Principles of ecotoxicology:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | Repr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 321 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0748402209 0748402217 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XI
INTRODUCTION XIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX
FIGURE PERMISSIONS XXI
PART ONE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR FATE IN ECOSYSTEMS 1
MAJOR CLASSES OF POLLUTANT 3
1.1 INORGANIC IONS 3
1.1.1 METALS 3
1.1.2 ANIONS 6
1.2 ORGANIC POLLUTANTS 7
1.2.1 HYDROCARBONS 8
1.2.2 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) 10
1.2.3 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDS) 12
1.2.4 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS) 12
1.2.5 POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS (PBBS) 13
1.2.6 ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES 13
1.2.7 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES (OPS) 14
1.2.8 CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES 15
1.2.9 PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES 16
1.2.10 PHENOXY HERBICIDES (PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR HERBICIDES) 16 1.2.11
ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES 17
1.2.12 DETERGENTS 19
1.2.13 CHLOROPHENOLS 19
1.3 ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS 19
1.4 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 20
1.4.1 INTRODUCTION 20
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
1.4.2 THE NATURE AND INTENSITY OF THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY PRODUCTS 21
1.4.3 HALF LIVES 22
1.4.4 BIOCHEMISTRY 23
1.5 GASEOUS POLLUTANTS 23
2 ROUTES BY WHICH POLLUTANTS ENTER ECOSYSTEMS 27
2.1 ENTRY INTO SURFACE WATERS 27
2.2 CONTAMINATION OF LAND 32
2.3 DISCHARGE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 34
2.4 QUANTIFICATION OF RELEASE OF POLLUTANTS 39
3 LONG-RANGE MOVEMENTS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 41
3.1 TRANSPORT IN WATER 41
3.2 TRANSPORT IN AIR 43
3.3 MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS 46
4 THE FATE OF METALS AND RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN CONTAMINATED ECOSYSTEMS
51
51 51 52 52
52 53 53 53
53 58 61
5 THE FATE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN INDIVIDUALS AND IN ECOSYSTEMS 67 5.1
FATE WITHIN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS 68
5.1.1 GENERAL MODEL 68
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1.1 LOCALIZATION 4.1.2 PERSISTENCE 4.1.3
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIO-ACCUMULATION FACTORS
4.1.4 BIO-AVAILABILITY 4.1.5 COCKTAILS OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS 4.2
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2.2 METALS 4.2.3
RADIOACTIVITY 4.3 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
.2 PROCESSES OF UPTAKE 70
.3 PROCESSES OF DISTRIBUTION 74
.4 STORAGE 75
.5 METABOLISM 76
.6 SITES OF EXCRETION 87
.7 TOXICOKINETIC MODELS 89
.8 TOXICOKINETIC MODELS FOR BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIO-ACCUMULATION 92
5.2 ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 94
5.2.1 FATE IN SOILS 94
5.2.2 TRANSFER ALONG TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAINS 99
5.3 ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 101
VI
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
5.3.1 POLLUTANTS IN SEDIMENTS 101
5.3.2 TRANSFER ALONG AQUATIC FOOD CHAINS 102
PART TWO EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS 105
6 TOXICITY TESTING 107
6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 107
6.2 TOXICITY TESTING WITH TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 113
6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 113
6.2.2 INVERTEBRATES 113
6.2.3 VERTEBRATES 121
6.2.4 PLANTS 121
6.3 TOXICITY TESTING WITH AQUATIC ORGANISMS 124
6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT 128
6.5 TOXICITY TESTING IN THE FIELD 129
7 BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS 131
7.1 INTRODUCTION 131
7.2 PROTECTIVE BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES 134
7.3 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY 135
7.4 EXAMPLES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY 138
7.4.1 GENOTOXIC COMPOUNDS 138
7.4.2 NEUROTOXIC COMPOUNDS 139
7.4.3 MITOCHONDRIAL POISONS 141
7.4.4 VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS 142
7.4.5 THYROXINE ANTAGONISTS 143
7.4.6 INHIBITION OF ATPASES 143
7.4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS 144
7.4.8 REACTIONS WITH PROTEIN SULPHYDRYL (SH) GROUPS 145
7.4.9 PHOTOSYSTEMS OF PLANTS 146
7.4.10 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR HERBICIDES 146
8 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS 147
8.1 INTRODUCTION 147
8.2 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL 148
8.3 EFFECTS AT THE ORGAN LEVEL 150
8.4 EFFECTS AT THE WHOLE-ORGANISM LEVEL 150
8.4.1 EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR OF AQUATIC ANIMALS 150
8.4.2 EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES ON THE BEHAVIOUR, MORTALITY AND
REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS 155
8.4.3 EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION ARE MEASURED BY SCOPE FOR GROWTH (SFG) 158
8.4.4 THE ENERGY COSTS OF DETOXICATION MAY RESULT IN A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN
PRODUCTION AND MORTALITY 159
8.5 CONCLUSIONS 161
VII
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
9 INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS 165
9.1 INTRODUCTION 165
9.2 POTENTIATION OF TOXICITY 167
9.3 POTENTIATION DUE TO INHIBITION OF DETOXICATION 170
9.4 POTENTIATION DUE TO INCREASED ACTIVATION 171
9.5 THE DETECTION OF POTENTIATION IN THE FIELD 172
10 BIOMARKERS 175
10.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS 176
10.2 SPECIFICITY OF BIOMARKERS 178
10.3 RELATIONSHIP OF BIOMARKERS TO ADVERSE EFFECTS 178
10.4 DISCUSSION OF SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS 180
10.4.1 INHIBITION OF ESTERASES 180
10.4.2 THE MONOOXYGENASES 181
10.4.3 STUDIES ON GENETIC MATERIAL 183
10.4.4 PORPHYRINS AND HAEME SYNTHESIS 185
10.4.5 BEHAVIOURAL BIOMARKERS 187
10.4.6 BIOMARKERS IN PLANTS 190
10.5 ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 192
11 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL MONITORING 195
11.1 INTRODUCTION 195
11.2 COMMUNITY EFFECTS (TYPE 1 BIOMONITORING) 196
11.2.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 196
11.2.2 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 197
11.2.3 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 199
11.3 BIOCONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS (TYPE 2 BIOMONITORING) 200 11.3.1
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 200
11.3.2 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 201
11.3.3 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 204
11.4 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS (TYPE 3 BIOMONITORING) 205
11.4.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 205
11.4.2 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 206
11.4.3 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 206
11.5 GENETICALLY-BASED RESISTANCE TO POLLUTION (TYPE 4 BIOMONITORING)
208
11.6 CONCLUSIONS 209
PART THREE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES 211
12 CHANGES IN NUMBERS: POPULATION DYNAMICS 213
12.1 POPULATION GROWTH RATE 214
V L LL
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
12.2 POPULATION GROWTH RATE DEPENDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL
ORGANISMS 215
12.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENCE 220
12.4 IDENTIFYING WHICH FACTORS ARE DENSITY-DEPENDENT: K-VALUE ANALYSIS
221
12.5 INTERACTION BETWEEN SPECIES 224
12.6 FIELD STUDIES: FOUR CASE STUDIES 225
13 EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO POLLUTION 241
13.1 CHRONIC POLLUTION IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 241
13.2 THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS IN A CONSTANT ENVIRONMENT 242 13.3 THE
EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE WHEN THERE IS A MORTALITY/ PRODUCTION TRADE-OFF
245
13.4 EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 246
13.5 RESISTANCE IS OFTEN MONOGENIC 250
13.6 CASE STUDIES 252
13.6.1 EVOLUTION OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE 252
13.6.2 EVOLUTION OF HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 255
13.6.3 EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 256
13.6.4 EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE OF DOG WHELKS, NUCELLA LAPILLUS, TO TBT
CONTAMINATION 260
13.7 CONCLUSIONS 261
14 CHANGES IN COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS 263
14.1 INTRODUCTION 263
14.2 SOIL PROCESSES 264
14.3 ACIDIFICATION OF LAKES AND RIVERS 267
14.4 GLOBAL PROCESSES 270
15 BIOMARKERS IN POPULATION STUDIES 271
15.1 DDE-INDUCED EGGSHELL THINNING IN RAPTORIAL AND FISH-EATING BIRDS
271
15.2 REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE OF FISH-EATING BIRDS ON THE GREAT LAKES OF
NORTH AMERICA 278
15.3 REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE OF MOLLUSCS CAUSED BY TRIBUTYL TIN 284 15.3.1
IPCS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA DOCUMENTS 285
15.4 FOREST SPRAYING IN EASTERN CANADA TO CONTROL SPRUCE BUDWORM 285
APPENDIX 291
GLOSSARY 293
REFERENCES 299
INDEX 317
IX
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| spelling | Principles of ecotoxicology C. H. Walker ... Repr. London [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 1997 XXII, 321 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Walker, Colin H. Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007645818&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Principles of ecotoxicology Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 |
| title | Principles of ecotoxicology |
| title_auth | Principles of ecotoxicology |
| title_exact_search | Principles of ecotoxicology |
| title_full | Principles of ecotoxicology C. H. Walker ... |
| title_fullStr | Principles of ecotoxicology C. H. Walker ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of ecotoxicology C. H. Walker ... |
| title_short | Principles of ecotoxicology |
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| topic | Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelttoxikologie |
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