Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations: a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
Lang
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Development economics and policy
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1996 |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 515 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3631318774 0820432849 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations |b a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin |c Michael Brüntrup |
| 264 | 1 | |a Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] |b Lang |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 515 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Development economics and policy |v 9 | |
| 500 | |a Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1996 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agricultural prices |x Government policy |z Benin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cotton trade |z Benin | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IX
Table of Content
1. Introduction 1
2. The role of agricultural price policy in developing countries and the
choice of the analytical approach 5
2.1. Instruments of agricultural price policy and relation with non price
factors 6
2.2. Interest conflicts in agricultural price policy 9
2.3. Supply response to agricultural price policy and the
microeconomic approach as second best 10
2.4. Summary and conclusions 17
3. Methodology 19
3.1. Farm household classification, sample selection and data
collection 20
3.2. Data analysis 23
3.2.1. Prices 24
3.2.2. Gross margin analysis 25
3.2.3. Economic analysis of farm households and of agricultural
production 31
3.3. Linear programming models 33
3.3.1. Basic model assumption 33
3.3.2. Scenario analysis 35
3.3.3. Profitability of innovations 36
3.3.4. Risk models 37
3.3.5. Aggregation from farm to regional level the regional
labour markets 38
3.4. Summary and conclusions 40
4. The political and institutional environment for agriculture in the Borgou,
North Benin 43
4.1. The national context with emphasis on the cotton sector 43
4.2. The natural, sociocultural and institutional environment in the
Borgou 46
4.3. Summary and conclusions 50
5. Prices of agricultural commodities and production factors 51
5.1. Cotton and input prices 51
5.2. Food prices 53
5.2.1. Long term trends in the 1980s 53
5.2.2. Seasonal variability 56
5.2.3. Non seasonal variability 57
5.2.4. Further aspects of food price variability 58
5.3. Prices of local production factors 60
5.4. Long term development of terms of trade for agriculture 61
5.5. Prices after the devaluation of the FCFA 62
5.6. Summary and conclusions 64
X 6. The physical organisation of agriculture 67
6.1. The cropping systems 68
6.2. The interaction of agriculture and livestock 72
6.3. Average yields 74
6.4. Quantification of yield influencing factors 76
6.5. Summary and conclusions 78
7. Cost benefit analysis of crop production 81
7.1. Gross margins using average yields and prices 81
7.2. The development of gross margins over time 83
7.3. The variability of gross margins and the risk in production
planning 86
7.4. Summary and conclusions 91
8. Farm households and their resources 93
8.1. Household structures and characteristics of household members 94
8.1.1. Household sub structures and household dynamics 95
8.1.2. Determinants of household structures 96
8.1.3. Characteristics of household members 99
8.2. Labour 100
8.2.1. Total labour input 101
8.2.2. Labour specialisation by ethnic group, gender and age 103
8.2.3. Agricultural labour potential 109
8.2.4. Animal traction time allocation 110
8.2.5. Hired labour 112
8.3. Capital 114
8.3.1. Fixed capital 115
8.3.2. The development of animal traction equipment and the
determinants of mechanisation 119
8.3.3. Working capital 123
8.4. Land 127
8.4.1. Average farm sizes 127
8.4.2. Determinants of total farm area 128
8.4.3. Learning effects in the farm area effect of animal traction .131
8.4.4. The relation between cotton and food crop area 133
8.4.5. Differentiation of cotton and food crop area by farm
household type 137
8.5. Summary and conclusions 141
9. Economic analysis of farm household systems 145
9.1. Total farm household incomes and their determinants 145
9.2. Agricultural production 148
9.2.1. The value of agricultural production and income and their
determinants 149
9.2.2. The returns to production factors by farm household
system 153
9.2.3. Subsistence versus market production and the impact of
cotton production on food security 155
XI
9.3. Non agricultural production and income 161
9.3.1. Livestock 162
9.3.2. Other off farm activities 164
9.4. Income 165
9.5. Cash flow and liquidity 168
9.6. Time trends in agricultural production 171
9.7. Summary and conclusions 175
10. Farm household decision making 179
10.1. Social factors influencing cotton supply response 180
10.2. Farmers opinion on the role of cotton 184
10.3. Risk 185
10.3.1. Farm household risks and risk reducing options 186
10.3.2. Farmers risk aversion 188
10.4. Production goals: subsistence production versus food purchases ..191
10.5. Market orientation and price expectation 195
10.6. Investment, savings and credit 200
10.7. The choice between on farm and off farm activities 201
10.8. Intra household aspects of income distribution 204
10.8.1. Agricultural production 204
10.8.2. Income and income use 208
10.8.3. Decreasing efficiency of large production units 212
10.9. Summary and conclusions 213
11. Modelling the effects of changing cotton prices in combination with non
price determinants of supply response 217
11.1. The zero case 219
11.2. The effect of innovations, credit and input supply on production,
employment and income for agro ecological zone 2 221
11.2.1. Production 221
11.2.2. Employment 228
11.2.3. Income 230
11.3. Comparison of price policy reactions across AE zones 231
11.3.1. Cotton production 231
11.3.2. Employment 234
11.3.3. Income 235
11.4. The influence of prices and selected structural factors on the
profitability of cotton and the adoption of innovations 235
11.4.1. Static comparison 237
11.4.2. Introduction of animal traction 241
11.4.3. Factors influencing the introduction of animal traction 244
11.4.4. The effect of changing cotton fertiliser prices 246
11.4.5. The effect of reduced fertilisation rates on parameters of
profitability 247
11.5. The impact of price stabilisation and farmers risk aversion on
cotton production and farmers income 248
xII 11.6. The impact of farm household structural factors and of market
distance on supply response and income 255
11.6.1. Household size 256
11.6.2. Consumerproducer ratio 257
11.6.3. Working capital endowment 257
11.6.4. Market access 258
11.7. Aggregation at a small region level to assess the interaction of
supply response and labour markets 263
11.8. The situation after the devaluation of the FCFA 271
11.9. Assessment of the realism of the models 273
11.10. Summary and conclusions 277
12. Synopsis of findings and policy recommendations 285
12.1. The strength of Benin s cotton policy is the integration of price
and non price factors in a vertically integrated structure 286
12.2. Equity concerns in cotton policy: who profits from cotton
production? 289
12.3. Cotton production: a blessing for men and a burden for women?....292
12.4. Income and income use: more cotton, more cash, more
investments, more development? 293
12.5. Employment and migration: due to or despite cotton production? ...295
12.6. Cotton and food crops: a synergetic or an antagonistic relation?....296
12.7. Cotton: a threat for the environment and sustainable land use? 298
12.8. What can policy decision makers learn from farm household
analysis? 301
12.8.1. The dismantling of the cotton sector: an option for
private investment? 302
12.8.2. The cotton model: is it transferable to other crops? 309
12.8.3. Implications of the study results for general development
strategies in Borgou and Benin: more focus on the
demand side 310
12.9. Conclusions on the micro economic approach for price policy
analysis and further research needs 313
13. Summaries 317
13.1. English summary 317
13.2. Sommaire francais 322
13.3. Deutsche Zusammenfassung 327
Literature 333
Annexes
XIII
List of Annexes
Annex to Chapter:
2. The role of agricultural price policy in developing countries and the
choice of the analytical approach
II A Agricultural price policy in the debate about public and private
responsibilities 361
II.B Agricultural price policy in Sub Saharan Africa 366
II.C Agricultural supply response with special reference to sub
Saharan Africa 369
II.D Selected issues of micro economic decision making of farm
households in developing countries 371
II.D.1 Labour allocation to farm work, off farm work and leisure...374
II.D.2 Technology change, capital allocation, consumption and
credit in the farm household 375
II.D.3 Decision making under risk and uncertainty 378
II.E Aggregation issues in the mathematical programming approach ...382
3. Methodology
III.A. The official data base at hand 385
III.B. Choice of the research units the farming systems approach 390
III.C. The DSEI surveys 393
III.D. Methodology of data collection 395
III.E. Raw data conversion 404
III.E.1. Labour conversion factors 404
III.E.2. Further conversions 408
III.F Details on the linear programming models 410
III.G Details of the risk models 414
4. The political and institutional environment for agriculture in the Borgou,
North Benin
IV The framework for agriculture in the Province of Borgou 417
IV. 1. The economic environment in a supra regional context 417
IV.1.1. The national setting 417
IV.1.2. The cotton sector 424
IV.2. The physical environment 438
IV.3. Socio cultural environment 442
IV.4. Institutional environment 446
IV.4.1. Land tenure 446
IV.4.2. Village organisations 450
IV.4.3. Labour market 451
IV.4.4. Research and extension 451
IV.4.5. Input supply structures 453
IV.4.6. Credit and saving 455
IV.4.7. Food commodity market structures 458
5. Prices of agricultural commodities and production factors
V Prices 465
XIV 6. The physical organisation of agriculture
VI.A Labour calendar for selected crops 473
VLB Mineral export for selected crops (kg/100 kg product) 477
VI.C Comparison of crop yields according to official statistics and
DSEIdata 478
7. Cost benefit analysis of crop production
VII Gross margins 481
8. Farm households and their resources
VIII.A Social characteristics of HH members 487
VIII.B Labour economy 488
VIII.C Capital items 498
VIII.D Development of pure crop area per man equivalent by AE zone,
1982 89 499
VIII.E Comparison of crop area evolution between official statistics
and DSEIdata 500
9. Economic analysis of farm household systems
IX.A Income generation by farm household 1 April 91 1 April 92 503
IX.B Use of agricultural production 506
IX.C The role of ceremonies in the rural economy 509
11. Modelling the effects of changing cotton prices in combination with
non price factor determinants
XI.A Trends of models results for the southern and northern
agroecological zone 511
XI.A.1 Production reactions in the south 511
XI.A.2 Production reactions in the north 512
XI.B The impact of farm household structural factors on supply
response and income 513
XV
List of Tables
3.1 Results of factor analysis for important farm characteristics 22
3.2 Structure of the LP models 34
3.3 Scenarios used to test responsiveness of farmers towards cotton 35
3.4 Principal characteristics and extraction rates of 6 selected farm
household types in the sample villages of the districts Nikki (AE zone 2,
centre) and Banikoara (AE zone 3, north) used in the aggregation model ..39
4.1 Main characteristics of the agro ecological zones in the Borgou 47
5.1 Development of nominal protection coefficients for cotton as influenced
by different production costs during 1980 91 (FCFA/kg) 52
5.2 Annual average prices (FCFA/kg) and energy prices (FCFA/Mcal) for
agricultural products, 1991/92 53
5.3 Long term trends for food prices by commodity and AE zones in Borgou.... 54
5.4 Seasonal price components for major food crops on rural markets 56
5.5 Standard deviations of residual components of time series composition
analysis by commodities and AE zones 58
5.6 Price trends by distance to the next main road (in FCFA/kg and km) 59
5.7 Approximation of wage rates per hour for different work across villages
(FCFA/h) 61
5.8 Price indices for product groups (1960=100) 62
5.9 Fixed prices in the cotton sector after the 1994 devaluation 63
5.10 Prices of food commodities before and after the devaluation in 1994 in
rural South Benin (FCFA/kg) 63
5.11 Consumer price changes for Parakou after the devaluation of 1994 64
6.1 Advantages (pro) and disadvantages (contra) of animal traction
technology as perceived by farmers (number of indications) 73
6.2 Estimation of average yields (kg/ha) for pure and mixed crops 75
6.3 Crop response of mineral fertilisation (kg additional crop/kg fertiliser) 77
6.4 Yield effects of direct ridging with animal traction (kg additional yield) 78
7.1 Physical returns to labour estimated as net energy yield for labour input
for typical manual cropping activities (kcal/ME h) 83
7.2 Gross margin (gm) coefficients of variation for selected crops 88
7.3 Correlation coefficients between crop yield indices in year t and prices
int+1, 1983 1988 89
7.4 Parameters of gross margin (gm) variability and planning risk for major
crops and associations (gm in FCFA/ha) 89
7.5 Parameters of gross margin (gm) variability and planning risk for cotton
valued at export parity prices (gm in FCFA/ha) 90
8.1 Average farm household sizes in Borgou 94
8.2 Distribution of farm household by number of sub units 95
8.3 Relation of farm household size to active population depending on the
age of the household head, Baribas only 97
8.4 Influence of selected factors on household size, coefficients of simple
regression analysis 98
XVI 8.5 Social and demographic characteristics of household heads by farm
household type (% except for age, in parenthesis results of DSEI survey
if available) 99
8.6 Total annual productive work (hours/year and person) by sex, age and
farm household type. In parenthesis the share of agricultural work 103
8.7 Distribution of family labour (unweighed h) on fields of men and women
by labour categories in Bariba households 108
8.8 Agricultural labour capacities (ME) by farm household type 110
8.9 Traction time allocation (h per year) for farms with traction equipment 110
8.10 Traction time allocation (h/farm)on Bariba farms in 1991/92 111
8.11 Distribution of animal traction work of household members by labour
category (% of total family traction work, without tending) 111
8.12 Indicators of labour economy in traction and non traction farms 112
8.13 External labour (h) used by farm household type in 1991/92 112
8.14 Hired and joint labour input (% of total hours of labour exchange) for
manual and traction work 113
8.15 Hired labour use (% of total hired labour) by farm household type 113
8.16 Use of hired labour (% of total labour of the respective type of labour)
by crop/association 113
8.17 Trends in the labour market as perceived by farmers (no. of responses) ..114
8.18 Number, actual value and total annual depreciation (FCFA) of tools and
equipment by farm household type 115
8.19 Number and value of livestock by farm household type 117
8.20 Actual value and annual depreciation of buildings (FCFA) 118
8.21 Number of tree owners and value of planted trees (FCFA) 119
8.22 Development of animal traction ownership (% of farms), 1982 89 119
8.23 Development of traction animals on traction owner farms (% of owners)... 120
8.24 Development of partial animal traction use (% of total farmers) 121
8.25 Results of the stepwise logistic regression model for the explanation
of animal traction adoption 122
8.26 Expenditures in economic activities in 1991/92 (FCFA) 123
8.27 Determinants of variable capital in agriculture (regression analysis) 124
8.28 Credit situation by farm household types in April 1991 (FCFA) 125
8.29 Farm area by farm HH system and year (ha) 128
8.30 The impact of agricultural work effected on farm area (regression,
dependent=farm area 1991 in ha) 128
8.31 Impact of different sources of effective work on farm area (regression,
dependent=farm area 1991 in ha) 129
8.32 Impact of resource endowment on the farm area in the three survey
villages (regression, dependent=farm area 1991 in ha) 130
8.33 Impact of resource endowment on the farm area with two approaches
to consider the impact of mechanisation (regression, dependent =
farm area in ha) 131
8.34 Change of farm area depending on the number of years since the
introduction of complete animal traction equipment, DSE11985 89 133
8.35 Trends in crop areas 1982 89 136
8.36 Impact of resource endowment on the farm area including cotton area
as independent variable (regression, dependent=farm area in ha) 137
XVII
8.37 Farm area composition by pure crops in 1991 (%) 137
8.38 Cotton share in farm area by animal traction use, 1982 89 138
8.39 Farm HH parameters by HH size classes (average 1987 89) 140
8.40 Determinants of specialisation in cotton production (regression,
dependent=share of cotton in farm area), 1987 89 141
9.1 Overview of income composition by farm household (%) 146
9.2 Determinants of cash and total household income, regression, model 1... 146
9.3 Determinants of total household income, regression, model 2 147
9.4 Gross agricultural production (kg) August 91 August 92 by crop and
farm household 149
9.5 Value of purchased variable inputs (FCFA) in cotton and food
production August 91 August 92 by input group and farm household 150
9.6 Value of agricultural production (FCFA) and share of main crops
August 91 August 92 by farm household 151
9.7 Determinants of cash and total agricultural income (FCFA), model 1 152
9.8 Determinants of cash and total agricultural income (FCFA), model 2 153
9.9 Returns to production factors (FCFA/factor unit) by farm household 154
9.10 Difference in returns to production factors (FCFA/factor unit) between
traction and non traction owners, Bariba farmers only 154
9.11 Subsistence requirements and consumption by farm household
(Meal/household) 156
9.12 Determinants of the satisfaction of caloric needs by staples with two
ways of considering cotton production, regression model 1 157
9.13 Determinants of the satisfaction of caloric needs by staples, regression
model 2 158
9.14 Agricultural gross cash revenues (FCFA) with and without cotton by
farm household 159
9.15 Extraction and distribution of net food production by farm household
(caloric value of net use of the respective period) 160
9.16 Incomes from animal husbandry by farm household (FCFA/household)
April 91 April 92 162
9.17 Cash incomes from animal husbandry for livestock based farm
households by product types (% of total cash income) 163
9.18 Gross cash incomes (FCFA) from off farm activities by farm household... 164
9.19 Private income use (FCFA) by farm household 166
9.20 Household consumption structures by farm household (%) 167
9.21 Determinants of farm caloric production, 1982 89 (regression,
dependent=calorie production in Meal) 174
9.22 Determinants of standard labour input in agriculture (regression,
dependent=labour input in hours/year) 175
10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of cotton growing as seen by farmers
(scores in a multiple choice questionnaire) 184
10.2 Farmer s response to the question What would you do if cotton price
sank to 90 (60) FCFA/kg ? (% of responses) 185
10.3 Risk aversion in an experimental gamble (% of farmers) 189
10.4 Average risk aversion scores by farm household system 189
10.5 Determinants of risk aversion (regression, dependent=risk aversion
score) 190
XVIII 10.6 Changes of crop area planned by farmers from 1991 to 1992
(% of crop changes, multiple choice) 192
10.7 Farmers reasons for changes in crop areas (%) 193
10.8 Farmers assessment of past and future crop price development and
price variability by village 197
10.9 Preferred investment and saving form (% of mentions) 200
10.10 Average ranks of saving types according to farmers criteria 201
10.11 Distribution of cultivated area by household subgroups (ha) 205
10.12 Distribution of women s individual fields by pure crops 1991/92 (%) 205
10.13 Distribution of men s individual fields by pure crops 1991/92 (%) 206
10.14 Distribution of farm and cotton area by household sub groups (%),
1987 89 206
10.15 Distribution of cultivated area by appropriation mode and gender
(% of cultivated area of the respective group) 207
10.16 Selected field characteristics by gender and ethnic group 207
10.17 Crop yields (kg/ha) by household sub groups 208
10.18 Individual incomes (FCFA) and share in total household cash incomes
by sector (%) for household members other than the household heads ....209
10.19 Cash expenditures (FCFA) and share in selected household expen¬
ditures (%) by household members other than the household heads 210
10.20 Women s response to the question Who profits most from cotton
production? (% of responses) 211
10.21 Effect of total household labour capacity (ME) on the productivity of
labour (regression, various dependent variables) 213
11.1 Results of the LP models in the zero cases at a cotton price of 100
FCFA/kg 220
11 2 Farm organisation for manual farms (scenario 3) at cotton prices of 50,
100 and 150 FCFA/kg by AE zone 232
11.3 Farm organisation for mechanised farms (scenario 4) at cotton prices
of 50, 100 and 150 FCFA/kg by AE zone 233
11.4 Indicators of profitability for the introduction of animal traction as
influenced by hypotheses on the adoption process at a cotton price of
100 FCFA/kg, AE zone 1 (south) 245
11.5 Effects of reduced mineral fertiliser use on cotton production and
economic profitability compared to scenario 1, manual scenario (3)
and mechanised scenario (4) at a cotton price of 100 FCFA/kg 248
11.6 Incomes (FCFA) and internal rates of return (IRR) for the introduction
of animal traction as influenced by price risk and risk aversion of
farmers, derived from MOTAD models at a cotton price of 100 FCFA/kg .255
11.7 Net benefit increase of the expenditures for hired labour for different
farm scenarios and selected cotton prices compared to the scenarios
without hiring labour 270
11.8 Benefit cost ratios of the expenditures for hired labour for different farm
scenarios and selected cotton prices compared to the scenarios
without hiring labour 271
11.9 Results of LP models for the farm situation after the devaluation with
different food price hypotheses 272
11.10 The pattern of cotton production increase in the early 1990s (tons) 276
XIX_
List of Figures
2.1 Agricultural price policy in relation to other supply affecting factors 8
2.2 Principle interest groups concerned by agricultural price policy and their
main objectives 10
4.1 Principles of the cotton sectors in Francophone West Africa 44
4.2 Cotton production in Benin and Borgou 1958 1994 46
5.1 Development of nominal and export parity prices for cotton 52
5.2 Standard deviations of seasonal price coefficients in rural areas
compared with those in urban centres in the corresponding agro
ecological zone 60
6.1 Distribution of major crops and crop associations in Borgou (% of farm
area, excluding AE zone 4, extreme north), 1982 89 68
6.2 Schematic cropping calendar for the Borgou 70
7.1 Returns to land for typical manual agricultural activities, 1991 82
7.2 Returns to labour for typical manual agricultural activities, 1991 82
7.3 Returns to labour for typical mechanised agricultural activities, 1991 83
7.4 Development of returns to land for typical manual activities in AE zone 2
(centre), 1982 1991 84
7.5 Development of returns to land for manual cotton activities in AE zone 2
(centre), 1980 1991 85
7.6 Development of returns to land for manual maize activities in AE zone 2
(centre), 1982 1991 85
7.7 Development of returns to land for manual sorghum activities in
AE zone 2 (centre), 1982 1991 86
7.8 Development of returns to land for manual groundnut and cowpea
activities in AE zone 2 (centre), 1982 1991 86
7.9 Optimal fertilisation in cotton production under yield risk, AE zone 2
(centre), assumption: yield change is +/ 30% for good/bad year 87
7.10 Probability functions of land productivity margins for typical manual
activities in village 2, centre 88
7.11 Probability functions of labour productivity for typical manual activities in
village 2, centre 88
8.1 Age pyramid of survey households 94
8.2 Distribution of family labour for selected farms, May June 1992 102
8.3 Examples of labour division between ethnic groups, gender and age 104
8.4 Distribution of the cultivated area by pure crops, 1982 89 134
8.5 Farm area composition by ethnic group and villages 1991 (ha) 139
9.1 Cash flow for selected farm household types April 91 to August 92 169
9.2 Development of agricultural gross margin per farm by AE zone,
1982 89 172
9.3 Development of calorie production per man equivalent by AE zone,
1982 89 173
10.1 Farmers response profiles on market behaviour and market orientation... 192
10.2 Farmers response profile on market and price observation 196
10.3 Comparison of long term price development as estimated by farmers
scoring with trend coefficients of time series regression analysis 199
XX 10.4 Comparison of price variability as estimated by farmers scoring with
standard deviations of various parameters of price variability 199
11.1 Cropping pattern in scenario 2 as influenced by cotton prices,
AE zone 2 (centre) 221
11.2 Cropping pattern in scenario 3 as influenced by cotton prices,
AE zone 2 (centre) 222
11.3 Cropping pattern in scenario 4 as influenced by cotton prices,
AE zone 2 (centre) 223
11.4 Cropping pattern in scenario 6 as influenced by cotton prices,
AE zone 2 (centre) 224
11.5 Cotton yields for different farm scenarios as influenced by cotton prices ..225
11.6 Total cotton production for different farm scenarios as influenced by
cotton prices 226
11.7 Food exports (Meal) for different farm scenarios as influenced by cotton
prices 228
11.8 Family labour employment (h) for different farm scenarios as influenced
by cotton prices for different scenarios 229
11.9 Labour productivity for different farm scenarios as influenced by cotton
prices, AE zone 2 (centre) 229
11.10 Cash incomes (FCFA) for different farm scenarios as influenced by
cotton prices 236
11.11 Net benefit increases for different farm scenarios compared to the zero
case (scenario 1) as influenced by cotton prices 238
11.12 Benefit cost ratios for different farm scenarios compared to the zero
case (scenario 1) as influenced by cotton prices 239
11.13 Indicators of profitability across AE zones for the introduction of animal
traction as influenced by cotton prices compared to scenario 3 243
11.14 Incomes evolution with the introduction of animal traction as influenced
by the adoption process at a cotton price of 100 FCFA/kg, AE zone 1 245
11.15 Cotton production (kg) and cash income (FCFA) as influenced by the
fertiliser price, scenarios 3 (manual) and 4 (mechanised), at a cotton
price of 100 FCFA/kg 247
11.16 Average cotton production as influenced by the average cotton price
and the risk aversion, AE zone 2 (centre), scenario 4, cotton price risk
according to export parity prices 251
11.17 Average cash income as influenced by the average cotton price and
the risk aversion, AE zone 2 (centre), scenario 4, cotton price risk
according to export parity prices 251
11.18 Average cotton production as influenced by the average cotton price
and the risk aversion, AE zone 2 (centre), scenario 4, stabilised cotton
price 252
11.19 Average cash income as influenced by the average cotton price and
the risk aversion, AE zone 2 (centre), scenario 4, stabilised cotton price..253
11.20 Average cash income losses as influenced by the average cotton price
and the risk aversion coefficient, AE zone 2 (centre), scenario 4, cotton
price risk according to export parity prices compared to stable cotton
prices 253
XXI
11.21 Return to labour (FCFA/MEh) for typical activities as influenced by the
distance to a main road, cotton price 100 FCFA/kg at a main road 259
11.22 Composition of cultivated area for a panterritorially fixed cotton price of
100 FCFAas influenced by the distance to a main road 260
11.23 Composition of cultivated area for a decreasing cotton price of
117.5 FCFA at the ginnery as influenced by the distance to a main road ..261
11.24 Individual farm income changes for different scenarios compared with
the fixed price scenario as influenced by the distance to a main road 261
11.25 Cotton supply of individual farms for different price scenarios as
influenced by the distance to a main road 262
11.26 Cotton supply (kg) for different farm household systems without labour
markets as influenced by cotton prices 264
11.27 Farm cash incomes (FCFA) for different farm household systems
without labour markets as influenced by cotton prices 264
11.28 Cotton supply (kg) for different farm types with labour markets but
without external labourers as influenced by cotton prices 265
11.29 Demand and offer of labour with labour markets but without external
labourers for different farm types as influenced by cotton prices 266
11.30 Demand and offer of animal traction service with labour markets but
without external labourers for different farm types as influenced by
cotton prices 266
11.31 Cotton supply (kg) for different farm types with labour markets and with
external labourers as influenced by cotton prices 267
11.32 Income increases by the exchange and hiring of labour compared to the
situation without labour markets 267
11.33 Shadow prices for the cash limit for hiring labour for different farm types
as influenced by cotton prices, without external labourers 268
11.34 Shadow prices for the cash limit for hiring labour for different farm types
as influenced by cotton prices, with external labourers 268
11.35 Aggregated supply of cotton (kg) for a village of 150 farms as influenced
by cotton prices and the labour market 269
XXIII
List of Tables in Annexes
II.C1 Supply elasticities in SSA for some major cash crops 370
III.A1 Production trends in Borgou for major crops according to official
statistics 387
III.C1 Number of farms used from DSEI survey per year and AE zone 394
III.C2 Agricultural population per AE zone in 1982 394
III.D1 The payoffs of the risk game (50 FCFA) and the risk classification 401
III.E1 Efficiency coefficients of labour categories for different types of work 404
III.E2 Contribution to agricultural working time by occupation group in
relation to male adults 406
III.E3 Labour capacity conversion factors (man equivalents) for the
calculation of household labour capacity in agriculture 407
III.E4 Caloric needs by sex and age classes for medium level activity 408
III.E5 Caloric value of majorfood crops and derivatives 408
III.F1 Labour periods in the linear programming models 411
III.F2 Main characteristics of farm households in the zero scenarios 412
IV. 1 Benin development indicators 417
IV.2 Benin selected economic indicators 1989 1993 (billion FCFA) 421
IV.3 Financial results of SONAPRA 1983 1992 (1000 FCFA) 431
IV.4 Distribution of net results 1983 90 (1000 FCFA) 432
IV.5 Farmers receipts including village groups 1983 90 (Mio. FCFA) 432
IV.6 Vale of inputs 1983 90 (Mio FCFA) 432
IV.7 Value added of producers 1983 90 (Mio FCFA) 432
IV.8 Value added in the service sector 1983 90 (Mio. FCFA) 432
IV.9 Value added SONAPRA 1983 90 (Mio. FCFA) 432
IV.10 Total value added of the cotton sector 1983 90 (million FCFA) 433
IV.11 Production costs cotton fibre 1984 1991 (FCFA/kg, in parenthesis %) 433
IV. 12 Average rainfall (mm/month) and number of days per month (days)
apt to land preparation and sowing (days), average during the 1980s,
and long term trend of rainfall 440
IV. 13 Distribution of villages in the Borgou according to the average distance
of the village to a main road (%) 441
IV.14 Examples of transport cost for a maize sac of 100 kg 442
IV. 15 Population, area and population density in the Borgou in 1992
by district 444
IV. 16 Food consumption structure in northern and total Benin
(kg/year/person) 460
IV. 17 Examples of commercial margins and factor remuneration by types of
traders and products 463
IV.18 Producer consumer margins by products and seasons 464
V.1 Nominal price development for cotton and imported inputs, 1975 93 465
V.2 Nominal and import parity prices (IPP) for fertilisers
(FCFA/kg, farm gate) 465
V.3 Nominal and import partity prices (IPP) for insecticides
(FCFA/I, farm gate) 466
V.4 Fortnightly prices for food commodities, April 91 August 92 (FCFA/kg) 467
XXIV V.5 DSEI price data aggregated on the agroecological level (FCFA/kg) 468
V.6 Price data from the World Bank for selected food crops in Benin,
1980 92 469
V.7 Wages for agricultural hired labour in 1991/92 (FCFA/0.25 ha) 469
V.8 Long term price development of selected producer and consumer
goods (FCFA/unit) 470
V.9 Monthly prices for major food commodity in Parakou 1990 95 471
VLB Mineral export for selected crops (kg/100 kg product) (=Annex VLB) 477
VI.C Correction factors for declared cotton area and corrected officially
declared cotton yields (kg/ha), 1982 1988 478
VII.1 Gross margin calculations for cotton activities 481
VII.2 Gross margin calculations for yam and manioc activities 482
VII.3 Gross margin calculations for maize activities 483
VII.4 Gross margin calculations for sorghum and maize/sorghum activities 484
VII.5 Gross margin calculations for groundnut and cowpea activities 485
VIII.A1 Characteristics of HH members (% of total HH members older 5 years)....487
VIII.A2 Principal and secondary economic activities of HH members (%) 487
VIII.C1 Prices of most common tools and machines (1992), their life time and
annual depreciation 498
VIII.C2 Value ranges of buildings, their life time and annual linear depreciation ...498
VIII.D Development of pure crop area per man equivalent by AE zone,
1982 89 (=Annex VIII.D) 499
VIII.E1 DSEI provincial correction factors for AVA declared cotton area 500
VIII.E2 Crop area development in Borgou according to official statistics
(1000ha) and DSEI measurements (ha/ME) and their correlation,
1982 89 501
IX.A1 Income generation by Bariba households (FCFA) 503
IX.A2 Income generation by Nago and Gando households (FCFA) 504
IX.A3 Income generation by Peul households (FCFA) 505
IX.B1 Use of gross production (% of production) by crop and farm household ...506
IX. B2 Distribution of subsistence consumption by farm household and staple
food crop (% of caloric value consumed in the respective period) 507
IX.B3 Distribution of purchases of major staple commodities for consumption
(% of caloric value of the respective period) 508
IX.B4 Distribution of agricultural sales (FCFA) by farm household and crop 509
XI.B1 Selected results of LP models for changing household size scenario 4a.. 513
XI.B2 Selected results of LP models for changing consumer producer ratio at
a cotton price of 100 FCFA/kg 514
XI.B3 Selected results of LP models for changing working capital at a cotton
price of 100 FCFA/kg 515
XXV
List of Figures in Annexes
II.A1 Theoretical welfare impact of a price intervention 363
II.D1. Effects of a price increase on family time allocation between farm
labour, off farm labour and leisure 375
II.D2 The impact of credit on capital allocation and technology 378
II.D3 Risk averse utility function 380
III.B1 Conceptual framework for analysis of individual behaviour within a farm
household system 392
III.E1 Average number of hours worked in agriculture per year 406
III.G1 The choice of risk efficient combinations in the risk game 416
IV. 1 Geographical position of Benin 418
IV.2 The organisation of the cotton sector 428
IV.3 Development of indicators of the world cotton market 436
IV.4 The Borgou, administrational and agroecological zonation in 1992 438
IV.5 Principal regional food flows 462
VI.A1 Distribution of activities in cotton production, village 2 (centre) 473
VI.A2 Distribution of activities in maize/sorghum production, village 2 (centre)...473
VI.A3 Distribution of activities in groundnut production, village 3 (north) 474
VI.A4 Distribution of activities in maize production, village 3 (north) 474
VI.A5 Distribution of activities in sorghum/cowpea production, village 3 (north)..475
VI.A6 Distribution of activities in rice production, village 3 (north) 475
VI.A7 Distribution of activities in yam/manioc production, village 1 (south) 476
VI.A8 Distribution of activities relative to sowing date in cotton production,
village 3 (north) 476
VIII.B1 B3 Labour distribution by labour category and work type, Bariba 488
VIII.B4 B6 Labour distribution by labour category and work type, Nago and
Gando 489
VIII.B7 B9 Labour distribution by labour category and work type, Peul 490
VIII.B10 B13 Distribution of productive work of Bariba adults in time in
AE zones 1 (south) and 3 (north) 491
VIII.B14 B17 Distribution of productive work of Peul adults in time in
AE zones 1 (south) and 3 (north) 492
VIII B18 B21 Agricultural labour calendar by labour category in time, Bariba 493
VIII.B22 B25 Agricultural labour calendar by labour category in time, Peul 494
VIII.B26 B28 Labour distribution in agriculture by household and crop in time,
village 1 (south) 495
VIII.B29 B31 Labour distribution in agriculture by household and crop in time,
village 2 (centre) 496
VIII.B32 B34 Labour distribution in agriculture by household and crop in time,
village 3 (north) 497
|
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| author | Brüntrup, Michael 1961- |
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| geographic | Borgoū (DE-588)4229993-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Borgoū |
| id | DE-604.BV011286425 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:07:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3631318774 0820432849 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007579774 |
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| physical | XXVIII, 515 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
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| series | Development economics and policy |
| series2 | Development economics and policy |
| spelling | Brüntrup, Michael 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)115481729 aut Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin Michael Brüntrup Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 1997 XXVIII, 515 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Development economics and policy 9 Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1996 Politik Agricultural prices Government policy Benin Cotton trade Benin Agrarpreispolitik (DE-588)4120849-3 gnd rswk-swf Baumwollproduktion (DE-588)4358855-4 gnd rswk-swf Kleinbauernbetrieb (DE-588)4114221-4 gnd rswk-swf Borgoū (DE-588)4229993-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Borgoū (DE-588)4229993-7 g Kleinbauernbetrieb (DE-588)4114221-4 s Baumwollproduktion (DE-588)4358855-4 s Agrarpreispolitik (DE-588)4120849-3 s DE-604 Development economics and policy 9 (DE-604)BV010533560 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007579774&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Brüntrup, Michael 1961- Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin Development economics and policy Politik Agricultural prices Government policy Benin Cotton trade Benin Agrarpreispolitik (DE-588)4120849-3 gnd Baumwollproduktion (DE-588)4358855-4 gnd Kleinbauernbetrieb (DE-588)4114221-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120849-3 (DE-588)4358855-4 (DE-588)4114221-4 (DE-588)4229993-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin |
| title_auth | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin |
| title_exact_search | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin |
| title_full | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin Michael Brüntrup |
| title_fullStr | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin Michael Brüntrup |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin Michael Brüntrup |
| title_short | Agricultural price policy and its impact on production, income, employment and the adoption of innovations |
| title_sort | agricultural price policy and its impact on production income employment and the adoption of innovations a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in northern benin |
| title_sub | a farming systems based analysis of cotton policy in Northern Benin |
| topic | Politik Agricultural prices Government policy Benin Cotton trade Benin Agrarpreispolitik (DE-588)4120849-3 gnd Baumwollproduktion (DE-588)4358855-4 gnd Kleinbauernbetrieb (DE-588)4114221-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Agricultural prices Government policy Benin Cotton trade Benin Agrarpreispolitik Baumwollproduktion Kleinbauernbetrieb Borgoū Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007579774&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010533560 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bruntrupmichael agriculturalpricepolicyanditsimpactonproductionincomeemploymentandtheadoptionofinnovationsafarmingsystemsbasedanalysisofcottonpolicyinnorthernbenin |