Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
<<de>> Gruyter
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Clinical biochemistry
5 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 735 S. |
| ISBN: | 3110107317 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |c ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A. A. Maes |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b <<de>> Gruyter |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 735 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Clinical biochemistry |v 5 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Analytical toxicology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Toxicology |x methods | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Toxikologische Analyse |0 (DE-588)4078371-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Toxikologische Analyse |0 (DE-588)4078371-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Brandenberger, Hans |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Clinical biochemistry |v 5 |w (DE-604)BV001774532 |9 5 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125869102333952 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Part 1 Chapters of General Nature 1
1.1 Emergency Toxicology (M. Schmidt and M. Roth) 3
1.1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.2 Role and Location of the Laboratory 3
1.1.3 Types of Intoxication 4
1.1.3.1 Intoxications of known origin 5
1.1.3.2 Intoxications of unknown origin 5
1.1.4 Causes of Intoxications 5
1.1.4.1 Legal drugs 5
1.1.4.2 Illegal drugs 7
1.1.4.3 Other substances 7
1.1.5 Request 8
1.1.5.1 Data and indices 8
1.1.5.2 Clinical status of the patient 8
1.1.5.3 Pathological indices 8
1.1.5.4 Other indices 9
1.1.6 Sampling 9
1.1.6.1 Blood 9
1.1.6.2 Random urine 9
1.1.6.3 Gastric content 10
1.1.6.4 Other specimens 10
1.1.6.5 Specimen collection 10
1.1.7 Transport and Preservation of Samples 11
1.1.8 Analytical Techniques Used in Emergency Toxicology 11
1.1.8.1 Spot tests 11
1.1.8.2 Immunoassays 11
1.1.8.3 Gas chromatography (GC) 12
1.1.8.4 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) .. 12
1.1.8.5 Liquid chromatography (LC and HPLC) 13
1.1.8.6 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 13
1.1.8.7 Preparation of the sample 14
1.1.9 Expression of Results and Interpretation 14
1.1.9.1 Identification of substances 14
1.1.9.2 Quantitative determination 14
1.1.9.3 Follow up of the patient 14
1.1.10 Organisation of the Laboratory 15
1.1.10.1 Emergencies 15
1.1.10.2 Techniques and equipment 15
1.1.10.3 Personnel 15
1.1.11 Conclusion 15
XII Contents
1.2 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (A. D. Fraser) 17
1.2.1 Introduction 17
1.2.2 Concept of a Therapeutic Range 18
1.2.3 Individual Drugs 20
1.2.3.1 Phenytoin 20
1.2.3.2 Carbamazepine 21
1.2.3.3 Sodium valproate (valproic acid) 22
1.2.4 Audit of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Programmes 23
1.2.5 Discontinuation of Antiepileptic Drug Therapy 24
1.2.6 Summary 25
1.2.7 Additional Remarks (added in proof) 25
1.3 Special Aspects of Forensic Toxicology (H. Brandenberger) 31
1.3.1 History 31
1.3.2 Differences between Forensic and Clinical Toxicology 33
1.3.2.1 Goals of the analytical investigations 33
1.3.2.2 Mandators of the analytical investigation 34
1.3.2.3 Specimens submitted for analysis 34
1.3.2.4 Containers, labeling, sample delivery 35
1.3.2.5 Analytical investigations 36
1.3.2.6 Book keeping and reporting of results 37
1.3.2.7 Fate of analytical specimens 37
1.3.3 Instrumentation of a Laboratory for Forensic Toxicology 38
1.3.4 Staff of a Laboratory for Forensic Toxicology 39
1.3.5 Concluding Remarks 40
1.4 Analytical Aspects of Doping in Sports
(D. de Boer, T. J. A. Seppenwoolde Waasdorp and R. A. A. Maes) 43
1.4.1 Introduction 43
1.4.2 Doping Control Procedure 43
1.4.3 Selection of Biological Specimen 44
1.4.4 Doping List 44
1.4.4.1 Stimulants 45
1.4.4.2 Narcotic analgesics 48
1.4.4.3 Anabolic agents 49
1.4.4.4 Diuretics 51
1.4.4.5 Peptide hormones and analogs 52
1.4.4.6 Blood doping 53
1.4.4.7 Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation . 53
1.4.4.8 Alcohol 54
1.4.4.9 Marijuana 54
1.4.4.10 Local anesthetics 54
1.4.4.11 Corticosteroids 54
1.4.4.12 Beta blockers 55
1.4.4.13 Sedatives 55
1.4.4.14 Nicotine 56
1.4.4.15 Miscellaneous 56
Contents XIII
1.4.5 Analytical Procedures 56
1.4.5.1 Group analysis 56
1.4.5.2 Sample preparation 56
1.4.5.3 Immunoassays 58
1.4.5.4 Thin layer chromatography 59
1.4.5.5 High performance liquid chromatography 59
1.4.5.6 Gas chromatography 60
1.4.5.7 Mass spectrometry 60
1.4.5.8 Hematological techniques 61
1.4.6 Horse Doping Control 61
1.4.7 Chirality 61
1.4.8 Quality Control 62
1.4.9 Analytical Developments 63
1.4.9.1 Historical overview 63
1.4.9.2 Group analysis 64
1.4.9.3 Immunological techniques 64
1.4.9.4 Mass spectrometry 64
1.4.10 Development of Doping Epidemics and the Role of
the Analytical Tools 65
1.5 Pharmacokinetics as Applied to Drug and Doping Research
(T. B. Vree) 73
1.5.1 Introduction 73
1.5.2 Elimination 73
1.5.3 Sampling 74
1.5.4 Number of Samples 75
1.5.5 Analysis 75
1.5.6 Doping Research 76
1.5.7 The Site of Metabolism 78
1.5.8 Reconstruction of the Pharmacokinetic Process 81
1.5.9 Doping Control 83
1.5.10 Conclusion 85
1.6 The Future of Immunochemical Drug Analysis
(T. Takatori and M. Nagao) 87
1.6.1 Introduction 87
1.6.2 Immunochemical Analysis of Psychotropic Drugs 87
1.6.2.1 Radioimmunoassay for diazepam 87
1.6.2.2 Radioimmunoassay for haloperidol 91
1.6.3 Immunochemical Analysis of Paraquat 93
1.6.4 Conclusions 97
1.7 The Future of Instrumental Analysis in Toxicology
(H. Brandenberger) 99
1.7.1 History 99
1.7.2 Outlook on Future General Strategy 100
XIV Contents
1.7.3 Screening Test for Dithiocarbamates as an Example
for a Preliminary Test on Instrumental Basis 101
1.7.4 New Extraction Techniques 103
1.7.4.1 Solid phase extractions 103
1.7.4.2 Supercritical fluid extractions 104
1.7.4.3 Extractive dialysis 104
1.7.5 Fractionation Methods 105
1.7.5.1 Established techniques 105
1.7.5.2 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) 106
1.7.5.3 Capillary electrophoresis (CE) 107
1.7.5.4 Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) 108
1.7.5.5 Chiral separations 108
1.7.5.6 Identification by retention indicies or with on line
spectrometric methods 109
1.7.6 Trace Analysis by Mass Specific Detection in the
Negative Ion Mode 109
1.7.7 Chromatographic Separations with On line Identification Methods 111
1.7.8 Dual MS , a Combination of Positive EI MS with Negative
CI MS at Low Source Pressure Ill
1.7.9 GC FTIR and the Need for Derivatization 113
1.7.10 Summary and Concluding Remarks 115
Part 2 Chapters Concerned with Special Poison Classes 119
2.1 Natural Gases and Vapors (H. Brandenberger) 121
2.1.1 General Remarks and Classification 121
2.1.2 The Elemental Gases 122
2.1.2.1 Hydrogen and nitrogen 122
2.1.2.2 Oxygen 122
2.1.2.3 Ozone 122
2.1.2.4 Halogens (fluorine and chlorine) 123
2.1.3 The Products of Reduction 123
2.1.3.1 General remarks 123
2.1.3.2 Methane (and other hydrocarbons) 124
2.1.3.3 Ammonia 124
2.1.3.4 Hydrogen sulfide 124
2.1.3.5 Phosphine and arsine 124
2.1.3.6 Hydrogen halogenides 125
2.1.4 The Products of Oxidation 125
2.1.4.1 The oxides of carbon 125
2.1.4.2 The oxides of nitrogen (NOX) 126
2.1.4.3 The oxides of sulfur 126
2.1.4.4 The oxides of the halogens 127
2.1.5 Phosgene and Nitrosyl Chloride 127
2.1.6 Hydrocyanic Acid (Hydrogen Cyanide, Prussic Acid)
and Related Compounds 127
Contents XV
2.1.7 Chemical Investigation of Gas Samples 128
2.1.8 Procedures for Investigating Biological Materials 129
2.1.9 Examples for the Analysis of Biological Materials 130
2.1.9.1 Determination of hydrocyanic acid (respectively
cyanide) by head space GC 130
2.1.9.2 Determination of the blood hemoglobin saturation
index with carbon monoxide by GC 130
2.1.9.3 Determination of the blood hemoglobin saturation
index with carbon monoxide by atomic absorption
analysis of Fe 131
2.2 Carbon Monoxide (T. Kojima) 133
2.2.1 Introduction 133
2.2.2 Determination of CO 134
2.2.3 Formation of CO in Humans 136
2.2.4 Interpretation of COHb Saturations in Blood from the Left
and Right Heart Cavities of Cadavers 137
2.2.5 Treatment of Acute CO Intoxication 138
2.3 Determination of Alcohol Levels in the Body 141
(H. Brandenberger, R. Brandenberger and K. Haider)
2.3.1 Introduction 141
2.3.2 Toxic Effects of Ethanol 142
2.3.2.1 Acute intoxications 142
2.3.2.2 Chronic intoxications 142
2.3.2.3 Mixed intoxication of ethanol and drugs 143
2.3.3 Biological Specimens for Ethanol Analysis 143
2.3.4 Review of Methods for Blood Alcohol Analysis 145
2.3.4.1 Interferometric analysis 145
2.3.4.2 Chemical oxidation 145
2.3.4.3 Enzymatic oxidation 146
2.3.4.4 Gas chromatography 146
2.3.4.5 Other methods 147
2.3.5 Criteria for Selection of Analytical Methods 148
2.3.6 Detailed Procedures for Blood Alcohol Analysis
by two Different Gas Chromatographic Methods 149
2.3.7 Analysis for Ethanol in Tissue Samples 150
2.3.8 Identification of Additional Volatiles 151
2.3.9 Computer Program for the Collection and Processing
of Data and Presentation of Results of Forensic Alcohol
Analysis by two Different Gas Chromatographic Methods 153
2.3.9.1 Program description 153
2.3.9.2 Structure of the program 155
2.3.9.3 Listing of variables 155
2.3.9.4 Program listing 158
2.3.9.5 Sample output 174
XVI Contents
2.4 Volatile Hydrocarbons (T. Nagata and K. Kimura) 177
2.4.1 General Aspects 177
2.4.2 Toxicity 177
2.4.3 Therapy 178
2.4.4 Chemical Analysis 178
2.4.4.1 Sampling 178
2.4.4.2 Analytical methods 178
2.4.5 Specific Hydrocarbons 180
2.4.5.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons 180
2.4.5.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons 180
2.4.5.3 Gasoline and kerosene 181
2.4.6 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 182
2.4.7 Other Important Volatiles 184
2.5 Volatile Halogenated Compounds (R. J. Flanagan) 187
2.5.1 General Introduction 187
2.5.2 Volatile Substance Abuse (VSA) 190
2.5.3 Clinical Toxicology of Volatile Halogenated Compounds 192
2.5.3.1 Fumigants and other toxic gases 192
2.5.3.2 Halogenated solvents and inhalational anaesthetics .... 195
2.5.3.3 Occupational/Environmental toxicology 197
2.5.4 Pharmacokinetics of Volatile Substances 197
2.5.4.1 Absorption, distribution and elimination 197
2.5.4.2 Metabolism 198
2.5.5 Diagnosis of Poisoning due to Volatile Substances 201
2.5.5.1 Clinical and circumstantial evidence 201
2.5.5.2 Toxicological analyses 201
2.6 Pesticides (M. Geldmacher v. Mallinckrodt and G. Machbert) 215
2.6.1 General Remarks 215
2.6.1.1 Definition 215
2.6.1.2 Classification of pesticides 215
2.6.1.3 Toxicity for man 217
2.6.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides 218
2.6.2.1 Chemical structure and physico chemical properties .... 218
2.6.2.2 Uses and route of exposure 219
2.6.2.3 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination 219
2.6.2.4 Toxicology 220
2.6.2.5 Biochemical and toxicological analyses 224
2.6.3 Carbamate Pesticides 235
2.6.3.1 Chemical structure and physico chemical properties .... 235
2.6.3.2 Uses and route of exposure 236
2.6.3.3 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination . . 236
2.6.3.4 Toxicology 237
2.6.3.5 Biochemical and toxicological analyses 239
Contents XVII
2.6.4 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides 242
2.6.4.1 Chemical structure and physico chemical properties .... 242
2.6.4.2 Uses and route of exposure 245
2.6.4.3 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination . . 246
2.6.4.4 Toxicology 248
2.6.4.5 Biochemical and toxicological analyses 253
2.6.5 Bipyridylium Herbicides 255
2.6.5.1 Chemical structure and physico chemical properties .... 255
2.6.5.2 Uses and route of exposure 256
2.6.5.3 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination . . 256
2.6.5.4 Toxicology 256
2.6.5.5 Toxicological analyses 258
2.7 Glycols (M. Roth) 265
2.7.1 Ethylene Glycol (1,2 Ethanediol) 265
2.7.1.1 Plasma bicarbonate 265
2.7.1.2 The anion gap 266
2.7.1.3 Gas chromatography of ethylene glycol 267
2.7.1.4 Other methods 267
2.7.2 Other Glycols 267
2.8 Inorganic Anions (M. Roth) 269
2.8.1 Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2) 269
2.8.2 Chlorate (C1O3~) and Chlorite (C1O2) 269
2.8.3 Methemoglobin as a Toxicity Index 270
2.8.3.1 Determination of methemoglobin 270
2.8.4 Bromate (BrO3) 272
2.8.5 Halogenides 272
2.8.5.1 Fluoride (F~) 272
2.8.5.2 Chloride (CP) 272
2.8.5.3 Bromide (Br~) 273
2.8.5.4 Iodide (I ) 274
2.8.6 Sulfide (S2 ) 275
2.8.6.1 Determination of sulfhemoglobin 275
2.8.7 Phosphate 275
2.8.8 Cyanide (CNT) 275
2.8.8.1 Cyanide intoxication 275
2.8.8.2 Cyanide analysis 276
2.9 Non Metals of Group 16 (M. Roth and M. Pclletier) 281
2.9.1 Selenium 281
2.9.1.1 Introduction 281
2.9.1.2 Analysis 282
2.9.2 Tellurium 283
2.10 Metals of Toxicological Significance (H. Brandenberger and M. Roth) 285
2.10.1 Introduction 285
I
XVIII Contents !
2.10.2 Qualitative Analysis for Metals in Biological Specimens 286
2.10.2.1 Preliminary tests 286
2.10.2.2 Color reactions 286
2.10.2.3 Emission methods 286
2.10.2.4 Electrochemical methods 287
2.10.2.5 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 287
2.10.2.6 Cation chromatography on columns 287
2.10.2.7 Capillary electrophoresis 288
2.10.3 Lithium 288
2.10.3.1 Toxicity 288
2.10.3.2 Lithium determination 289
2.10.4 The Metals of the Group 2 (Alkaline Earths) 289
2.10.4.1 Beryllium 289
2.10.4.2 Magnesium 291
2.10.4.3 Calcium and strontium 292
2.10.4.4 Barium 292
2.10.5 Transition Metals from Groups 5 to 10 (Old Nomenclature
Groups Vb to VIII b) with Technical and Toxicological
Importance 293
2.10.5.1 Group information 293
2.10.5.2 Vanadium 295
2.10.5.3 Chromium 295
2.10.5.4 Molybdenum 295
2.10.5.5 Manganese 296
2.10.5.6 Cobalt 296
2.10.5.7 Nickel 297
2.10.6 Iron 297
2.10.6.1 Introduction 297
2.10.6.2 Symptoms of acute iron intoxication 298
2.10.6.3 Laboratory assessment of iron poisoning 298
2.10.7 Copper 299
2.10.7.1 Toxicological importance 299
2.10.7.2 Clinical significance 300
2.10.7.3 Detection possibilities 300
2.10.7.4 Copper analysis by atomic absorption 300
2.10.8 The Noble Metals Silver and Gold 301
2.10.8.1 General remarks 301
2.10.8.2 Toxic effects of silver 302
2.10.8.3 Toxic effects of gold 302
2.10.8.4 Determination of noble metals in body fluids 302
2.10.9 Zinc 303
2.10.9.1 Physiological and toxicological importance 303
2.10.9.2 Zinc analysis with atomic absorption 303
2.10.10 Cadmium 303
2.10.10.1 Toxicological importance 303
2.10.10.2 Analytical possibilities 305
2.10.10.3 Cadmium determination by atomic absorption 305
Contents XIX
2.10.11 Mercury 306
2.10.11.1 Introductory remarks 306
2.10.11.2 Intoxications by metallic mercury 306
2.10.11.3 Intoxications by mercury salts 307
2.10.11.4 Intoxications by organic mercury derivatives 308
2.10.11.5 Minamata disease 309
2.10.11.6 Other ,,epidemic intoxications with
organo mercurials 309
2.10.11.7 Mercury levels in man 309
2.10.11.8 Methods for mercury analysis in biological samples . 310
2.10.11.9 Choice of analytical method 311
2.10.11.10 Mercury analysis by cold vapor atomic absorption . 312
2.10.11.11 Differentiation between inorganic and various
types of organic mercury 314
2.10.12 Boron 315
2.10.12.1 Toxicological importance 315
2.10.12.2 Detection possibilities 315
2.10.12.3 Quantitative determinations 316
2.10.13 Aluminium 316
2.10.13.1 Introduction 316
2.10.13.2 Causes of aluminium intoxication 317
2.10.13.3 Clinical manifestations of aluminium intoxication .. . 317
2.10.13.4 Analysis of aluminium 318
2.10.13.5 Role of aluminium analysis in clinical toxicology ... 318
2.10.14 Thallium 319
2.10.14.1 Toxicological importance 319
2.10.14.2 Determination by flame emission 320
2.10.14.3 Determination by atomic absorption 320
2.10.14.4 Other methods for thallium analysis 321
2.10.15 Germanium and Tin 321
2.10.15.1 Toxicological importance of germanium 321
2.10.15.2 Toxicological importance of tin 321
2.10.15.3 Analysis for germanium and tin in biological samples 322
2.10.15.4 Analysis of volatile hydrides by GC MS 323
2.10.16 Lead 324
2.10.16.1 Occurrence and possible function 324
2.10.16.2 Toxicity of lead 325
2.10.16.3 Indirect screening for lead intoxication 326
2.10.16.4 Direct chemical determination of lead 327
2.10.17 Arsenic 327
2.10.17.1 General remarks 327
2.10.17.2 Sources and toxicity of arsenic 327
2.10.17.3 Arsenic in the human body 328
2.10.17.4 Analytical possibilities 329
2.10.17.5 Determination of arsenic and other
hydride forming elements by GC MS 330
2.10.17.6 Differentiation of individual compounds of arsenic . . 332
XX Contents I
2.10.18 Antimony 332
2.10.18.1 Occurrence, toxicological and medical importance . . 332
2.10.18.2 Analysis 333
2.10.18.3 Body levels 333
2.10.19 Bismuth 333
2.10.20 Review and Preview 334
Part 3 Toxicological Drug Analysis 345
3.1 Barbiturates (H. Brandenberger) 347
3.1.1 Introduction 347
3.1.2 Sub Classes of Barbituric Acids 349
3.1.3 The Pharmaceutical Action of Barbituric Acids 350
3.1.4 The Metabolic Fate of Barbituric Acids 350
3.1.5 Barbiturate Dosages, Body Levels and Toxicity 352
3.1.6 Preliminary Screening Tests 352
3.1.6.1 General remarks 352
3.1.6.2 Color reactions: the Zwikker test 353
3.1.6.3 Immunochemical assays 353
3.1.7 Extractions 354
3.1.7.1 General remarks on liquid liquid extraction 354
3.1.7.2 Extraction procedure in a general search for drugs 355
3.1.7.3 Extraction of barbituric acids 355
3.1.8 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 357
3.1.8.1 UV spectrophotometric control of extraction 357
3.1.8.2 The UV spectra of barbiturates 358
3.1.8.3 Quantification of barbiturates by UV spectrometry .... 359
3.1.9 Chromatographic Separations 360
3.1.10 Infrared Spectrophotometry 360
3.1.11 Mass Spectrometry 363
3.1.11.1 Positive ion mass spectrometry of barbituric acids .... 363
3.1.11.2 Negative ion mass spectrometry of barbituric acids ... 364
3.1.11.3 Dual mass spectrometry of barbituric acids 365
3.1.12 Concluding Remarks 365
3.2 Benzodiazepines (H. Schutz) 369
3.2.1 Introduction 369
3.2.2 Structures of the Benzodiazepines 372
3.2.3 Pharmacodynamic Properties of the Benzodiazepines 373
3.2.4 Pharmacokinetics of the Benzodiazepines 373
3.2.5 Benzodiazepine Doses, Serum Levels and Toxicity 377
3.2.6 Screening of Benzodiazepines 378
3.2.6.1 Immunochemical methods 378
3.2.6.2 TLC methods 382
3.2.7 Separation of Benzodiazepines by Chromatographic Techniques . 386
3.2.7.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 386
Contents XXI
3.2.7.2 Gas chromatography (GC) • 388
3.2.7.3 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 389
3.2.8 Detection of Benzodiazepines by Spectroscopic Techniques 391
3.2.8.1 Ultraviolet detection and quantification 391
3.2.8.2 Infrared spectroscopy 391
3.2.8.3 Mass spectrometry 392
3.2.9 Electroanalytical Methods 394
3.3 Hypnotics and Sedatives Not Belonging to the Classes of
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines (H. Brandenberger) 339
3.3.1 Introduction 399
3.3.2 Inorganic Bromides 400
3.3.3 Alcohols and Aldehydes 400
3.3.3.1 General remarks 400
3.3.3.2 Chloral hydrate 402
3.3.3.3 Analytical detection 402
3.3.3.4 Preliminary tests 403
3.3.3.5 Derivatives of chloral hydrate 404
3.3.4 Linear Ureides and Amides 405
3.3.4.1 Bromoureides 405
3.3.4.2 Ureides without bromine 406
3.3.4.3 Amides 406
3.3.4.4 Analytical detection 407
3.3.4.5 Preliminary tests 409
3.3.5 Piperidine diones and Tetrahydropyridine diones 409
3.3.5.1 General remarks 409
3.3.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages 410
3.3.5.3 Metabolism 411
3.3.5.4 Detection and dosage of piperidine 2,4 diones and
tetrahydropyridine 2,4 diones 413
3.3.5.5 Detection of glutethimide and its metabolites 414
3.3.6 Quinazolinones 414
3.3.6.1 General remarks 414
3.3.6.2 Analysis for 3 phenyl quinazolin 4(3H) ones 415
3.3.7 Hypnotics, Sedatives and Tranquilizers with Urethane Structure . 417
3.3.7.1 General remarks 417
3.3.7.2 Hypnotics with carbamate structure 418
3.3.7.3 Main tranquilizers with carbamate structure 419
3.3.8 Hypnotics with Different Structures 419
3.3.9 Concluding Remarks 422
3.4 Anticonvulsants Not Belonging to the Classes of Barbiturates and
Benzodiazepines (W. R. Kiilpmann) 427
3.4.1 General Introduction 427
3.4.2 Carbamazepine 427
3.4.2.1 Introduction 427
3.4.2.2 Methods 429
XXII Contents !
3.4.2.3 Quality assessment 431
3.4.2.4 Pharmacokinetics 432
3.4.2.5 Medical interpretation 433
3.4.3 Ethosuximide 433
3.4.3.1 Introduction 433
3.4.3.2 Methods 434
3.4.3.3 Quality assessment 435
3.4.3.4 Pharmacokinetics 435
3.4.3.5 Medical interpretation 436
3.4.4 Phenytoin 437
3.4.4.1 Introduction 437
3.4.4.2 Methods 437
3.4.4.3 Quality assessment 438
3.4.4.4 Pharmacokinetics 439
3.4.4.5 Medical interpretation 440
3.4.5 Valproic Acid 441
3.4.5.1 Introduction 441
3.4.5.2 Methods 441
3.4.5.3 Quality assessment 442
3.4.5.4 Pharmacokinetics 443
3.4.5.5 Medical interpretation 444
3.4.6 Other Antiepileptic Drugs 444
3.5 Neuroleptics (R. Whelpton) 451
3.5.1 Introduction 451
3.5.2 Pharmacokinetics 453
3.5.3 Analysis 456
3.5.4 Plasma Concentrations During Therapy and Overdose 470
3.6 Antidepressants (R. A. Braithwaite) 481
3.6.1 Introduction 481
3.6.2 Pharmacokinetics 482
3.6.3 Analysis 484
3.6.4 Drug Concentrations in Therapy and in Overdose 489
3.7 Beta Blocking Drugs (M. S. Leloux) 495
3.7.1 Introduction 495
3.7.2 Sample Prc Treatment Methods for Beta Blocking Drugs 496
3.7.3 Gas Chromatography of Beta Blocking Drugs 497
3.7.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Beta Blocking
Drugs 498
3.7.5 Mass Spectrometry of Beta Blocking Drugs 498
3.7.6 Chiral Separation of Beta Blocking Drugs 499
3.7.7 Concluding Remarks 500
Contents XXIII
3.8 Analgesics, Antipyretics and Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents
(B. Widdop) 509
3.8.1 Opioid Analgesics 509
3.8.1.1 Pharmacological properties of opioid analgesics 509
3.8.1.2 Toxic effects of opioid analgesics 509
3.8.2 Applications of Toxicological Analyses for Opioid Analgesics .. . 510
3.8.2.1 Clinical applications 510
3.8.2.2 Forensic applications 511
3.8.3 Individual Opioid Drugs 511
3.8.3.1 Heroin (diamorphine) 511
3.8.3.2 Morphine 513
3.8.3.3 Codeine 514
3.8.3.4 Methadone 515
3.8.3.5 Propoxyphene 516
3.8.3.6 Meperidine (Pethidine) 518
3.8.3.7 Diphenoxylate 519
3.8.3.8 Fentanyl 520
3.8.3.9 Buprenorphine 521
3.8.4 Antipyretic and Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents 522
3.8.4.1 Pharmacological properties of antipyretic and
non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs 522
3.8.4.2 Toxic effects of antipyretic and non steroidal
anti inflammatory drugs 522
3.8.5 Applications of Toxicological Analyses for Antipyretic and
Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs 523
3.8.6 Individual Antipyretic and Non Steroidal
Anti Inflammatory Drugs 523
3.8.6.1 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 523
3.8.6.2 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 524
3.8.6.3 Pyrazolan derivatives 526
3.8.6.4 Indole derivatives 527
3.8.6.5 Propionic acid derivatives 529
3.8.6.6 Fenamates 532
3.8.6.7 Piroxicam 533
3.9 Antihistamines (H. Brandenberger) 543
3.9.1 General Remarks 543
3.9.2 Diphenhydramine 545
3.9.3 Other Aminoalkyl Ethers 548
3.9.4 Antihistamines with Alkylamine Structure 549
3.9.5 Antihistamines with Ethylenediamine Structure 551
3.9.6 Antihistamines with Piperazine Moiety 553
3.9.6.1 Hydroxyzine 553
3.9.6.2 Further members with piperidine moiety 555
3.9.7 Antihistamines with Phenothiazine Structure 555
3.9.7.1 General remarks 555
3.9.7.2 Promethazine 557
I
XXIV Contents
3.9.7.3 Recommendations for a search for antihistamines with
phenothiazine or aza phenothiazine structure 558
3.9.8 Concluding Remarks 560
3.10 Volatiles Used and Abused as Anesthetics (H. Brandenberger) 563
3.10.1 General Remarks 563
3.10.2 Analytical Considerations 566
3.10.2.1 Sampling procedures 566
3.10.2.2 Gas chromatographic separations 567
3.10.2.3 Identification of separated compounds 567
3.10.2.4 Trace detection 571
3.10.3 Some Important Volatile Solvents and Anesthetics 571
3.10.3.1 Nitrous oxide 571
3.10.3.2 Gaseous hydrocarbons 572
3.10.3.3 Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (solvents) 572
3.10.3.4 Freons 575
3.10.3.5 Halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics 576
3.10.3.6 Ethers 576
3.10.3.7 Halogenated anesthetics with ether structure 576
3.10.4 Concluding Remarks 577
3.11 Digitalis (= Cardiac) Glycosides (J. Hallbach and H. Vogel) 579
3.11.1 General Remarks 579
3.11.1.1 Definition of digitalis glycosides 579
3.11.1.2 Chemical structure and physico chemical
properties 579
3.11.2 Uses and Route of Exposure 580
3.11.2.1 Therapeutic use of cardiac glycosides 581
3.11.2.2 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, influences
on the pharmacodynamic behaviour, and
elimination 581
3.11.3 Toxicity for Man 584
3.11.3.1 Mechanism of toxic action 584
3.11.3.2 Overdosing 584
3.11.3.3 Acute toxic effects 584
3.11.3.4 Delayed clinical effects 584
3.11.3.5 Biochemical effects 585
3.11.3.6 Treatment of overdosing and intoxication 585
3.11.4 Analyses 585
3.11.4.1 Determination of digitalis compounds 585
3.11.4.2 Determination of cardiac glycosides in blood
and urine by chromatography 586
3.11.4.3 Quantification of cardiac glycosides in blood
by immunoassay 587
3.11.5 Other Biological Analyses 590
3.11.5.1 Potassium and sodium 590
3.11.5.2 Magnesium 591
Contents XXV
3.11.6 Influence of Endogenous Digitalis Like Factors 591
3.11.7 General Interpretation of Results 592
3.12 Cyclosporins (D. W. Holt) 597
3.12.1 Introduction 597
3.12.2 Measurement 597
3.12.3 Clinical Problems 600
3.12.4 Activity of the Cyclosporins and Their Metabolites 602
3.12.5 Other Biological Effects of the Cyclosporins 604
3.12.6 Conclusions 605
3.13 Anticoagulants (M. Geldmacher v. Mallinckrodt) 609
3.13.1 General Remarks 609
3.13.2 Heparin 610
3.13.2.1 Chemical structure 610
3.13.2.2 Uses and route of exposure 610
3.13.2.3 Metabolism and elimination 611
3.13.2.4 Toxicology 611
3.13.2.5 Management of intoxication 612
3.13.2.6 Relevant laboratory analyses 612
3.13.3 Coumarin Derivatives 613
3.13.3.1 Chemical structure 613
3.13.3.2 Uses and route of exposure 614
3.13.3.3 Metabolism and elimination 614
3.13.3.4 Toxicology 615
3.13.3.5 Management of intoxication 616
3.13.3.6 Relevant laboratory analyses 617
3.14 Alkaloids (Y. Kuroiwa and T. Yoshida) 621
3.14.1 Introduction 621
3.14.2 Isolation and Identification of Alkaloids 624
3.14.2.1 Isolation of alkaloids 624
3.14.2.2 General qualitative analysis of alkaloids 625
3.14.3 General Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for
Alkaloids Analysis 627
3.14.3.1 Gas chromatography (GC) 627
3.14.3.2 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .. 628
3.14.3.3 GC mass spectrometry (GC MS) and HPLC MS . . . 630
3.14.3.4 Immunoassay 630
3.14.4 Alphabetical Listing of Toxic Alkaloids Occurrence,
Metabolism and Analysis 630
3.14.4.1 Aconitum alkaloids 630
3.14.4.2 Belladonna alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine .... 631
3.14.4.3 Cinchona alkaloids, quinidine and quinine 633
3.14.4.4 Colchicum alkaloids, colchicine 635
3.14.4.5 Conium alkaloids 636
3.14.4.6 Ergot alkaloids 637
I
XXVI Contents
3.14.4.7 Glycoalkaloids 639
3.14.4.8 Nicotinum alkaloids, nicotine 640
3.14.4.9 Opium alkaloids 641
3.14.4.10 Psilocybe alkaloids 646
3.14.4.11 Rauwolfia alkaloids 647
3.14.4.12 Strychnos alkaloids 649
3.14.4.13 Xanthines 650
3.14.5 Future Perspectives of Alkaloids Toxicology and
Toxicological Analysis 652
3.15 Stimulants (D. de Boer, T. J. A. Seppenwoolde Waasdorp and
R. A. A. Maes) 663
3.15.1 Testing in General 663
3.15.1.1 Introduction 663
3.15.1.2 Screening assays in general 663
3.15.2 Cocaine 665
3.15.2.1 Introduction 665
3.15.2.2 Metabolism and distribution 665
3.15.2.3 Detection methodologies 670
3.15.3 Amphetamines 672
3.15.3.1 Introduction 672
3.15.3.2 Metabolism and distribution 673
3.15.3.3 Detection methodologies 675
3.15.4 Conclusions 678
3.16 Designer Drugs (G. L. Henderson) 685
3.16.1 Introduction 685
3.16.2 The Fentanyls 685
3.16.2.1 Toxicological importance 685
3.16.2.2 Chemistry 686
3.16.2.3 Metabolism 687
3.16.2.4 Blood and tissue levels 687
3.16.2.5 Analytical considerations 688
3.16.2.6 Extraction methods 688
3.16.2.7 Screening methods 688
3.16.2.8 Confirmation methods 689
3.16.3 Ring Substituted Amphetamines 690
3.16.3.1 Toxicological importance 690
3.16.3.2 Chemistry 691
3.16.3.3 Metabolism 692
3.16.3.4 Blood and tissue levels 692
3.16.3.5 Analytical considerations 692
3.16.3.6 Screening tests 692
3.16.3.7 Confirmation tests 692
3.16.4 Aminorex Derivatives 693
3.16.4.1 Toxicological importance 693
3.16.4.2 Chemistry 694
Contents XXVII
3.16.4.3 Metabolism 695
3.16.4.4 Blood and tissue levels 695
3.16.4.5 Analytical considerations 695
3.16.4.6 Extraction methods 695
3.16.4.7 Screening tests 696
3.16.4.8 Confirmation tests 696
3.16.5 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate 696
3.16.5.1 Toxicological importance 696
3.16.5.2 Chemistry 697
3.16.5.3 Metabolism 697
3.16.5.4 Blood and tissue levels 697
3.16.5.5 Analytical considerations 698
3.16.5.6 Extraction methods 699
3.16.5.7 Screening tests 699
3.16.5.8 Confirmation tests 699
Part 4 Blood Level Data 705
4.1 Blood Level Data (D. R. A. Uges) 707
4.1.1 Introductory Remarks 707
4.1.2 List of Therapeutic and Toxic Reference Values 707
Index 719
|
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| id | DE-604.BV011358191 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:08:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3110107317 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007633323 |
| oclc_num | 36393783 |
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| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-20 |
| physical | XXVII, 735 S. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
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| publisher | <<de>> Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Clinical biochemistry |
| series2 | Clinical biochemistry |
| spelling | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A. A. Maes Berlin [u.a.] <<de>> Gruyter 1997 XXVII, 735 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Clinical biochemistry 5 Analytical toxicology Toxicology methods Toxikologische Analyse (DE-588)4078371-6 gnd rswk-swf Toxikologische Analyse (DE-588)4078371-6 s DE-604 Brandenberger, Hans Sonstige oth Clinical biochemistry 5 (DE-604)BV001774532 5 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007633323&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists Clinical biochemistry Analytical toxicology Toxicology methods Toxikologische Analyse (DE-588)4078371-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078371-6 |
| title | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |
| title_auth | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |
| title_exact_search | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |
| title_full | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A. A. Maes |
| title_fullStr | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A. A. Maes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists ed. Hans Brandenberger ; Robert A. A. Maes |
| title_short | Analytical toxicology for clinical, forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |
| title_sort | analytical toxicology for clinical forensic and pharmaceutical chemists |
| topic | Analytical toxicology Toxicology methods Toxikologische Analyse (DE-588)4078371-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Analytical toxicology Toxicology methods Toxikologische Analyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007633323&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001774532 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brandenbergerhans analyticaltoxicologyforclinicalforensicandpharmaceuticalchemists |