Prejudice and racism:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1997
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schriftenreihe: | McGraw-Hill series in social psychology
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXVII, 578 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0070331170 |
Internformat
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650 | 7 | |a Vooroordelen |2 gtt | |
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adam_text |
Ilrejudicz
SECOND EDITION
James M Jones
University of Delaware
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
FOREWORD xvii
PREFACE xxiii
1 PREJUDICE AND RACISM REVISITED 1
Introduction 1
Whose Problem Is It Anyway? 2
Defining Prejudice and Racism 7
What Is Prejudice? 8
The Problem of Discrimination 10
What Is Racism? 11
A Question of the Emphasis on Blacks 15
Black Exceptionalism 16
Organization of the Book 18
PART ONE: SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS—
1500-1990 21
2 THE PROBLEM OF THE COLOR LINE 23
Introduction - 23
A Concise and Selective History of Race Relations in America, 1619-1900 24
Racist Attitudes, Racist Behavior—The Beginning 26
Regional Variations in Black Oppression 27
The Great American Lie 29
Growth of the Problem 32
the 1900s and 1910s: Eugenics and Jim Crow 33
The First Riot Report 36
The 1920s: Attitudes, Art, and Poverty 37
ix
X CONTENTS
The 1930s: Racial Stereotypes and Federal Bureaucracy 40
The 1940s: Growing Civil Rights Action and Attitude Change through Contact 43
Summary 51
3 ATTACKING THE PROBLEM 52
Introduction 52
The 1950s: Civil Rights and Modern Authority 53
Studies of Racial Identification 55
Social Roles in Mass Society 58
Interracial Contact 59
The 1960s: Confrontation and the Relevant Social Scientist 60
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 63
The Revolution 65
Reporting on the Status of the United States 67
Summary 76
4 THE PROBLEM I: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN THE 1970s 1 77
Introduction 77
Afro-American Studies: New Identities 79
Affirmative Action: New Remedy and New Problem 83
Numerical versus Moral Equality 84
Reverse Discrimination?—Acknowledging Ethnicity and Affirming
Discrimination 86
The Declining Significance of Race? 91
Social Psychology Makes Its Mark 93
Racial Attitudes 93
Behavioral Expressions of Racial Bias 100
Summary 102
5 THE PROBLEM II: CONFLICT AND CHANGE IN THE 1980s 103
Introduction 103
Social Policy Views on Inequality 106
Losing Ground—the Limits of Social Welfare: Charles Murray 106
The Truly Disadvantaged—Universality over Race: William Wilson 109
Joblessness and Social Isolation Cause Poverty 109
Importance of a Universal Approach to Social Policy*
Evidence of the Continuing Racial Divide
Hate Crimes and Increasing Racial Violence
Beliefs about Inequality: Kluegel and Smith
Afrocentrism
Microlevel Manifestations of Racial Bias
Symbolic Racism
Modem Racism
Aversive Racism
Summary
CONTENTS XI
PART TWO: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PREJUDICE 133
6 PERSPECTIVES ON PREJUDICE 135
Introduction 135
Defining Prejudice 237
Working Definition o/Prejudice 142
Theories of Prejudice 143
Measuring Racial Attitudes and Linking Them to Prejudice 150
Summary 161
7 PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PREJUDICE: STEREOTYPES 164
Introduction 164
What Are Stereotypes? 167
Stereotypes as Inaccurate Prejudgments, or Accurate
Overgeneralizations? 168
Stereotypes as Individual or Consensual Beliefs 169
A Working Definition o/Stereotype ' 270
How Are Stereotypes Measured? 170
Where Do Stereotypes Come From? 176
Categorization 177
Illusory Correlation 179
Perceiving Social Groups 181
How Are Stereotypes Structured and How Do They Function? 185
Xll CONTENTS
Stereotypes as Cognitive Structures 185
Stereotypes Influence Perception and Behavior 190
Stereotypes Affect What Information Is Attended to and Encoded 190
Stereotypes Can Influence How Information Is Construed or Interpreted 192
Stereotypes Can Influence How Information Is Processed 195
Why Are Stereotypes Important to Prejudice? 195
Our Reaction to Social Groups Depends on What We Think or How
We Feel about the Group 196
Unconscious Processes Link Stereotypes to Prejudice 198
Summary 201
8 PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PREJUDICE—
INTERGROUP RELATIONS I: THEORY AND RESEARCH 203
Introduction 204
Two Models oflntergroup Processes 205
Social Competition—The Common-Predicament Model ofM uza fer Sherif 205
Social Categorization—The Minimal-Group Paradigm of Henri Tajfel 208
Social Processes That Influence Intergroup Relations 214
Social Identity Theory (SIT) 214
Optimal-Distinctiveness Theory 215
Belonging to a Stigmatized Group 217
Cognitive Processes That Guide Intergroup Relations 219
Us and Them—Groups as Entities and Actors 219
Out-Group Homogeneity 222
Complexity and Extremity 224
Categorical Generalizations—Exemplar versus Prototype 225
The Dynamics oflntergroup Conflict 227
Social Dominance Theory 227
Intergroup Anxiety 230
Summary 234
9 PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PREJUDICE—
INTERGROUP RELATIONS II: CASE EXAMPLES 236
Introduction - 236
Themes of Interethnic Conflict 238
Case Examples of Ethnic Conflict 240
CONTENTS Xlll
Rwanda—Tutsi (Minority) versus Hutu (Majority) 241
Ireland—Catholics (Majority) versus Protestant (Minority) 244
Bosnia—Muslims (Majority) versus Serbs (Minority) 249
Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict 254
Minimal-Group versus Realistic-Group Conflict 254
Intergroup Contact—the Problem or the Solution ? 255
Relationship to Black-White Conflict in the United States 256
Summary 257
Postscript 257
10 PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PREJUDICE:
ADAPTATION AND COPING OF TARGETS 259
Introduction v 259
Psychological Predicaments of Prejudice 262
Psychological Mechanisms of Adaptation and Coping 265
Stereotype Threat—I Know I Can Do This, so Why Am I Not Doing Better? 266
Attributional Ambiguity—Did I Do Badly or Are You a Racist? 271
Psychological Reactions to Cultural and Racial Dominance 274
Cultural Mistrust 274
African Self-Consciousness (ASC) 277
Adapting to Psychological Marginalization 280
Bicultural Adaptation 280
Psychological Marginalization 285
Identity Structures and Processes: Coping with Stigma 288
Racial Identity 288
Ethnic Identity 292
Summary 295
11 REDUCING PREJUDICE 297
Introduction 297
Prejudice-Reduction Strategies Vary among Four Approaches 301
The Salvation Approach—Focus on the Perpetrators of Prejudice 302
The Remediation Approach—Focus on the Targets of Prejudice 303
The Colorblind Approach—Treat Every Person as if His or Her Race
Does Not Matter 305
XIV CONTENTS
The Transactional Approach—Consider the Perspectives and Purposes
of All People 306
Barriers to Prejudice Reduction 309
Reducing Prejudice by Modifying Individual-Level Processes 312
Prejudice Is a Problem of Categorization 313
Prejudice Is a Problem oflntergroup Anxiety 317
Reducing Prejudice through Intergroup Processes 324
Equal Status Contact 325
Deprovincialization 329
Social Emotions 331
Recategorization 333
Summary 335
PART THREE: PSYCHOLOGY OF RACISM 337
12 RACE 339
Introduction 339
What Is Race? 341
Defining Race 342
Origin of the Term Race 350
Why the Persistence of Race? 352
Race, Racialism, and Racialization 356
Racialism 357
Racialization 357
Race and Ethnicity 358
Race and Culture 361
Summary 364
13 RACISM: WHAT IS IT AND HOW DOES IT WORK? 365
Introduction 365
What Is Racism? Definitions and Their Implications 367
How Does Racism Work? 374
Racism and Beliefs about Race 374
Rationalism of Racism 377
The Sustaining Mechanisms of Racism 379
CONTENTS XV
Souls of White Folk 386
American Apartheid 389
Coping with Racism 394
Summary 409
14 UNDERSTANDING RACISM I: INDIVIDUAL RACISM 411
Introduction 411
Race Prejudice and Racism Compared 413
Defining Individual Racism 417
Individual Racism—Comparative Modus Operandi: Dominative and
Aversive Cases 420
Individual Racism through Socialization 423
Social Psychological Mechanisms That Sustain Individual Racism 428
Black Like Me, White Like You 433
Summary 434
15 UNDERSTANDING RACISM II: INSTITUTIONAL RACISM 436
Introduction 436
Defining Institutional Racism 438
Institutional Racism—Economics 441
Institutional Racism—Education 447
Institutional Racism—Media 457
Institutional Racism—Justice 458
Institutional Racism—Physical and Mental Health 464
Affirmative Action—Remedy for Institutional Racism ? 467
Summary 469
16 UNDERSTANDING RACISM III: CULTURAL RACISM 471
Introduction 471
Defining Cultural Racism 472
Origins of Cultural Contact: Statement of a Theme 473
Skin Color 475
Sexuality 476
XVi CONTENTS
The Problem of Color and Culture
Cultural Wars
Yurugu: Racism as Disharmony in Nature
TRIOS: Domains of Cultural Expression and Meaning
Africentrism: A Battle for Cultural Meaning
The Bell Curve Wars
Summary: Constructing Culture—The New Racism
17 RACISM: TOWARD A MACRO-MICRO INTEGRATION
Introduction
Racism as a Structural and Dynamic Model
Culture
Institutions
Individuals
Antiracism: A Cultural Coda
What Is Antiracism?
Critique of Antiracism
Antiracism as a Pathway to Change
18 EPILOGUE: PREJUDICE, RACISM, AND DIVERSITY
Introduction
What Doesn't Kill Me Makes Me Stronger
Contexts for the Creation and Amelioration of Racial Conflict
Processes of Prejudice
Realities of Racism
2001—A Human Odyssey
Whose Problem Is It, Anyway?
The Physics of Action—The Antiracist Role
Diversity Is a Strength in the Species and in Society
Toward a More Perfect Union
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Jones, James M. |
author_facet | Jones, James M. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Jones, James M. |
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building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV011319276 |
callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
callnumber-label | HT1521 |
callnumber-raw | HT1521.J65 1997 |
callnumber-search | HT1521.J65 1997 |
callnumber-sort | HT 41521 J65 41997 |
callnumber-subject | HT - Communities, Classes, Races |
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dewey-ones | 305 - Groups of people |
dewey-raw | 305.8 20 305.800973 |
dewey-search | 305.8 20 305.800973 |
dewey-sort | 3305.8 220 |
dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
discipline | Soziologie Politologie Psychologie |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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spelling | Jones, James M. Verfasser aut Prejudice and racism James M. Jones 2. ed. New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1997 XXVII, 578 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill series in social psychology Beïnvloeding gtt Rassendiscriminatie gtt Stereotypen gtt Vooroordelen gtt Race relations Prejudices Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd rswk-swf USA United States -- Race relations Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/mh022/96034940.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/mh022/96034940.html Table of contents HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007604640&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Jones, James M. Prejudice and racism Beïnvloeding gtt Rassendiscriminatie gtt Stereotypen gtt Vooroordelen gtt Race relations Prejudices Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4076527-1 |
title | Prejudice and racism |
title_auth | Prejudice and racism |
title_exact_search | Prejudice and racism |
title_full | Prejudice and racism James M. Jones |
title_fullStr | Prejudice and racism James M. Jones |
title_full_unstemmed | Prejudice and racism James M. Jones |
title_short | Prejudice and racism |
title_sort | prejudice and racism |
topic | Beïnvloeding gtt Rassendiscriminatie gtt Stereotypen gtt Vooroordelen gtt Race relations Prejudices Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Beïnvloeding Rassendiscriminatie Stereotypen Vooroordelen Race relations Prejudices Rassismus USA United States -- Race relations |
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