Science based economic development: case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York]
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
New York Acad. of Sciences
1996
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| Schriftenreihe: | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
798 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 347 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1573310522 1573310530 |
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| adam_text | ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Volume 798
December 18, 1996
SCIENCE BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT*
CASE STUDIES AROUND THE WORLD
Editor
Susan U. Raymond
CONTENTS
Preface. By SUSAN U. RAYMOND xiii
Part I. Setting the Scene
Keynote Address: Social Capital: The Key Element in Science Based
Development. By Lewis M. BRANSCOMB 1
Science based development is a strategy that rests on human and social capital in a
global economy. Institutional capacity, efficient relationships based on trust, and a
functioning market for intellectual assets are as important as ingenious inventors.
Science s contribution is primarily to inform decisions about technology trajectories,
and only secondarily to create new technologies. Universities must, on the one hand,
insure that academics have adequate links to business institutions and processes, and,
on the other hand, are adequately insulated from the vagaries of markets and politics
to protect their ability to stimulate radical change.
Technology and Opportunities for Growth: The Imperatives of Change.
By Robert C. Stem phi. 9
The rapid pace of technological change provides opportunities as well as challenges
tor both developed and developing countries, and governments should facilitate
adaptation to these changes without trying to pick winners among new technologies.
Improved telecommunications may enable less developed countries to bypass some
of the technological stages experienced by industrialized countries. A range of success
stories focus especially on technologies that improve environmental quality and ener¬
gy efficiency.
Science and Technology in Development: The Changing Role of Overseas
Development Assistance. By ANDERS WljKMAN 15
Knowledge is increasingly important in the emerging global market and must
* This volume contains the proceedings of a conference entitled International Conference on Policy for Science Based
Development held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 26, 1996 in New York, New York.
become an integral component of development assistance. Providing developing
countries access to the global system of science and technology through modern
telecommunications may help them to leap frog to higher stages of education and
less wasteful environmental and energy technologies. Still, problems of poverty,
inequity, gender imbalance, and environmental degradation cannot be easily solved
through technical fixes. Ethical questions are central, and science should do more to
highlight the consequences of society s failure to consider the long term effects of
development and internalize the social costs of economic growth.
Part II. A Guide to the Issues
An Issues Guide to Case Materials. By SUSAN U. Raymond 21
A roadmap is provided for case materials on the basis of cross cutting issues; this
assists in directing the reader to those cases that address particular items of concern,
such as entrepreneurial universities or human resources.
Part III. Case Material
A: The United States
Austin s Opportunity Economy: A Model for Collaborative Technology
Development. By SUSAN E. Engelking 29
The origins of high technology manufacturing in Austin, Texas, can be traced back
to the 1950s. A new phase of development began in 1983 with the successful recruit¬
ment of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) by a
joint effort of the University of Texas at Austin, the Greater Austin Chamber of
Commerce, and state and local government. The strategies used to make Austin a
center of technology based companies (some 900 companies at present) are
described.
Science, Technology, and Economic Development in Florida.
5yj0HNj. Desmond 48
Faced with a shrinking number of federal contracts for the state s defense industries,
Florida s High Technology and Industry Council, a partnership between the govern¬
ment and industry, started an Applied Research Grants Program in 1986 to promote
new technology development and transfer. Since then .8 million in private, state,
and federal funds have been awarded through the program. Several successful com¬
mercializations of new technologies are described.
From Henry Grady to the Georgia Research Alliance: A Case Study of Science Based
Development in Georgia. By RICHARD S. COMBES AND WILLIAM J. ToDD 59
Science and technology have been the foundation of Georgia s strategy for industri¬
alization since the Civil War as demonstrated by the founding in 1885 of Georgia
Tech, an institution that has played a central roie in the states technological devel¬
opment to the present. Most recently, the Georgia Research Alliance was conceived
by Atlanta businessmen in 1990 to invest in research and development of marketable
technologies at Georgia s universities. The roles of business leaders, state government,
and universities in the state s successful technological development are analyzed.
The Kansas Science and Technology Initiative. By Richard Bendis,
Susan U. Raymond, Janie Rutherford, and Charles R. Warren 78
In response to an economic downturn in 1984 86, Kansas state legislators estab¬
lished two public private institutions to foster high technology development.
Kansas, Inc. coordinates planning and program evaluation and is governed by repre¬
sentatives from the state s key industries, labor, state government, and the state board
of regents. The Kansas Technology Enterprise Council serves as a holding company
to manage and coordinate a variety of programs, which it reports have resulted in
more than 131 company startups, million in increased sales, and 6,600 new
jobs since 1984. The political strategies central to sustaining the Kansas programs are
outlined, along with the political and organizational lessons gleaned from theit oper¬
ation over the last ten years.
Science and Technology Policy Making in Louisiana. By ]. Trent Williams 89
Louisiana s most recent efforts to formulate an effective technology policy began in
1989, when the Louisiana Partnership for Technology and Innovation, a private, not
for profit corporation, began devising a process for developing a state technology
policy. A set of ground rules for the state s program has been established, but there
has not yet been any tangible impact on the state s economy. The political pitfalls
encountered in the process and the lessons of the Louisiana experience are outlined.
Maine: Science, Technology, and Economic Growth in a Developing State.
By W. Henry Lambright 110
The effort to promote technology based development in Maine has gone through
five stages since 1980: (1) trigger for action, (2) adoption of a program, (3) redirec¬
tion, (4) development, and (5) crisis and response. State efforts were initiated by the
federal program to provide remedial technology assistance to states, EPSCOR
(Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research), but ultimately the lack
of political will and the lack of a strong research university have hampered Maine s
science and technology development.
Institutional Innovations: The Maine Science and Technology Foundation as a
Private Public Partnership for Science Based Growth.
By Robert M. Kidd 123
The Maine Science and Technology Foundation (MSTF), a nonprofit corporation
founded in 1993, replaced a state agency that had been established previously to fos¬
ter industrial innovation and research. MSTF programs include EPSCOR, industry
outreach centers, a manufacturing extension program, and most recently the Maine
Technology Investment Fund. While the University of Maine s traditional emphasis
on teaching over research has slowed the state s development, there are a number of
pockets of excellence and stronger growth in recent years.
Policies for Science Based Development: The Oregon Case Study.
By Michael A. Salvato 127
In making the transition from a resource based to a technology based economy,
Oregon has benefited from a low cost of living and low power, water, and land costs,
all of which have attracted out of state businesses. Efforts to develop a science based
development policy in the state have had only limited success, in part because of
competing political interests and institutional resistance from universities and indus
try. Still, many technology based industries have migrated to the state in recent years,
especially to the Portland area.
Policies for Science Based Development:
The Experiences of Pennsylvania and Ohio.
By Walter H. Plosila and Susan U. Raymond 140
Ohio and Pennsylvania, both old industrial states whose economies were in sharp
decline in the 1970s, initiated some of the earliest state level programs to link explic¬
it science and technology strategies to economic growth. Both states created decen¬
tralized programs focused on building university industry links and revitalizing
existing private industries. The leverage of public funds with private investment and
a focus on small businesses became central features of Pennsylvania s Ben Franklin
Program. Ohio s Thomas Edison Program has focused on modernizing the state s tra¬
ditional industries and diversifying its industrial base.
Science, Technology, and Economic Development in Montana:
A Policy Case Study. By Stephen D. Huntington 151
Responding to a recession in 1979 82, the Montana state government founded the
Montana Science and Technology Alliance (MSTA) to fund research in applied tech¬
nology and to invest in startup companies. To avoid violating legal restrictions on the
investment of state money in private companies, MSTA was funded from the state s
Coal Tax Trust Fund. The legislative history of and legal challenges to this funding
technique are outlined, along with the drawbacks of short term government finan¬
cial commitments for new technology based enterprises.
B: Global Cases and Issues Studies
Lessons from Global Experience in Policy for Science Based Development.
By Susan U. Raymond 179
Experiments in science and technology policy have been widespread outside the U.S.
in recent years. In an overview of the lessons learned from the experiences of both
industrialized and developing countries, successful initiatives are highlighted within
a framework of six general topics: (1) the importance of the long term view; (2) pub¬
lic private partnerships; (3) the entrepreneurial university; (4) innovative institu¬
tional arrangements; (5) education and human resources capacity; and (6) creative
capital arrangements.
Innovation without Science Policy. By TlTUS ADEBOYE 198
The effects of science, engineering, and technology (SET) policy are analyzed from
three perspectives: that of the industrialized countries, that of the newly industrial¬
izing countries (NICs) of East and Southeast Asia, and that of sub Saharan Africa.
Neoliberal economic arguments about the inefficacy of SET policy are analyzed and
critiqued, and a typology of policy stances in the NICs is developed according to the
amount of state intervention and the size of firms in each country. Distinctions are
drawn between the technological and policy requirements of industrialized and
industrializing countries, and the need to harmonize SET policy in sub Saharan
Africa with broader macroeconomic policies is emphasized.
Institutional Innovations in Higher Education. By P. J. D. Drenth 223
Can governments and universities foster economic development by supporting tech¬
nological training and applied research? It is argued that basic science funding should
not be sacrificed in favor of applied science, and that specialized technological train¬
ing will not serve the needs of the economy better in the long tun than a broader
education. At the same time, universities must adapt to change and collaborate with
outside institutes and industries. Strategies for overcoming institutional resistance to
change at the university are outlined.
The Entrepreneurial University in Korea. By YOUNG Gul KlM 238
As university industry collaborations have begun to grow in Korea, conflicts have
developed. Many Kotean scientists trained in the U.S. favor basic research and fear
industry encroachment. Some applied scientists, on the other hand, resent that the
industrial funding they attract is used to subsidize other research, and that their work
is discounted in tenure and promotion decisions. The costs and benefits of universi¬
ty entrepreneurship are analyzed.
Partnerships between Government, Industry, and Universities.
By John J. Desmond 242
Government, industry, universities, and professional societies each have differing
goals and contributions to make in partnetships for technological development. The
central objectives and capabilities of each pattner are outlined. Examples of innova¬
tive programs from the U.S., Canada, Portugal and the Netherlands are highlighted,
with an emphasis on school and university based programs aimed at developing a
capable work force and at commercializing research results.
Technological Innovation for Sustainable Development of Africa: The Approach
and Experience of the African Regional Centre for Technology.
By Ousman Kane 258
The African Regional Centre for Technology (ARCT) has 31 member states, coordi¬
nating and implementing collaborative programs in science and technology. The
ARCT regional strategy is teviewed and the difficulties of linking research and devel¬
opment on the African continent are discussed.
Technology Business Incubators: Critical Determinants of Success.
By Rustam Lalkaka 270
Based on global case experience, ten guidelines are outlined for planning, operating,
and monitoring the performance of an incubatot for developing new technology
businesses: (1) establish realistic goals and select patient sponsors, (2) create linkages
to bases of research, (3) plan physical facilities to stimulate creativity and interaction,
(4) leverage policy and legislative support, (5) build a dynamic management team,
(6) select entrepreneurs with good knowledge based growth potential, (7) provide
quality services, (8) secure financing for the incubator and its tenants, (9) assess the
incubatot s impact on identified performance indicators, and (10) plan strategically
for the future.
Government, Industry, and University Partnership in Science and Technology.
By SOODURSUN JUGESSUR 291
In developing countries in general and Africa in particular, dwindling resources and
the globalization of markets will require that states focus increasingly on technology
(not just science) and on commercial development (not just research) to foster eco¬
nomic growth. Governments must take the lead role in creating incentives and elim¬
inating institutional barriers, while the private sector and universities must guide
government policies to ensure they meet the country s needs. Developing a science
and technology culture through the school system and popular education is an essen¬
tial prerequisite.
Partnerships for Science Based Development: NeuroScience Network as a Practical
Model. By Geraldine A. Kenney Wallace and Warren C. Bull 302
In 1989 the Canadian government launched a program to create a Network of
Centres of Excellence, which brought together intellectual, financial, and industrial
resources in high technology areas. Taking advantage of modern telecommunica¬
tions, each network is focused on a specific technological sector instead of being
localized geographically. The history of the Canadian NeuroScience Network is
detailed in order to show how this approach has joined a critical mass of intellectual
expertise with government funding for basic science and private capital to develop
the results of research.
University Industry Agreements: Dos and Don ts. By WALTER H. PLOSILA 314
A number of practical issues often determine the success or failure of partnerships
between universities and private industry. Industry generally wants concrete tesults
in a specified period of time, and is interested in technological breakthrough,
patents, lower risk exploration, and the education of future employees. Universities
seek research support, resources for better facilities, improved graduate education,
publications, and opportunities for public service. A checklist of dos and don ts is
outlined for university industry agreements, and the critical issues of intellectual
property control is discussed.
Listening to the Critics: Enlarging the Discussion of Policy for Science Based
Development. By Susan U. Raymond 320
While the long term evidence supports the importance of science and technology
(S T) for economic development, some critics have argued that government S T
programs are not useful. Critical literature concerning the value of S T policy is
reviewed and the three main arguments of this work are summarized: (1) There is
no clear empirical evidence linking S T to short term economic growth. (2) States
should not intervene in this sector of the economy. They should simply set a macro
economic and fiscal context that supports technological development, leaving the
support of particular technologies to the market. (3) There is no compelling evidence
linking particular public programs (incubators, public venture capital, etc.) and eco¬
nomic growth.
Part IV. A Return to Critical Issues
Summary of Working Groups.
By Susan U. Raymond, Babasola Chinsman, John J. Desmond and Eliene
Augenbraun, Alister McIntyre, Rustam Lalkaka, Grace Goodell, Nancy
Carson, Michael Chege, Ewa Gajeska Blaisdell, and Victoria Hamilton 329
The deliberations and highlights of conference working groups encompass reports on
partnerships between government, industry and universities; the entrepreneurial uni¬
versity human resources; comparisons of industrialized and developing country experi¬
ences; innovation without science policy; equity considerations in technology policy;
institutional innovation to develop and implement partnerships; university industry
agreements; and defining needs and developing alternatives for finance.
Index of Contributors 347
Financial aid for this conference was received from:
The Carnegie Corporation of New York
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
The New York Academy of Sciences believes it has a responsibility to provide an open
forum for discussion of scientific questions. The positions taken by the participants in
the reported conferences are their own and not necessarily those of the Academy. The
Academy has no intent to influence legislation by providing such forums.
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Fallstudiensammlung Konferenzschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV011295720 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:07:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1573310522 1573310530 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007586924 |
| oclc_num | 643583637 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-521 |
| physical | XV, 347 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | New York Acad. of Sciences |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
| series2 | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
| spelling | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] ed. by Susan U. Raymond New York, NY New York Acad. of Sciences 1996 XV, 347 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 798 Congresses Economic development - Case studies Economic policy - Case studies Science and state - Case studies Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development -- Case studies -- Congresses Economic policy -- Case studies -- Congresses Science and state -- Case studies -- Congresses Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd rswk-swf Spitzentechnologie (DE-588)4124236-1 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 s DE-604 Spitzentechnologie (DE-588)4124236-1 s Raymond, Susan Ueber Sonstige (DE-588)171595432 oth Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 798 (DE-604)BV002532608 798 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007586924&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Congresses Economic development - Case studies Economic policy - Case studies Science and state - Case studies Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development -- Case studies -- Congresses Economic policy -- Case studies -- Congresses Science and state -- Case studies -- Congresses Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd Spitzentechnologie (DE-588)4124236-1 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059252-2 (DE-588)4124236-1 (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4522595-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] |
| title_auth | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] |
| title_exact_search | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] |
| title_full | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] ed. by Susan U. Raymond |
| title_fullStr | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] ed. by Susan U. Raymond |
| title_full_unstemmed | Science based economic development case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] ed. by Susan U. Raymond |
| title_short | Science based economic development |
| title_sort | science based economic development case studies around the world the proceedings of a conference held by the new york academy of sciences on april 24 26 1996 in new york new york |
| title_sub | case studies around the world ; [the proceedings of a conference ... held by the New York Academy of Sciences on April 24 - 26, 1996 in New York, New York] |
| topic | Congresses Economic development - Case studies Economic policy - Case studies Science and state - Case studies Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development -- Case studies -- Congresses Economic policy -- Case studies -- Congresses Science and state -- Case studies -- Congresses Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd Spitzentechnologie (DE-588)4124236-1 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Congresses Economic development - Case studies Economic policy - Case studies Science and state - Case studies Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development -- Case studies -- Congresses Economic policy -- Case studies -- Congresses Science and state -- Case studies -- Congresses Technischer Fortschritt Spitzentechnologie Aufsatzsammlung Fallstudiensammlung Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007586924&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002532608 |
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