dictionaries 99
§134 Choosing a dictionary §135 Good and bad dictionaries §136 Dictionaries - which way
round? §137 Dictionaries and translation §138 Monolingual or bilingual dictionaries?
§139 There are very few true synonyms §140 How monolingual dictionaries mislead §141 The
temptation to resist new words §142 The trap of thesauruses §143 The trouble with definitions
§144 The false logic of monolingual dictionaries §145 How to use bilingual dictionaries Notes
Chapter 10 - Grammar 108
§146 What grammar is - don t be frightened of it! §147 The small part of grammar that is
not meaning §148 What grammatical logic is and isn t §149 There is no clear distinction
between grammar and vocabulary §150 How important is grammar? §151 Learning
grammar: EVG s approach §152 Learning grammar: AG s approach §153 Indexes are
essential in grammar or course books §154 The weaknesses of courses §155 False and real
tests of progress §156 The need for general exercises §157 Doing exercises §158 Observe
grammar in action! §159 Making the grammar a natural part of you §160 Mistakes in books
on grammar §161 Missing the essence of grammar §162 Study the special characteristics of
each particular foreign grammar §163 Grammar examples §164 Planning the grammar of
what you say in advance §165 Making your own grammar charts §166 Using other
systematic arrangements of grammar Notes
Chapter 11 - Reading to observe 126
§167 Intensive reading §168 A sample passage for intensive reading §169 A test on how
well you observed the passage §170 What you could learn from the passage §171 Work you
can do yourself, with anything written, at any time §172 Learn the technique you can apply
indefinitely §173 Useful material for intensive reading §174 Ask questions about what you
read! §175 The answers to the questions in §169 §176 Observing with the help of computers
§177 Parallel texts are useful for beginners
Chapter 12 - Reading, listening, speaking and writing 137
§178 Words are the foundation of knowing languages §179 Being able to read is the most
useful linguistic skill for most people §180 Stop crawling if you can walk §181 Fiction or
non-fiction? §182 Three essentials for making progress with your reading §183 Listening
§184 It is easy to speak but difficult to understand - the ears must mature §185 Lip-
reading; telephone conversations §186 Grammar and listening can help each other §187 Stay
at home to learn what to speak; go out to practise speaking §188 Adapt what you say to your
vocabulary! §189 Writing - the extended arm of speech §190 It can take a long time to learn
to write a foreign language §191 Always think carefully about your writing; don t repeat
mistakes §192 Keep all your old written work - for you and for your language guide Notes
Chapter 13 - Mistakes 148
§193 How important are mistakes? §194 Grammar mistakes §195 The importance of
mistakes varies according to your purpose §196 Decide not to make mistakes §197 The
problem is remembering the problem §198 Make a note of your favourite mistakes
§199 Can one avoid making mistakes even if one does not have a teacher or guide to
help one? §200 Being corrected when you speak §201 Being corrected when you write
§202 Choosing the right person to correct your mistakes §203 How much should a
corrector correct? §204 How conscientious is the correcting? §205 Correcting mistakes
is very boring §206 Possible correcting methods: by private teacher §207 Corrections
need in the end to be in your head, not on pieces of paper! §208 Possible correcting
methods: by computer Notes
Chapter 14 - A summary of practical principles of good language learning 158
§209 The foundations of foreign-language learning §210 Good attitudes to learning
languages §211 The art of NOT learning languages
Part II — Facts about languages 160
Erik V. Gunnemark
Chapter 15 - The worlds most important languages 161
§212 The big languages §213 English, German and French
Chapter 16 - How many words are there? 163
§214 The numbers of words in modern languages; compound words §215 Ancient
vocabularies §216 Active vocabularies in dialects §217 Polysynthetic and agglutinative
languages
Chapter 17 - Transparent languages 165
§218 What we mean by transparent words §219 Transparency as an aid to reading and
speaking §220 Some examples of transparent words §221 Transparenf speech §222 More
patterns linking languages §223 Examples of the degrees of transparency between various
languages §224 Stepping-stone languages §225 Lists of non-transparent words Note
Chapter 18 - International and puristic words 172
§226 International words §227 How many words are international? §228 All is not
international that looks it §229 Loan words from eastern languages §230 The international
word hooligan §231 Puristic words instead of international words §232 Free entry for
foreign words into English §233 German is no longer puristic §234 Purism in the Slavonic
languages §235 Modern Greek is puristic but at the same time international §236 Four
examples of Finnish and Icelandic purism §237 International and puristic names of the months
Chapter 19 - False friends and unreliable friends 177
§238 False friends §239 Unreliable friends
Chapter 20 - Easy and difficult languages 180
§240 What makes a language difficult §241 Judging whether a language is easy or difficult
§242 Which are the difficult languages? §243 Easy and difficult words to learn: the
importance of spelling §244 Long words
Chapter 21 - How long does it take to learn a language? 183
§245 How long depends on organization and concentration and on how difficult
§246 Ignorance and wishful thinking §247 Minimum times §248 How many words can
one learn per week? §249 How many hours of study: rules of thumb
Chapter 22 - How many words does one need to know? 186
§250 The percentage of the total spoken and total written vocabulary of a language that is
made up of a given number of words §251 From 500 to 100,000 words - different
vocabularies for different needs §252 Basic word lists; subjectivity §253 The Dutch basic
word list
Chapter 23 - Languages with difficult pronunciation 189
§254 The pronunciation is often easier than you may think §255 Spelling and pronunciation
in English
Chapter 24 - Features of grammar 191
§256 Accidence and syntax §257 Languages with easy or difficult grammar Note
Chapter 25 - Alphabets 193
§258 Unfamiliar alphabets - how difficult are they?
Part III — How to pass language examinations 195
Amorey Gethin
§259 The tyranny of examinations and the need for realism §260 General principles
§261 Preparation §262 Know your weak points! §263 Reading material §264 Grammar
books §265 Examination technique - Timing §266 Examination technique - Checking
§267 Examination technique - Summary §268 Multiple choice - Reading Comprehension
tests §269 Reading Comprehension - General technique §270 Reading Comprehension -
Answering the questions §271 Reading Comprehension - Practising §272 Multiple Choice -
Filling in blanks to complete sentences §273 Filling in blanks - Technique §274 Filling in
blanks - Answering the questions §275 Multiple Choice - Listening Comprehension
§276 Cloze tests = passages with missing words to be filled in §277 Cloze tests - General
technique §278 Cloze tests - Answering the questions §279 Re-writing or completing
sentences §280 Re-writing or completing sentences - Preparation §281 Re-writing or
completing sentences - Technique §282 Re-writing or completing sentences - Answering the
questions §283 Mixed Comprehension / Writing tests §284 Mixed Comprehension /
Writing - Advanced level §285 Comprehension / Writing - Advanced - General technique
§286 Comprehension / Writing - Advanced - some duties of teachers preparing students
§287 Compositions - Your list of favourite mistakes §288 Compositions - Do NOT copy
your work out §289 Compositions - Keep EXACTLY to your timetable §290 Compositions -
Write on the subject the paper tells you to write on §291 Compositions - Only write what
you KNOW IS RIGHT §292 Compositions - Check for each of your favourite mistakes
SEPARATELY §293 Compositions - Don t make avoidable mistakes through being too
ambitious §294 Compositions - Use simple language §295 Compositions - Construction:
don t waste time on it §296 Compositions - Summing up Notes
Appendices 227
Appendix 1: Unstressed syllables and weak forms in English (AG) 228
Appendix 2: The International Phonetic Alphabet 232
Appendix 3: Minilex A: English-Swedish 236
Appendix 4: Miniphrase A + B: English-Swedish 251
Appendix 5: Minigram: Swedish 268
Appendix 6: The Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS) 273
Appendix 7: Grammatical terms 278
Appendix 8: Some hints on principles of English grammar (AG) 292
Appendix 9: 40 of the most common words in English (EVG) 305
Appendix 10: Tests and exercises (AG) 306
Appendix 11: Polyglots (EVG) 317
Bibliography 320
Index 329
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| spelling | Gethin, Amorey Verfasser aut The art and science of learning languages Amorey Gethin and Erik V. Gunnemark Oxford Intellect Books 1996 VIII, 344 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Linguistics Spracherwerb swd Taalverwerving gtt Linguistik Sprache Language and languages Study and teaching Languages, Modern Study and teaching Gunnemark, Erik V. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007672976&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gethin, Amorey Gunnemark, Erik V. The art and science of learning languages Linguistics Spracherwerb swd Taalverwerving gtt Linguistik Sprache Language and languages Study and teaching Languages, Modern Study and teaching |
| title | The art and science of learning languages |
| title_auth | The art and science of learning languages |
| title_exact_search | The art and science of learning languages |
| title_full | The art and science of learning languages Amorey Gethin and Erik V. Gunnemark |
| title_fullStr | The art and science of learning languages Amorey Gethin and Erik V. Gunnemark |
| title_full_unstemmed | The art and science of learning languages Amorey Gethin and Erik V. Gunnemark |
| title_short | The art and science of learning languages |
| title_sort | the art and science of learning languages |
| topic | Linguistics Spracherwerb swd Taalverwerving gtt Linguistik Sprache Language and languages Study and teaching Languages, Modern Study and teaching |
| topic_facet | Linguistics Spracherwerb Taalverwerving Linguistik Sprache Language and languages Study and teaching Languages, Modern Study and teaching |
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